VEDANTA ACADEMY

LOGARITHMS
INTRODUCTION:- ii)
m ax m
 y   a xy
Logarithms is derived by Scottish n a n
mathematician John Napier (1550-1617). The m
word logarithm has been derived from the Greek  loga    x  y
n
words logos and Arithmos meaning ratio and
number. m
 loga    loga m  loga n
LOGARITHM n
Definition: Corollary 1: loga  mnp  loga m  loga n  loga p
If x is a real number, a   1 , n are positive real n
Corollary 2: loga  m1m2m3 .....m n    loga mi
numbers such that ax=n, then x is called the i1

logarithm of n to the base a, denoted by logan. Ex: 1) log a 2.3.5  log  log  log
2 3 5

Y
a a a
 a x  n  log a n  x
loga
15/7
2)  log15
a  log a
7

M
Example:
1) 27  128  log2 128  7 THEOREM-2
If a   1 ,m  0 then log a mn  nlog a m

R E
1 / 3  9  log1/3 9  2
2
2)
Proof:
Common Logarithm
Definition: U AD
Logarithm to the base 10 is called the common or
Let loga m  x then ax=m

 
mn  a x
n
 mn  a nx
Brigg’s logarithm which is used in calculating huge  log a mn  nx
C AC
multiplications and divisions.  log a mn  nlog a m
Natural Logarithm Corollary 1: a   1 ,m  0
Definition:
Logarithm to the base ‘e’ is called Napier or Natural 1
then log an m  log a m
n
AI A

Logarithm which is used in theoretical applications.

logex is denoted by lnx. Corollary 2: a   1 ,m  0
H
R T

Note: p
i) Logarithms are not defined for non positive Then logan mp  loga m
AN

n
real numbers because for a   1  0 and   n  0
Ex: 1) log 4 64  log 4 43  3log 44  3
there does not exists xR such that ax=n.ii)
1
the base of any logarithm can not be 1.iii) If a   1 2) log 64 6  log 43 6  log36
3
D

>0 then
THEOREM-3
a) log a a  1  a1  a  If y  1;z  1,x,y,z are positive real numbers then
VE

b) log a 1  0  a  1 
0
logyx.logzy=logzx.
iv) a loga m  m (since logam=n  aloga m  m )
Proof:
v) loga m  loga n  m  n Let log y x  m then x  y m
Let logz y  n then y  z n
PROBLEMS
 
m
THEOREM-1  x  y m  zn  znm  mn  logz x
If a   1 ,m,n  0 then  log y x.log z y  log z x
i) loga  mn   loga m  loga n Corollary:
m log z x
ii) loga    loga m  loga n i) log y x 
n log z y
Proof: ii) log y x.log x y  log x x  1
Let loga m  x then ax=m 1
iii) log y x 
Let loga n  y then ay=n log x y
i) mn  ax .ay  mn  axy iv) log y x log z y log a z  log a x
 loga  mn   x  y EXERCISE -1
 loga  mn   loga m  loga n 1. Find the value of log 64
4

1 BY M V SREENIVASULU
 VEDANTA ACADEMY

2. Find the value of log 10000

10
10. If log 41  2 then x=
x
3. Find the value of log162
1) 2 2) -2 3) ±2 4) 4
4. Find the value of log10
0.1 EXERCISE -3
5. Find the value of log 256 1. If qx=p then x=
16 p

6. Find the value of x if log 9x  2 1) log qp 2) log qp 3) log pq 4) log q

3

7.  
Find the value of x if log10 2
x9 2. If log2x x  log2x  3 then x=
8. If 2 =3 then find the value of x.
x 1) 3 2) -3 3) 8 4) 9
9. Find the value of x if log3x1  4 . 3. log 2x1  log32  5 then x=
2 32 3 29 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
x 
10. Find the value of x if log16 . 3 32 3 29
5
EXERCISE -2 4. log3  log3  log3 
10 2 5

1. Which of the following not equal to y6? 1) log 320 2) log 10

3 3) log 100
3 4) None
y
2
y 
9
1) 2/3
2) 6
5. log 100
 log  50

Y
3 3
1 1

y 
12
3) 3
y 18 4) 1/3
1) log32 2) log 12 3) log 32 4) log12

M
 al am an 
2. If 9x  3 9x then x= 6. log  m . n . l 
a a a 

R E
2 4 1 5 
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3 1) 0 2) 1 3) log ab 4) None

3.
 7
1
2
 1 9  =________
 
U AD 7. log

1) 3
0.008
0.2 

2)
1
4) 4 4)
1
4 3 4 3 3 4
C AC
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 3 4 8. log 1000
10 
4. If 4x=5 then x=________ 1 1
5. If log3x  2 then x=_______ 1) 2) 30 3 4) 10
3 10
6. If log 2x3  4 then x=________ 9.
m
logaan 
AI A

7. log 22  ______ m n
H

1) 2) 3) mn 4) m2 n 2
R T

8. log 15  =_______ n m
log 264 
AN

1 10.
9. If log 4x  then x=
3 1
1) 6 2) 32 3) 4) None
1 1 6
1) 2) 64 3) 81 4)
64 81
D

ANSWERS
VE

EXERCISE -1 5) 9 6) 19 7) 1 8) 0
1) 3 2) 4 3) 8 4) -1 9) 1 10) 1
5) 2 6) ±3 7) 109 8) log 32 EXERCISE -3
9) 80 10) 45 1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 3
5) 3 6) 1 7) 3 8) 3
EXERCISE -2 9) 1 10) 3
1) 4 2) 2 3) 2 4) log 54

2 BY M V SREENIVASULU