Question 1

To be a successful network engineer, one needs to have strong problem-solving skills, a deep
understanding of network architecture and protocols, the ability to work well under pressure, and
excellent communication skills. A network engineer should also be self-motivated, highly organized,
and able to work independently or as part of a team. Being adaptable and having a willingness to
learn and keep up with the latest trends and technologies in networking is also crucial. Finally,
attention to detail and a commitment to ensuring the highest levels of security and reliability are
essential qualities for a network engineer.

Question 2

 Physical layer: This layer deals with the physical aspects of data communication, such as
cables, connectors, and network interfaces. It defines the specifications for transmitting raw
data over a communication channel. Examples include Ethernet cables, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
 Data link layer: This layer is responsible for the reliable transmission of data frames between
devices over a physical connection. It handles errors and flow control, and is divided into
two sub-layers: the Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC)
layer. Examples include Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
 Network layer: This layer is responsible for routing data packets from one network to
another. It uses logical addressing to identify network devices and determine the best path
for data to travel. Examples include IP (Internet Protocol) and ICMP (Internet Control
Message Protocol).
 Transport layer: This layer provides reliable end-to-end communication between devices,
ensuring that data is delivered in the correct order and without errors. It is responsible for
flow control and congestion control. Examples include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
 Session layer: This layer establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions
between devices. It manages the exchange of data between applications and ensures that
data is transmitted securely. Examples include remote procedure call (RPC) and NetBIOS.
 Presentation layer: This layer handles the formatting and representation of data. It is
responsible for encoding and decoding data in a format that is understood by the receiving
device. Examples include JPEG, ASCII, and encryption protocols such as SSL/TLS.
 Application layer: This layer provides services to end-user applications, such as email, web
browsing, and file transfer. It uses protocols to enable applications to communicate with
each other over a network. Examples include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), SMTP
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and FTP (File Transfer Protocol).