Electric Power Transmission and Distribution System Engineering

Practice Problem (Compiled Board Exam Problem from Oct 1984-Sept 2007)

1. A short, 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78 ohms. The load at the receiving
end is 100 MW at 230 kV, 85% lagging power factor. What is the voltage at the sending end?
a. 235.43 kV b. 226.3 kV c. 231.78 kV d. 238.21 kV

Solution:

Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0°
= + (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0° PR ∠ − cos −1 pfR

= + (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3 3 VR pfR

PR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (Z ∠ϕ °)
VR pfR

100 x 106 ∠ − cos−1 (.85)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000∠0°+ (5∠78°)
(230,000)(0.85)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000 + 1769.811 + j1846.295

VS ∠α ° = 231.777 ∠0.456° KV

2. A short, 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 2 + j8 ohms. The receiving end has 85 MW
load 90% lagging power factor. What is the voltage at the sending end?
a. 234.76 kV b. 236.3 kV c. 230.58 kV d. 232.18 kV

Solution:

Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0°
= + (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0° PR ∠ − cos −1 pfR

= + (R + j XL )
3 3 3 VR pfR
 PR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (R + j XL )
VR pfR

85 x 106 ∠ − cos−1 (.90)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000∠0°+ (2 + j 8)
(230,000)(0.90)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000 + 2171.039 + j 2598.545

VS ∠α ° = 232.186 ∠0.641° KV

3. A load of 10 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor is served by 22 KV transmission line which has a line
resistance of 3 Ω and a line reactance of 10 Ω. Solve for the sending end voltage.
a. 22.56 kV b. 25.972 kV c. 24.177 kV d. 29.86 kV

Solution:

Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0°
= + (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0° SR ∠ − cos−1 pfR

= + (R + j XL )
3 3 3 VR

SR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (R + j XL )
VR

10 x 106 ∠ − cos−1 (.80)

VS ∠α ° = 22,000∠0°+ (3 + j 10)
(22,000)

VS ∠α ° = 22,000 + 3818.181 + j 2818.181

VS ∠α ° = 25.972 ∠6.223° KV

4. An overhead, 60 Hz, single phase transmission line delivers 1.1 MW load at 33 KV at 80 %

lagging power factor. The total resistance and inductive reactance of the line is 10 Ω and 15 Ω,
respectively. Determine the power factor and efficiency of the line.
a. 81.25%, 99.17% b. 79.77%, 98.446% c. 72.41%, 97.41% d. 81.78%, 96.45%

Solution:
 Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop

VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)

PR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (R + j XL )
VR pfR

PR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (R + j XL )
VR pfR

1.1 x 106 ∠ − cos−1 (.80) 10 15

VS ∠α ° = 33,000∠0°+ ( +j )
(33,000)(0.80) 2 2

VS ∠α ° = 33.3544 ∠0.2147° KV
sending end power factor = cos [angle of voltage - angle of curent]
sending end power factor = cos [α ° - ( − θ °)]
sending end power factor = cos [0.2147 - ( − cos −1 0.80)]
sending end power factor = 79.77% lagging

Power loss = I2RT

2
 1.1 x 106 
Power loss =   10
 (33,000)(0.80) 

Power loss = 17,361.11 W

Receiving End Power
efficiency (η ) =
Receiving End Power + Power Loss

1.1 x 106
η= x 100 %
1.1 x 106 + 17,361.11

η = 98.446 %

5. A transmission line with an impedance of (4 + j7.5) ohms is supplying a load of 1000 kW at 80%
lagging. What is the sending end power factor for a receiving end voltage equal to 13.2 kV?
a. 0.80 b. 0.635 c. 0.471 d. 0.785

Solution:

Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop
 VS ∠α ° VR ∠0°
= + (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0° PR ∠ − cos −1 pfR

= + (R + j XL )
3 3 3 VR pfR

PR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (R + j XL )
VR pfR

1000 x 103 ∠ − cos−1 (.80)

VS ∠α ° = 13,200∠0°+ (4 + j 7.5)
(13,200)(0.80)

VS ∠α ° = 13,200 + 729.166 + j 340.909

VS ∠α ° = 13.933 ∠1.40° KV
sending end power factor = cos [angle of voltage - angle of curent]
sending end power factor = cos [α ° - ( − θ °)]
sending end power factor = cos [1.40 - ( − cos −1 0.80)]
sending end power factor = 78.51% lagging

6. A short transmission line supplies power to a load of 30 MVA at 230 kV, 0.8 lagging power factor.
Calculate the percent regulation for a line impedance of (12 + j 36) ohms.
a. 1.78 % b. 1.87 % c. 2.18 % d. 2.52 %

Solution:

Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0°
= + (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0° SR ∠ − cos−1 pfR

= + (R + j XL )
3 3 3 VR

SR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (R + j XL )
VR

30 x 106 ∠ − cos−1 (.80)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000∠0°+ (12 + j 36)
(230,000)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000 + 4069.565 + j 2817.391

VS ∠α ° = 234.087 ∠0.689° KV
 For short Transmission line;
VNL − VFL
Percent Voltage Regulation (VR) = x 100 %
VFL
V − VR
Percent Voltage Regulation (VR) = S x 100 %
VR
234.087 − 230
Percent Voltage Regulation (VR) = x 100 %
230
Percent Voltage Regulation (VR) = 1.777 %

7. What is the maximum line length in km for a single phase transmission line having a copper
conductor of 0.775 sq. cm. cross section over which a 200 KW unity power factor and at 3.3 KV
can be delivered? The efficiency of the line is 90 %. Take the specific resistance of the conductor
at 1.725 x 10 -8 ohm-meter.
a. 12.8 km b. 13.6 Km c. 15.7 km d. 18.6 km

Solution:

If 90 % is the useful power then, 10 % is the power loss

Receiving end power is 200 KW

PR
PL = 10 % PS and η= x 100 % = 0.90 and PL = I2RT
PS
2ρ L
RT =
A
2
I 2ρ L 0.10 (200 x 103 )
PL = =
A 0.90
 200 x 10 
3
0.10  A
 0.90 
L=
2I2 ρ
0.10 (200 x 103 ) 1sq m
(0.775 sq cm)
0.90 (100 cm)2
L= 2
 200 x 10 3 
2 3 
(1.725 x 10 -8 ) Ω − m
 3.3 x 10 
L = 13.59 Km

8. A balanced wye (star) connected load of 300 + j 100 Ω is supplied by a three phase transmission
line 40 miles long with an impedance of 0.6 + j 0.7 Ω per mile. Find the voltage at the receiving
end when the voltage at the sending end is 33 kV. What is the phase angle between these
voltages?
a. 29.96 KV angle of 3.122 degrees b. 33.16 angle 1.17 degrees
c. 25.57 angle 3.75 degrees d. 28.67 angle 2.58 degrees
 Solution:

Using the figure shown below, a simple voltage divider principle is useful.

Is Ir

R X

Vs Vr

Let be the sending end voltage be the reference

ZTL = (0.6 + j 0.7 Ω per mile) (40 mile)

 300 + j100 
VR =   (33,000∠0°)
 300 + j100 + 2.4 + j 2.8 
VR = 29,955.47∠ − 3.122°) V

9. A short three phase transmission line with an impedance of 3+j4 ohms per conductor supplies two
sets of balanced load consisting of

Load 1 = 5,000 KW at 0.85 lagging power factor

Load 2 = static lossless capacitor banks drawing 100 Amp line current

Compute for the sending end voltage and power

a. 12.8 KV, 5.21 MW b. 15.15 KV, 5.40 MW
c. 15.7 KV, 5.21 MW d. 18.6 KV, 5.32 MW
Solution:

Using the figure shown below, a simple voltage divider principle is useful.

Is Ir

R X

Vs Vr

The capacitor is connected at the receiving end to compensate the reactive power for voltage
stabilization.

Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0°
= + (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3

IS = IR + IC

5000 x 103 ∠ − cos−1 (.85)

IS = 100∠90°+
3(13,800 x 103 )(0.85)
IS = 211.2745∠ − 8.065° A
VS 13,800∠0°
∠α ° = + (211.2745 ∠-8.065)(3 + j 4)
3 3

VS ∠α ° = 15.147795 ∠4.905° KV
sending end power factor = cos [angle of voltage - angle of curent]
sending end power factor = cos [α ° - ( − θ °)]
sending end power factor = cos [4.905 - ( − 8.065)]
sending end power factor = 97.40% lagging

Sending End Power = 3 VoltageSending x Curent Sending x Power FactorSending

Sending End Power = 3 (15.147795)(211.2745)(0.974)
 Sending End Power = 5.4017 MW
Or
Sending End Power = PR + PL
Sending End Power = PR + 3I2R
Sending End Power = 5 x 10 6 + 3(211.2745)2 (3)
Sending End Power = 5.4017 MW

Receiving End Power

efficiency (η ) =
Sending End Power

100.000
η= x 100 %
100.272

η = 99.157 %

10. A 60 Hz, three-phase transmission line has an impedance of 12 + j16 ohms per conductor. The
load at the receiving end takes a current of 120 A at 0.85 lagging power factor. Calculate the
sending end voltage if the power factor at the sending ends is 0.843 lagging.
a. 115.6 kV b. 109.8 kV c. 123 kV d. 129.6 kV

11. A three-phase transmission line with resistance and reactance of 8 and 11 ohms, respectively, is
supplied with a voltage of 11 kV. A balanced load P kW at 0.8 leading power factor is connected at
the end of the line. For what value of P is the voltage regulation of the line zero.
a. 120.8 kW b. 209.3 kW c. 1.5 kW d. 418.6 kW

12. A short three-phase transmission line transmits power to an inductive load of 800 kVA at 13.2 kV
and 85% power factor. If the impedance of the line is 3 + j9 ohms, what is the efficiency of the
line?
a. 98.4 % b. 94.8 % c. 89.4 % d. 84.9 %

13. The following three-phase loads are connected to a short transmission line with impedance per
wire of 4 + j7 ohms: Load 1: Resistive load drawing 80 A, Load 2: Capacitor drawing 60 A, Load 3:
Inductive load drawing 50 A at 80 % power factor. What is the sending end power factor for a
receiving end voltage of 34.5 kV?
a. 96 % b. 97 % c. 98 % d. 99 %

14. A short, three-phase transmission line has an impedance 9 + j20 ohms and supplies 5000 kW at
38 kV and 70.7 % power factor lagging. What is the minimum kVAR rating of the capacitor that
must be connected across the load so that the voltage regulation is limited to 3 %.
a. 3,350 kVAR b. 3,720 kVAR c. 4,740 kVAR d. 5,260 kVAR

15. A short, three-phase transmission line has an impedance of 15 + j20 ohms. The sending end
voltage is 13 kV and the receiving end takes 1 MW at a lagging power factor. The current per
conductor is 70 A. What is the receiving end voltage?
a. 10.1 kV b. 8.8 kV c. 11.2 kV d. 12.1 kV

16. A 34.5 kV substation supplying 15 MW at 80 % power factor lagging has an efficiency of 95 %.

What must be the impedance of the line to maintain 33 kV at the receiving end?
 a. 2.8∠25° ohms b. 2.2∠52° ohms c. 3.6∠37° ohms d. 4.4∠32° ohms

17. A three-phase transmission line has a resistance and reactance per phase of 15 ohms and 20
ohms, respectively. If the sending end voltage is 33 kV and the regulation of the line is not to
exceed 10 %, what is the maximum power that can be transmitted over the line?
a. 6 MW b. 12 MW c. 15 MW d. 18 MW

18. A double circuit transmission line supplies a load of 10 MW at 0.8 power factor lagging and 30 kV.
The resistance and reactance of line A are 5.5 ohms and 13.5 ohms, respectively; those of line B
are 6 ohms and 11 ohms, respectively. What is the apparent power supplied by each line?
a. 5,790 & 6,730 kVA b. 8,325 & 4,175 kVA
c. 6,020 & 7,600 kVA d. 4,630 & 5,390 kVA

19. A 60 Hz, three-phase transmission line delivers 20 MVA to a load at 66 kV and 80 % power factor
lagging. The total series impedance of each line is 15 + j75 ohms. If nominal “pi” circuit is used,
what would be the transmission efficiency if the admittance is j6 x 10-4 mhos?
a. 90.8 % b. 91.7 % c. 93.5 % d. 92.6 %

20. A transmission line, 100 miles long, has a total series impedance of 35 + j20 ohms and a shunt
admittance of 930 µsiemen. It delivers 40 MW at 230 kV and 90 % lagging power factor. Find the
voltage regulation of the line.
a. 12 % b. 4 % c. 16 % d. 8 %

21. A short transmission line supplies power to a load of 30 MVA at 230 kV, 0.8 lagging power factor.
Calculate the percent voltage drop for a line impedance of (12 + j 36) ohms.
a. 1.746 % b. 1.87 % c. 2.18 % d. 2.52 %

Solution:

Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0°
= + (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0° SR ∠ − cos−1 pfR

= + (R + j XL )
3 3 3 VR

SR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (R + j XL )
VR

30 x 106 ∠ − cos−1 (.80)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000∠0°+ (12 + j 36)
(230,000)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000 + 4069.565 + j 2817.391

VS ∠α ° = 234.087 ∠0.689° KV

For short Transmission line;

 VNL − VFL
Percent Voltage Drop (VD) = x 100 %
VNL
V − VR
Percent Voltage Drop (VD) = S x 100 %
VS
234.087 − 230
Percent Voltage Regulation (VR) = x 100 %
234.087
Percent Voltage Regulation (VR) = 1.746 %

22. A single circuit, 60 Hz, three-phase transmission line is 300 miles long and has the following
parameters: R = 0.30 Ω/mi, L = 2.10 mH/mi, C = 0.014 µF/mi. What is the surge impedance
loading of the line if the receiving end voltage is 132 kV?
a. 45 MW b. 54 MW c. 15 MW d. 38 MW

23. A three-phase, 250 miles transmission line delivers 200 A to a load at 230 kV and 80 % lagging
power factor. The ABCD constant of the line are: A = D = 0.887∠1.9°, B = 156∠75.14°, C =
732∠90°. What is the sending end voltage of the line?
a. 344 kV b. 250 kV c. 230 kV d. 265 kV

24. A three-phase, 11-KV transmission line is 10 km long and delivers 200 KW load at 0.8 lagging
power factor. The resistance of the line is 0.9 ohm per km per phase. What is the percentage
power loss in the line assuming 11 KV voltage at the receiving end?
a. 2.27% b. 3.27% c. 4.27% d. 5.27%

25. A 3 phase balanced system working at 0.9 p.f. lagging has a line loss of 3,600 KW. If p.f. is
reduced to 0.6, the line loss would become ______ KW.
a. 8,100 b. 1,600 c. 5,400 d. 4,800

Solution:

The losses of transmission line is inversely proportional to the square of power factor, thus

k
Power Loss =
power factor 2

By ratio and proportion;

2
Power Loss1  power factor2 
= 
Power Loss2  power factor1 
2
3,600 KW  0.6 
=
Power Loss2  0.9 

Power Loss2 = 8,100 KW

26. A single-phase transmission line has an impedance of (2 + j5) Ω supplies a load of 50 kW at unity
p.f. Find the voltage at the receiving end if the sending end voltage is 2,400 volts.
 a. 2,300 V b. 2,400 V c. 2,225 V d. 2,375 V

27. A 3 phase, 3-wire transmission line has an impedance per wire of 3 + j7 ohms, the receiving end
load is 1,950 kW, 0.65 power factor lagging with line to line voltage of 13,200 volts. Determine the
kVAR of the capacitor to be connected at the receiving end to make the p.f. at that end equal to
0.8 lagging at 13,200 volts.
a. 1,482 b. 2,280 c. 817 d. 1,464

28. A short 230 KV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78 ohms. The sending end power is
100 MW at 230 KV and 85% power factor. What is the line loss?
a. 100.21 MW b. 128.17 MW c. 106.27 MW d.102.17 MW

Solution:

Sending End Voltage = Receiving End Voltage + Transmission Line Voltage Drop

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0°
= + (I ∠θ °) (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3

VS ∠α ° VR ∠0° PR ∠ − cos −1 pfR

= + (Z ∠ϕ °)
3 3 3 VR pfR

PR ∠ − cos−1 pfR
VS ∠α ° = VR ∠0°+ (Z ∠ϕ °)
VR pfR

100 x 106 ∠ − cos−1 (.85)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000∠0°+ (5∠78°)
(230,000)(0.85)

VS ∠α ° = 230,000 + 1769.811 + j1846.295

VS ∠α ° = 231.777 ∠0.456° KV

100 x 106
Sending End Current =
3(230,000)(0.85)

Sending End Current = 295.3198 A

sending end power factor = cos [angle of voltage - angle of curent]

sending end power factor = cos [α ° - ( − θ °)]
sending end power factor = cos [0.456 - ( − cos−1 0.85)]
sending end power factor = 84.58% lagging

Sending End Power = 3 VoltageSending x Curent Sending x Power FactorSending

Sending End Power = 3 (231.777)(295.3198)(0.8458)
Sending End Power = 100.272 MW
 Receiving End Power
efficiency (η ) =
Sending End Power

100.000
η= x 100 %
100.272

η = 99.157 %

29. A 250 km transmission line has the following parameters: resistance per km 0.05 ohm, capacitive
reactance per km 625,000 ohms and inductive reactance per km 0.2 ohm. What is the series
impedance?
A. 37.5 + j 150 Ω B. 12.5 – j 2,450 Ω
C. 12.5 + j 50 Ω D. 75.5 – j 2,450 Ω

30. Estimate the distance over which a load of 15,000 kw at 0.85 p.f. can be delivered by a three-
phase transmission line having conductors of steel-cored aluminum each of resistance 0.56 Ω/km.
The potential difference at the receiving end is to be 132 KV and the loss in transmission is not to
exceed 7.5%.
A. 122 km B. 110 km C. 142 km D. 150 km

31. A 3-phase, 11-KV transmission line 10 km long delivers 200 KW load at 0.8 lagging power factor.
The resistance of the line is 0.9 Ω per km per phase. What is the percentage power loss in the
line assuming 11 KV voltage at the receiving end.
A. 1.27% B. 3.27% C. 4.27% D. 2.27%

32. A 100-KVA balanced three-phase load operates at 0.65 p.f. lagging at 450 v. Determine the active
and reactive powers of the load.
A. 65 KW, 76 KVAR B. 76 KW, 65 KVAR C. 100 KW, 65 KVAR D. 65 KW, 100 KVAR

33. A short 3φ line with an impedance of 6+j8Ω per line has sending and receiving end line voltages of
120 and 110 kV respectively for some receiving end load at a p.f. of 0.9 lagging. The active power
at the receiving end is nearest to
A. 110,200 kW B.120,000 kW C. 100,200 kW D. 200,000 kW

34. A short 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78 ohms. The sending end power is
100 MW at 230 kV and 85% power factor. What is the voltage at the other end?
A. 225.4 kV B. 226.3 kV C. 223.2 kV D. 228.2 kV

35. Impedance, 6 + j8 Ω is connected in parallel to 20 - Ω resistor. If the power consumed by both

branches of the circuit is 2200 W, determine the total current that will flow in the system.
A. 13.9 A B. 39.10 A C. 19.3 A D. 31.9 A

36. A 230 kV transmission line is 100 mile long. The conductors are ACSR of 1,113,000 CM. The
conductors are horizontally arranged with 20-ft spacing. The resistance per mile is 0.0969 ohm
and its GMR is0.0435 ft. What is the impedance of the line?
A. 9.69 + j95.25 ohms B. 3.23 + j95.25 ohms C. 9.69 + j77.19 ohmsD. 3.23 + j25.93 ohms
37. A short 3Φ line with an impedance of 6 + j8 Ω per line has sending and receiving end line voltages
of 120 and 110 kV respectively for some receiving end load at a p.f. of 0.9 lagging. The active
power at the receiving end is nearest to
A. 110,200 kW B. 120,000 kW C. 100,200 kW D. 200,000 kW

38. A 230 kV line has an impedances of 0.05 + j 0.2 ohms per phase per kilometer. If the line is 100
kilometer long, what is the total impedance?
A. 0.05 + j 0.2 ohms B. (5+ j 20) x 104 ohms C. 0.5 + j10 ohms D. 5 + j20 ohms

39. A 170 kV, 3-phase electric source delivers 200 MVA to a balanced load which has a power factor
of 90% lagging. What is the line current?
A. 257 A. B. 502 A. C. 402 A. D. 679 A.

40. A 132 kV line 3 phase system delivers 70.7 MVA of a balanced delta load of power factor 70.7%.
Determine the reactance necessary to attain unit power factor.
A. Xc = 1,092 ohms B. Xc = 965 ohms C. Xc = 1,142 ohms D. Xc = 1,045 ohms

41. A 1Φ, 2-wire distribution line, 1,280 meter long has impedance per conductor per km of 1+j2.5 Ω.
The line supplies a load of 250 kW at 2,400 v and 0.8 p.f. lagging. Determine the sending end
power factor.
A. 0.8 lag B. 0.85 lag C. 0.75 lag D. 0.7 lag

42. Surge impedance of transmission line is given by

A. C / L B. LC C. 1/ LC d. L/C

43. An overhead, single-phase transmission line delivers 2,200 kW at 33 kV and 0.8 p.f. lagging. The
total resistance of the line is 15 Ω and the total inductive reactance is 20 Ω. Determine the
sending end power factor.
A. 0.72 lag B. 0.75 lag C. 0.79 lag D. 0.80 lag

44. A 170 kV, 3-phase electric source delivers 200 MVA to a balanced load which has a power factor
of 90% lagging. What is the line current?
A. 257 A B. 502 A C. 402 A D. 679 A

45. A 1 φ , 2-wire distribution line, 1,280 meter long has impedance per conductor per KM of 1+j2.5 Ω .
The line supplies a load of 250 kW at 2,400 v and 0.8 p.f. lagging. Determine the sending end
power factor.
A. 0.8 lag B. 0.85 lag C. 0.75 lag D. 0.7 lag

46. A three phase transmission line, 15 km long serves a substation rated 15 MVA at 34.5 kV, 60 Hz.
If the line resistance is 0.120 ohm per kilometre and the line reactance is 0.457 ohm per kilometre,
what should the sending end voltage be so that the transformer can be fully loaded at its rated
voltage?
A. 37,200 V B. 36,500 V C. 35,340 V D. 34,990 V

47. A load of 12 MVA, 0.8 power factor lagging, 22 kV is served by a transmission line which has a
line resistance of 3 ohms and a line reactance of 10 ohms. Solve for the sending end voltage.
A. 24,345 V B. 23,335 V C. 26,721 V D. 25,422 V

48. A short 230 KV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78° ohms. The sending end power is
100 MW at 230 KV and 85% power factor. What is the percent regulation of the line?
 A. 3.6% B. 2.2% C. 1.5% D. 0.77%

49. If the sending end and receiving end voltages for a 3-phase transmission line are each
33kV(line), and if the reactance of the line is 13 ohms per phase, the maximum power transmitted
per phase will be
a. 60 MW b. 30 MW c. 29 MW d. 28 MW

50. A 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 50 cis 78° ohm and a capacitive reactance of
1200 ohms. It transmits the power of a base load plant. On a certain dry season the sending end
power is 100 MW at 235 kV and 95% power factor continuously for a period of one month. If cost
of generation is 1.30 pesos per kWHR, what is the cost of the line losses for the one month
period?
A. Php 565,000 million B. Php 12.2 million C. Php 5.6 million D. Php 2.2 milion

51. A short 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78 ohms. The sending end power is
100 MW at 230 kV and 85% power factor. What is the voltage at the other end?
A. 225.4 kV B. 226.3 kV C. 223.2 kV D. 228.2 kV

52. The surge impedance of a 110 kV, 3-phase transmission line is 440 ohms. The surge impedance
loading of the line is
a. 3 (110)2/440 MW
b. (110)2/√440 MW
c. (110)2/( 3110)2 MW
d. (110)2/440 MW

53. A 3φ, 3-wire balanced load draws 150 A phase current at 2,400 v phase to neutral and 0.829 p.f.
lagging at the receiving end of the transmission line. If it is desired to raise the p.f. to 0.96 leading,
determine the amount of capacitor kVAR needed to achieve such p.f.
a. 343 b. 865 c. 604 d. 895

47. A single-phase distribution system is modeled using the circuit below.

a) Compute the voltage required at the source to hold a voltage of 4kV at the load bus.

b) Determine the additional capacitive reactive power required at the load bus to correct the
power factor at the load to 0.98.
48. A single-phase distribution feeder supplies a load of 80kW, 20 kVARs. The impedance of the
feeder is Z=(5+j2) ohms. It is required to hold a voltage of 12 kV at the load. Compute the minimum
sending-end voltage that will satisfy the load-end voltage requirement at this load level. Also compute
Vreg.

49. A large industrial customer is connected to the system via a three-phase distribution circuit. The
customer consumes 30 MW at 0.95 power factor lagging during peak conditions. The voltage at the
customer is 4 kV. In order to obtain a lower electric energy rate form the supplier, the customer must
correct the power factor to 0.98 lagging. So the customer has decided to install shunt capacitance.
Compute the necessary correction in terms of:

a) 3-phase reactive power

b) susceptance Bc
c) capacitance C

50. A large industrial facility is consuming 10MW at 0.90 power factor lagging and 5MW at 0.85 power
factor lagging. Compute the capacitive VARs necessary to correct the overall plant power factor to
0.95 lagging.

51. Three loads are connected in parallel across a three-phase supply having line-to-line voltage of
12.47kV. These loads are specified as

Load 1 : Inductive load, 60kW and 660kVAR

Load 2 : Capacitive load, 240kW at 0.8 power factor
Load 3 : Resistive load of 60kW

(a) Find the total complex power consumed by all three loads, and the current and power factor as
seen from the supply. Be sure to indicate whether the power factor is leading or lagging.
(b) A Y-connected capacitor bank is connected in parallel with the loads. Find the total kVAR required
from the capacitor to improve the power factor to 0.8 lagging.

52. The 3-phase loads are connected in parallel. One is a purely resistive load connected in wye. It
consumes 300kW. The second is a purely inductive 300kVAR load connected in wye. The third is a
purely capacitive 300kVAR load connected in wye. The line-to-line voltage at the load is 5kV. A 3-
phase distribution line supplying this load has an impedance of 10+j5 ohms per phase.

(a) Calculate the currents drawn by each load (magnitude and phase).
(b) Indicate the power factor of each load. Remember that non-unity power factors must also include
whether they are lagging or leading.
(c) What is the power factor of the entire load? That is, what is the power factor seen by the
transmission line at the load end?
(d) Calculate the real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the distribution line.
53. A three phase load has a per phase impedance, connected in Y, of 100 + j 30Ω . The line-to-line
voltage magnitude at the load is 1500V. The three-phase distribution line supplying this load has an
impedance of
10 + j 5Ω / φ .
(a) Calculate the line-to-line voltage magnitude at the sending end of the distribution line.
(b) Calculate the real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the distribution line.

54. A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.4+j2.7 ohms per phase. The line feeds two balanced
three-phase loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is absorbing 560.1kVA at 0.707 power
factor lagging. The second load absorbs 132 kW at unity power factor. The line-to-line voltage at the
load end of the line is 3810.5 volts. Determine:
a. The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line.
b. Total real and reactive power loss in the line.
c. Real power and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the line.

55. A large industrial facility is consuming 10MW at 0.90 power factor lagging and 5MW at 0.85 power
factor lagging. Compute the capacitive VARs necessary to correct the overall plant power factor to
0.95 lagging.