CONTENTS

Preview
8-1 Connecting ideas with and
8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or
8-3 Connecting ideas with so
8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and
8-5 Using and + too, so, either, neither
8-6 Connecting ideas with because
8-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although

1
 PREVIEW

PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
Elephants eat leaves and brush.

2
 PREVIEW

PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
Flounder are fish all fish live in water.

CORRECT

Flounder are fish. All fish live in water.

3
 PREVIEW

PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.

CORRECT

Carrots, onions, and celery are vegetables.

4
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

We had salmon, asparagus,

and salad for dinner.

5
 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE

(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.

, ,
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear.

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 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE

(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.

, ,
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear.

and connects two words NO COMMA

and connects three or more COMMAS

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 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

,
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.

8
 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

,
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.

and connects two sentences COMMA

9
 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

.
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.

(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.

10
 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND

CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES

.
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.

(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.

period two complete sentences

no “and”
no comma

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 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?

I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.

12
 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?

,
I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.

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 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?

I like lettuce tomato and cheese

on my hamburger.

14
 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE

COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?

, ,
I like lettuce tomato and cheese

on my hamburger.

15
 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

I studied for the test,

but I failed.

16
 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

(a) The team played well but didn’t win.

(b) Is it going to rain or snow?
(c) Would you like peas, carrots, or squash?

and, but and or “conjunctions”

connect items
commas series of three or more

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 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR

I had the flu. = a sentence

I didn’t feel sick. = a sentence
(d) I had the flu, but I didn’t feel sick.

(e) Did you have the flu, or was it just a cold?

two complete
sentences with comma
but or or

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8-2 LET’S PRACTICE

and
COMMA
but + NO COMMA
or

I love to eat ice cream ____

it gives me a stomachache.

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8-2 LET’S PRACTICE

and
COMMA
but + NO COMMA
or

,
I love to eat ice cream ____
but

it gives me a stomachache.

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 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE

and
COMMA
but + NO COMMA
or

,
She goes to school, studies hard ____
and
gets good grades.

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 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE

and
COMMA
but + NO COMMA
or

Would you like an apple ____ a banana.

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 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE

and
COMMA
but + NO COMMA
or

Would you like an apple ____

or a banana.

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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

Rajiv got a new bike, so he

went for a ride.

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 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

, so

two independent clauses

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 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

So results:
cause: She was tired.
result: She took a nap.

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 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO

(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.

(b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she
didn’t take a nap.

but unexpected result

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8-3 LET’S PRACTICE

so
but
He was frightened, but
___ he didn’t cry.

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 8-3 LET’S PRACTICE

so
but

She was lonely, ___

so she

hugged her stuffed monkey.

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 8-3 LET’S PRACTICE

His mother told him not to play in the mud,

___
but he didn’t listen.

so
but

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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

He likes pizza, but I don’t.

31
 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

(a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.

does = play tennis
(b) I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.

(c) I won’t be leaving, but Nazan will.

(d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasn’t.

(e) She isn’t at school, but he is.

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 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

(f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.

(g) I like racketball, and Jim does too.

(h) I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.

(i) Yi-When has been to Rome, and Jen has too.

(j) She isn’t at school, and he isn’t either.

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 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND

I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.

negative + but + affirmative
I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
affirmative + but + negative

I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.

negative + and + negative
I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
negative + and + negative 34
8-4 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
I love to ski, but my sister does too.

CORRECT

I love to ski, and my sister does too.

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 8-4 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
The man is cooking, but the woman isn’t.

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 8-4 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram does.

CORRECT

Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram has.

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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

Ms. Poulos plays the violin,

and her daughter does too.

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 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

subj + aux + TOO

(a) Hyun likes dogs, and Sun Hee does too.

SO + aux + subj
(b) Hyun likes dogs, and so does Sun Hee.

same meaning

39
 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

subj + aux + EITHER

(c) Bob doesn’t like dogs, and Jay doesn’t either.

NEITHER + aux + subj

(d) Bill doesn’t like dogs, and neither does Jay.

same meaning

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 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

(e) I’m happy (f) I’m happy that we are

that we are cooking together.
cooking
together. I am too. So am I.

same
meaning

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 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

(g) I don’t (h) I don’t like bread.

like bread.
Neither do I.
I don’t either.

same
meaning

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 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER

(i) I like fruit.

(j) I don’t like bread.
Me too.
Me neither.

informal
English

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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE

too

Amy is wearing high

Emma
heels, and _______
is too
________________.

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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE

so

Amy wears high

so does
heels, and _______
Emma
________________.

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8-5 LET’S PRACTICE

neither

Jay doesn’t have

long hair, and
neither does Amy
________________.

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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

They are happy because they

bought a new house.

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 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(a) She is smiling because she is happy.

because cause
reason

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 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.

complete sentence
(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy.
complete sentence

because + subject + verb = an adverb clause

49
 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE

(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
main clause + no comma + adverb clause

ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)

adverb clause + comma + main clause

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 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE

(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)

ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)

same meaning

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 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING:

She is smiling. Because she is happy.

must be
Written? connected to
a main clause

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 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE

(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING:

Because I told
Why is he him a joke.
laughing?

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 8-6 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.

CORRECT
Her eyes are watering ________________.
because she is sick

OR

Because she is sick, __________________

her eyes are watering.

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8-6 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
The woman is happy because she
loves her English class.

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8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH

Even though we were tired,

we didn’t rest.

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 8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH

(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.

I did not cry even though I was very sad.

57
 8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH

(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.

I did not cry even though I was very sad.
(b) Although I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry although I was very sad.

same
even though adverb
+ clause
although meaning

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 8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH

COMPARE:

(c) Because I was very sad, I cried.

(d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry.

because expected result

even though unexpected result

although

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 8-7 LET’S PRACTICE

even though
because

___________
Because I wanted to become a doctor, I
went to medical school.

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 8-7 LET’S PRACTICE

even though
because

___________
Even though it was difficult
to become a doctor, I did it anyway.

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 PHOTO CREDITS

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