RACE, ETHNICITY,

AND NATION
A presentation by Group 2
 01
Race, Ethnicity, and Nation
Race
● It is one of the classifications that humans are grouped in
based on physical characteristics shared by people of
common ancestry.
● It is tied to one’s physical appearance or how others
identify based on physical features.
● It involves having phenotypic traits which are observable
such as skin color, eye color, hair and height (Santos,
et.al., 2010).

Examples:
White/White Americans/White Europeans, Black/Africans/
African Americans, Asians, Hispanic/Latinos, etc.
Ethnicity
● It is the classification of people based on their
nationality, ancestry, tribe, heritage, and culture. And
within that culture, they can identify themselves
through their religion, clothing or how they dress, and
language.
● The simple definition of "ethnicity" is that it gives a
community a distinct identity and distinguishes one
community or individual from another. (Chakraborty &
Ghosh, 2013).

Examples:
Major ethnic groups in the Philippines: Tagalog,
Cebuano, Ilocano, Bikolano, Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, etc.
Nation
● It refers to a group of people who share a history,
traditions, culture, and often, language; even if the
group does not have a country of its own (National
Geographic).

● Gibernau defined nations as ‘a human group aware

of constituting a community, sharing a shared
culture, tied to a clearly specified area, having a
common past and a common purpose for the future,
and claiming the right to rule itself.’
Language and Race
● Raciolinguistics believe that language plays a role in
producing racial differences and that the
construction of race has a role in producing
differences in language.
● Within most countries, there is an official or standard
language that is associated with formal schooling,
public and official communications, and other things.
But despite that, langage in both spoken and written
form comes in a variety of arrangements often based
on where you live (regional or national
dialects/language spoken with regional accents).
Language and Race
● At some point, the differences in language and race
can cause discrimination, often people of color
(Wright, 2021).

● In Liggett (2009) found in his study that there are

linguistic and racial hierarchies in the school
community and among English language learners.

● The African American English (AAE) has been linked

to cognitive and cultural deficiency in Black people.
Language and Ethnicity
Preservation of Collective Identity

● A marker of ethnic identity - Ethnic groups may be distinguished

by the linguistic features that are present in their native language.
● An efficient tool in inter-communal relationships - Language
belongs to the whole speech community that uses it; hence, it is
assists an individual express their membership in social units
such as tribes (Hudson, 1996)
● A reflection of ethnic identity - language is used in governmental
policies to arouse people’s awareness of their identity (Fishman,
1975)
● Language use is associated with the conscious existence of an
ethnic identity. Threatened ethnic groups may be revived
unconsciously by promoting the use of their mother tongues in
communication.
Language and Ethnicity
● Ethnicity characterizes a language belonging to
its particular ethnic speech community.
● Ethnicity maintains the existence of a language
through using it continuously.
● Awareness of an ethnicity entails awareness of an
ethnic language.
● Ethnic groups embed their cultures, beliefs, and
tradition in their language.
Ethnicity and Nation
A Conflicted Collective Sense of Belongingness

● The relationship between ethnicity and nation

is concerned with the association of an
individual to a geographical-based collective
identity. Ethnicity is traced back from one’s
cultural roots that belong to a particular
region in a particular country; a nation, on the
other hand is a sovereign territory that
organizes different ethnic groups living in it
into one political unit.
Ethnicity and Nation
A Conflicted Collective Sense of Belongingness

What makes a nation a nation?

- A geographical area that has sovereignty, land, population, and government
- Nationality: an identity based on legal connection and personal allegiance to a nation.
- Shared history, culture, and language
- Determined by country of origin
- e.g. Filipino, Korean, Canadian, Jamaican

What is Ethnicity?
- A common identity based on ancestry, language, or culture.
- Inherited specified origin of an individual
- Arises from ethnic background
- Determined by dialect, culture, food habits, physical appearance, dress, etc.
- e.g. Blaan, Ilonggo, Ilocano, Maguindanaon, Maranao
- May be present in and identify with a nation
Ethnicity and Nation
A Conflicted Collective Sense of Belongingness

“A nation is formed when different ethnic groups

form a political movement embodying ideologies or
beliefs in nationalism in order to create or maintain a
distinct political unit, or state.”

- Rivoza and Stone (2010), Race, Ethnicity, and Nation, International Studies
Association and Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.470
Ethnicity and Nation
A Conflicted Collective Sense of Belongingness

THREE PERSPECTIVES ON ETHNICITY AND NATION:

1. Melting Pot
- Reformulates the essence of a national identity
by encouraging immigrants to incorporate
ethnic features to a dominant culture in a nation.
- Results to a loose distinction between a ethnic
heritage and nationality.
Ethnicity and Nation
A Conflicted Collective Sense of Belongingness

THREE PERSPECTIVES ON ETHNICITY AND NATION:

2. The Unmelted Pot
- One’s communal identity is retained while having a
common national identity
- ‘Religious’, ‘racial’, and ‘ethnic’ distinctiveness are
allowed. Such differences are not viewed as
unbridgeable or structurally hostile.
- Loyalty to a national community is not affected by
one’s commitment to their ethnic affiliation.
Ethnicity and Nation
A Conflicted Collective Sense of Belongingness

THREE PERSPECTIVES ON ETHNICITY AND NATION:

3. General Group Dominance Perspective
- Societies are organized into group-based hierarchies, with
dominant groups possessing a disproportionate positive
social value (power, prestige, privilege) while minorities
suffer from negative social value (poor health, poor
education, etc.)
- Patriotic attachment to the nation is associated with relative
preference for dominants and relative rejection of
subordinates.
Ethnicity and Nation
A Conflicted Collective Sense of Belongingness

FINDINGS OF SIDANIUS AND PETROCIK (2000)

- Euro- Americans are more likely to think of themselves in purely national rather than
ethnic terms; nonetheless, ethnic subgroup identities remain a salient social identity for
all major groups.
- There’s a clear tendency for Euro-Americans to have stronger patriotic attachment to
the nation than American citizens from subordinate groups.
- Patriotism among people from the minority groups were no stronger, sometimes even
weaker, than that found among resident-aliens, or those who are not even members of
the body politic i.e African-Americans remain ‘outsiders’
- “The more ethnocentric dominants are against subordinates, the more patriotic they
should be. However, the more ethnocentric subordinates are against dominants, the
less patriotic they should be.”
- National institutions will disproportionately serve the interests of dominant
groups and be disproportionately prejudicial to the interests of subordinate
groups.
 02
The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and
Language in Care Transitions
Barreto, E. et al., 2021
Introduction
Racial, ethnic, and linguistic minority patients
experience disparities in hospital care and risk
for emergency department readmissions.
Providing consistent and adequate support at
care transitions, including certified medical
interpreter and certified translation services
when indicated, may be a challenge for health
systems during the hospital course, at discharge,
and in the posthospital period.
Introduction
Both in-person and remote interpreters have
been proven effective in improving quality for
patients with limited English proficiency (LEP).
Objective of the Study
To identify areas where transition from hospital
to community could be improved, with a special
focus on racial, ethnic, and language differences.
 Results
SEX
● Female - 52.7%
● Male - 47.3%
AGE
● 18-39 - 19.6%
● 40-64 - 39.3%
● 65 or above - 41.1%

● With Private Insurance - 46%

● With Medicare Coverage - 33%
● With MassHealth (Medicaid) - 18%
(Among patients with LEP, 38% had
MassHealth compared with 9% of
non-LEP patients.)
 Results
A comparison by patient sample group
● Hispanic or Latino patients were less likely to
report access to a laptop, desktop, or tablet
computer (25.5%)
Availability of electronic health record patient portal in
Spanish
● 72.1% reporting access to a laptop, desktop, or
tablet computer
● 63.2% reporting access to the patient portal

● African American patients were also less likely to

use the patient portal (33.3%) compared with
patients in the cross-section sample (63.2%)
 Results
A comparison by language
proficiency
Report Access
1. Patients with LEP
● Smartphone (56.3%)
● Computer (25.4%)
● Patient Portal (9.9%)

2. Non-LEP Patients
● Smartphone (85.0%)
● Computer (72.5%)
● Patient Portal (58.2%)
 Results
Patients with LEP were more
likely to be worried about
getting home health care
services (23.9%), food (19.7%),
and transportation to
appointments (28.2%) than
non-LEP patients (9.8%, 9.2%,
and 11.1%, respectively).
 Results
Hispanic/Latino
● Most: getting transportation to appointments
(21.6%)
● Least: understanding medications (9.8%)

African American
● Most: getting medical supplies or equipment,
getting enough food, and getting
transportation to appointments (16.7%)
● Least: understanding medications and getting
home health care services (13%)
 Results
Asian
● Most: getting medical supplies or
equipment (29.4%)
● Least: getting enough food (11.8%)

Cross-Section
● Most: understanding medications (16.2%)
● Least: getting home health care services
(2.9%)
Conclusion
Care transitions may be especially complex for diverse
patients, including those with LEP or other
communication barriers. Health care systems should
continually follow up with patients to ascertain and meet
needs and limit preventable complications and
readmissions. These communications must be sensitive to
the presence or absence of family or community support,
technology access, and availability of medical interpreters
so that major barriers to postacute care may be
overcome.
 References
Barreto, E. et al. (2021). The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in Care Transitions. Am
J Manag Care. 27(7):e221-e225. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2021.88705
Da Silva Santos, D. et al.(2009). Race versus Ethnicity: Differing for better application.
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 References
Liggett, T. (2009) “Intersections of Language and Race for English Language Learners,”
Northwest Journal of Teacher Education: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15760/nwjte.2009.7.1.4
Sidanius, J., Petrocik, J. (2000). Ethnicity and National Identity: A Comparison of Three
Perspectives. Conference: Re-Thinking Democracy in the New Millennium