Economics for Public Sector

1. Health
Importance of Health: Health is of utmost importance in Pakistan as it directly impacts the
well-being and productivity of its population. Good health enables individuals to lead fulfilling
lives, contributes to economic development, and improves the overall quality of life for the
people of Pakistan.
Budget and GDP: The govt. of Pakistan has allocated PKR 19.782 million and spent 3% of its
GDP in the fiscal year of 2022-2023
Reasons for illness: Various factors contribute to illness in Pakistan. These include inadequate
access to healthcare services, limited awareness and education about preventive measures,
insufficient sanitation and hygiene practices, poor nutrition, environmental pollution, and the
prevalence of infectious diseases.
Efficiency: Improving the efficiency of healthcare systems in Pakistan is crucial. This involves
enhancing healthcare infrastructure, increasing the availability and accessibility of medical
facilities, ensuring timely and effective delivery of healthcare services, optimizing resource
allocation, and promoting accountability and transparency in healthcare management.

2. Defense
Importance of Defense: Defense is of crucial importance to Pakistan due to its geopolitical
location, historical conflicts with neighboring countries, ongoing security challenges, and the
need to counter internal and external threats. A strong defense system is essential for
safeguarding national interests and promoting peace and stability.
Budget and GDP: The govt. of Pak has allocated 1,566,698 million and spent 2.8% of its GDP.
Reason for conflict: Conflicts in Pakistan can arise from various sources, including border
disputes, cross-border terrorism, religious extremism, political instability, and regional power
struggles. These conflicts may require a robust defense to protect national interests and maintain
peace within the country.
Efficiency: The efficiency of defense in Pakistan refers to the effectiveness and capability of its
military forces and defense infrastructure. It involves factors such as equipment modernization,
personnel training and preparedness, strategic planning, intelligence gathering, and coordination
among different branches of the military.

3. Education
Importance of Education: Education is of utmost importance in Pakistan as it plays a crucial
role in individual and national development. It empowers individuals, reduces poverty, promotes
social cohesion, and contributes to economic growth and innovation.
Budget and GPD: Pak has allocated PKR 90.556 million budget and spent 1.7% of its GDP.
Reasons for poor education: Pakistan faces several challenges in its education system, leading
to poor educational outcomes. Some reasons include inadequate funding, lack of access to
quality education, outdated curriculum, low teacher qualifications, gender disparities, and
insufficient infrastructure.
Efficiency: Improving the efficiency of the education system is vital for Pakistan. This involves
optimizing resource allocation, enhancing teaching methodologies, reducing dropout rates,
improving teacher-student ratios, incorporating technology, and promoting accountability and
transparency in educational institutions.

4. Agriculture
Importance of Agriculture: Agriculture plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economy. It
contributes significantly to the country's GDP, provides employment to a large portion of the
population, and serves as a source of food security. Pakistan has favorable climatic conditions
and fertile land, making agriculture a vital economic growth and development sector.
Budget and GDP: 21 billion budget and GPD is 24%
Reasons for poor agriculture: Several factors contribute to the challenges faced by agriculture
in Pakistan. These include water scarcity, outdated farming practices, inadequate infrastructure,
limited access to credit and technology, climate change impact, and lack of proper agricultural
policies.
Efficiency: In the context of Pakistan, efficiency refers to the effective utilization of resources
and the optimal functioning of various sectors. Enhancing efficiency is crucial for economic
growth, reducing wastage, and improving productivity in areas such as agriculture, industry,
energy, and public services. It requires better governance, effective policies, investment in
infrastructure, and the adoption of modern technologies.

5. Technology
Importance of Technology: Technology plays a crucial role in various aspects of Pakistan's
development, including education, healthcare, communication, and the economy. It enables
access to information, enhances productivity, improves connectivity, and drives innovation,
ultimately contributing to overall progress and growth.
Budget and GDP: 5,716 million budget and GDP
Reasons for low use of technology: Several factors contribute to the low utilization of
technology in Pakistan. These may include limited access to reliable infrastructure, inadequate
digital literacy, and skills, high costs associated with technology adoption, lack of awareness
about its benefits, and challenges in implementing and integrating technology across various
sectors.
Efficiency: Technology has the potential to enhance efficiency in various sectors of Pakistan's
economy. Technology can improve productivity, reduce costs, and optimize resource utilization
by automating processes, streamlining operations, and enabling data-driven decision-making.
This can lead to increased competitiveness, economic growth, and improved service delivery.

6. Legal Framework
Importance of legal framework: The legal framework in Pakistan plays a crucial role in
establishing a system of laws and regulations that govern various aspects of society. It provides a
foundation for maintaining order, protecting rights, resolving disputes, and promoting justice.
Reason: One weakness in Pakistan's legal framework is the existence of outdated laws that may
not adequately address current social, economic, and technological developments. This can lead
to gaps in legal protection and hinder effective enforcement of laws.
Efficiency: Ensuring efficiency in the legal system is important for the timely and fair resolution
of cases. In Pakistan, challenges related to court backlogs, delays in proceedings, and corruption
can hamper the efficiency of the legal system, impacting access to justice for individuals.