Logarithmic

and
Exponential
Functions
 Index and
Logarithmic Laws
 Index Laws
exponent / power / index

y= ax
base number
 Index Laws
am  a n = am+n

Example: a2  a4 = a6
m
a mn
n
 a
a
Example: a5 ÷ a2 = a3
 Index Laws
(a )
m n = amn

Example: (a2)3 = a6

(ab) n = a b
n n

Example: (ab)3 = a3 b3
 Index Laws
a0 =1 a1 =a
Example: 20 = 1 Example: 21 = 2

n 1
a  n
a
3 1
Example: a  3
a
 Index Laws
1
a  a
n n
1
Example: a  a
4 4

m
a  a
n n m
2
Example: a  a
3 3 2
Conversion
y= ax

x = loga y
Logarithmic Laws
exponent / power / index

y = loga x
base number
Logarithmic Laws
loga(mn) = logam + logan
Example: log2(3n) = log23 + log2n

m
loga    loga m  loga n
n
3
Example: log5    log5 3  log5n
n
Logarithmic Laws
loga  1  log n
n a

Example: log3 
1  log 5
5 3

loga 1 = 0 loga a = 1
Example: Example:
log4 1 = 0 log4 4 = 1
Logarithmic Laws
loga (m )
p = p loga m
Example:
log3 (m2) = 2 log3 m
 Logarithmic Laws
logb m
loga m 
logb a
log10 6
Example: log7 6 
log10 7
useful for calculating logarithm with
any base number using calculator
Logarithmic Laws
a loga b
b
Example: 2 log2 3
3
 Exercise: Index and Logarithmic
equation
Solve the following equation:
1. 4 x 1  0.25
2. 22 x 3  2 x 3  1  2 x
3. 22 x  2 x  2  12
4. 32 x 1  9  3x 3  3x
5. 9 x 1  28(3x )  3  0
Simplify:
1. 3log 6 5  log 6 25
2. log 2 21  log 2 3  log 2 5
2 3 1
3. log 2 8  log 2 16  log 2 32
3 2 2
4. log e 2e3  2 log e 3  log e 18
5. log a 4  2 log a 3  2 log a 6

Solve for x
1. log10 x  log10 4  log10 2
2. log 2 2 x  2log 2 3  log 2 6
3. log 3 6a  log 3b  log 3 2a  2
4. log10  3 x  2   2log10 x  1  log10  5 x  3
5. log 2 x 2  4  log 2  x  3