FACULTY OF

ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE &

POLICY STUDIES

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI
MARA (UITM) KAMPUS
SUNGAI PETANI, KEDAH

DIPLOMA IN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN PUBLIC POLICY

(PAD104)

PREPARED FOR: DR. NOR

ARDYANTI BINTI AHMAD

SUBMISSION DATE: 14
DECEMBER 2022

1. MOHAMMAD HAFIZ AIMAN BIN MOHD SHAHRIL 2022111107

2. MOHAMAD AIMAN HAFIZI BIN MOHAMAD ISMAIL 2022535947
3. HARITH NAQIUDDIN BIN SHAIFUDDIN 2022570605
4. NUR ADRIANA ADLIN BINTI AZLAN 2022935177

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NO TABLE OF CONTENT NO PAGE

1. Introduction
3

2. Policy problem
4

3. Main objectives
5

4. Actor in the creation of the policy

7
5. Implementation of the policy
8
6. Evaluation on the effectiveness of the policy
10
7. Recommendation
12
8. Conclusion
 References 13

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad proposed the National Development Policy as Malaysia's
official economic strategy first. The goal was to achieve economic growth while also
ensuring that the benefits of such progress were distributed equitably across all aspects of
society. The New Economic Policy (NEP) was replaced by the National Development Policy
in 1990, but the majority of the NEP's affirmative action policies for Bumiputera remained in
place. According to government statistics, the percentage of the economy controlled by
Malay people was nowhere near the target of 30%. The government discovered during its
examination of the NEP that, while income inequality had been reduced, significant goals
relating to overall Malay corporate ownership had not been fulfilled. Despite the fact that the
income disparity had been reduced. Both Mahathir and the Tunku have expressed concern
about the Malay people's continued economic reliance on the Chinese. This strategy was
established in 1991 for a ten-year period and was eventually replaced by the National Vision
Policy (NVP) in 2001.
Since the early 1970s, the government has advocated for a social and economic
restructuring strategy known as the New Economic Policy (NEP) and later as the New
Development Policy (NDP), which sought to strike a balance between economic growth and
wealth redistribution. These policies were first known as the New Economic Policy (NEP)
and then as the New Development Policy (NDP) (NDP). Members of Malaysia's Chinese
and South Asian minorities have long wielded disproportionate economic power. The
National Economic Partnership (NEP) and the National Development Programme (NDP)
have had as their primary goals to increase economic opportunities for Malay people and
members of other indigenous groups, as well as to foster the development of their
management and business acumen. Furthermore, official economic policy has pushed the
private sector to play a larger role in the restructuring process. The privatisation of several
public-sector activities, such as the national railway, airline, automotive manufacturing,
telecommunications, and energy companies, has been an important component of this
programme.

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2.0 POLICY PROBLEM
A policy problem is defined as a need, value, or opportunity for change that is not currently
being reached. Policy issues can also refer to change opportunities. This definition explains
what the term "policy problem" means. The primary focus of the process of formulating
public policy, which, in the end, is all about producing the policy itself, is finding solutions to,
or at least attempting to find solutions to, problems associated with a policy. That is easy to
explain, but putting it into practise is a much more difficult problem to face in the real world.

 COORDINATION AMONG INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES

When implemented without proper integration, the introduction of new reform agendas and
the establishment of new institutional structures can have an impact on the effectiveness of
inter-agency coordination.

 Efficacy in measures and implementation gaps

There are several limitations to using the planning system to achieve socioeconomic
outcomes. It is crucial to ensure institutional capacity to keep up with and coordinate
responses in the face of rapid change and dynamic policy dimensions.

 Adequate resources
Plans must be backed up by adequate financial resources. This becomes even more
pressing when external factors enter the picture, such as the mid-1980s oil price collapse.

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3.0 MAIN OBJECTIVES
National development is a country's ability to raise the standard of living for its citizens. It can
be accomplished by providing individuals with basic living necessities and employment
opportunities, among other things. Development is a process that results in growth,
progress, and positive change. Development is a good sign. Economic growth and income
growth are two aspects of development. Literacy, health, and the provision of public services
are all examples of social progress.

ATTAIN BALANCED DEVELOPMENT

To build a more united and just society, the NDP's emphasis on growth with equity will allow
all Malaysians to participate in economic activities, ensuring political stability and national
unity. Building on the ongoing thrust of the NEP in eradicating poverty and restructuring
society, the NDP will include the following critical aspects: striking an optimum balance
between the goals of economic growth and equity, ensuring a balanced development of the
major sectors of the economy in order to increase their mutual complementarities to optimise
growth, and reducing and eventually eliminating the country's social and economic
inequalities and imbalances to promote a fair society. The above-mentioned balanced
development goals are founded on the following considerations. To begin, the principle of
growth with equity is critical to achieving a fair and equitable distribution of national wealth.
Second, balanced societal development promotes the preservation of social and political
stability. Third, the development of a Malaysian society with high moral values and ethics, as
well as positive attitudes, is critical to the development of a responsible, resilient,
progressive, and caring society. Fourth, wise management of natural resources and ecology,
as well as the preservation of natural beauty and a clean environment, are critical to
improving the quality of life for current and future generations. A balanced economic
development is required to ensure stable growth, reduce social conflicts, promote racial
harmony, and strengthen national unity.

PROMOTING AND STRENGTHENING NATIONAL INTEGRATION

By reducing the stark differences in economic development between the states and between
urban and rural areas of the nation, by creating a progressive society where all people enjoy
greater material welfare while also being instilled with positive social and spiritual values,
and by fostering a greater sense of national pride and consciousness, and by encouraging
the development of human resources, including creating a productive and disciplined labor
force and developing the necessary skills to ensure that everyone has access to opportunity.
Ensuring that environmental protection and ecological preservation receive the proper
attention while economic development is pursued. Uphold the development of the nation's
long-term viability. To achieve the nation's socioeconomic goals, the NDP will rely more on
the private sector's responsiveness and initiative. The sector will need to share more of the
social responsibility in managing growth that can produce enough opportunities for a fair
distribution of benefits among all Malaysians in order to fulfil the role that has been entrusted
to it. By concentrating on enhancing the growth-friendly environment and offering sufficient
social and physical infrastructure, the public sector will support these initiatives.

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INSTITUTIONAL STRENGHT
Throughout this time, the concept of a more proactive and customer-focused public sector
began to take root. The changes were designed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness
of the public sector in providing quality services. Several programmes were implemented,
including quality management, Client's Charter implementation, efficient counter services,
productivity and performance measurement, expanded use of ICT, responsive public
complaints management, and the instillation of positive values and work ethics. The
improvements in productivity and customer satisfaction that have resulted are promising,
and efforts to improve the public service delivery system will be increased. During the period,
the emphasis on good governance in the public and private sectors increased in order to
improve transparency and efficiency and make Malaysia more competitive and appealing to
investors. The National Integrity Plan (PIN) was launched in 2004 to galvanise efforts toward
the creation of a high-integrity Malaysian society. To increase efficiency and good
governance in the corporate sector, laws and regulations were reviewed, including a review
of the corporate governance framework for financial institutions and the introduction of the
Malaysian Code of Business Ethics, or Rukuniaga Malaysia. The Human Rights Commission
of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) was established under the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia
Act 1999 to provide an institutional mechanism for the promotion of human rights. Between
2000 and 2005, SUHAKAM investigated 2,917 complaints alleging violations of human rights
and abuse of power.

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4.0 ACTOR IN THE CREATION OF POLICY

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Modern states are made up of a central government, branch offices of central government
departments or ministries, and regional and local governmental bodies. Since the majority of
states have nation state rather than federal forms of government, the central authority, at
least in theory, has the authority to abolish or alter the other tiers of government. The
constitution will outline the extent to which local and regional governments can make
decisions and carry them out independently of the federal government, including in terms of
taxation and tax collection. In federal nations, the constitution allocates sovereignty among
various political entities such as the federal government and provinces or states. No unit has
the ability to annihilate another in these countries.
Diplomatic policies, defence, immigration, and basic internal responsibilities like the currency
are typically under the federal government's purview when it comes to policy-making.
Although they vary significantly depending on the state or territory, local government, law
enforcement, and education are typically included. A higher level of the assembly with
roughly equal representation for each state gives the states and provinces a guaranteed
voice in the formulation of national policy in almost all federal countries. For instance, the
Senate of the United States of America has two senators for every state, regardless of its
size or population.
THE LEGISLATURE
The legislatures are the entities that consider public concerns and give their permission
for the passing of laws and the implementation of public policy.
The terms parliament and congress are just a couple of the many titles for legislatures. The
legislature is crucial in terms of evaluating laws. A draught piece of legislation (a law) must
go through several stages of vetting in the legislature before receiving the formal assent of
the head of state, whether that be a leader or a monarchy.
THE CIVIL SERVICE
The term "civil service" refers to the collective of personnel who work for any department or
agency of the government (excluding politicians, judges, and members of the armed forces,
police, health workers, teachers and local government employees). The number of ministries
or departments in a government varies in a number of ways. Common ministries include
those for defence, finances, and justice, but more will be created to address issues that are
important to that country. The ministries could then be divided further according to significant
policy areas. For instance, a ministry of education might be broken up into divisions for
academic institutions, professional schools, and training facilities.
In terms of policymaking, the civil service has a duty to provide advice on policy objectives
and various methods for accomplishing them. Civil Servants are required to provide
objective, unbiased advice. Ideally, the advice should be backed by facts. Ministers have
access to special consultants for hire. These consultants are selected by the government to

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provide non-governmental knowledge and advice. Some are selected to contribute their
technical expertise, while others provide their political insight. Despite giving advice to
ministers, special advisers are not employed by the government.

5.0 IMPLEMANTAION OF POLICY

To carry out the goals and objectives stated in policy statements, the government and other
parties take a variety of measures known as policy implementation. The proper
implementation of policies is of the highest concern. Failure can result in financial waste,
political pressure, and disruption for ordinary citizens, as evidenced by a number of failed
initiatives implemented by governments of all types. Policies and other approaches are
implemented in similar ways. Execution enablers are critical to the successful
implementation of a policy. Leadership, feedback methods, and communication are some
examples.

IMPLEMENTATION STARTEGIES
The NDP will continue to adhere to the NEP's basic strategy of eradicating poverty and
reorganising society in order to improve the social and economic disparities between races,
thereby contributing to the country's unity. The NDP aims to create a more balanced
development pattern that includes the critical elements listed below.
1) Reduce and eventually eliminate social and economic inequality in the country to
promote a fairer and more equitable distribution of the benefits of growth for all
Malaysians.
2) Promote and strengthen national integration by narrowing economic disparities
between states and between urban and rural areas.
3) Advancing human resources, including the development of a disciplined and
productive workforce, as well as the enhancement of skills required to face the
challenges of industrial development through a culture of excellence, without risking
the goal of societal restructuring.
IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
Some of the new approaches taken in implementing NDP are as follows:

1. QUALITY AND LASTING

Quality and long-term achievement outcomes A more selective approach will be
taken, with the goal of achieving quality and long-term results in mind. Before aid is
given, emphasis will be placed on aspects of education and training in the process of
eliminating poverty among the poorest and reducing imbalances.
2. COMPETITION IN INTERNATIONAL MARKET
International Market Competition the NDP has considered the country's ability to
compete more effectively in the international market while confronted with new
challenges. In the face of international competition, Malaysia must improve its

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 attractiveness to investors and entrepreneurs so that they can expand their
operations here. Export barriers (protection) will rise in the field of international trade.
To resolve this concern, Malaysia will continue to implement liberal policies that will
encourage the private sector to be more prepared to deal with related risks.
Exporters in the country must also reduce their reliance on the General System of
Preferences (GSP) and become highly competitive exporters.
3. WAWASAN 2020
The participation of all races in this country is critical for Malaysia to advance to the
level of a developed country by 2020. As a result, the DPN's two-pronged strategy
will continue to encourage resource mobilisation in the country and use the
intelligence potential of multiracial communities to build a robust economy and
increase the country's resilience to the world economy's instability and uncertainty.
Because each race has unique characteristics and strengths, it is critical for all races
in this country to complement and support one another for the sake of the people's
well-being and the country's development.

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6.0 EVALUATION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POLICY

STRENGHTS

 A low unemployment rate and new industries

Malaysia is a member of many worldwide organizations, such as the UN, ASEAN and the
Commonwealth of Nations. Malaysia also tends to be a problem yet ally to China. The two
countries have disagreements over the South China Sea but have attempted to resolve
issues quickly and mutually.

One of Malaysia’s biggest strengths is its low unemployment rate. It’s one of the lowest in
Asia. It’s just above 3% (in 2019). The mining industry is a big industry for the country’s
economy, but they’re also adopting more service and knowledge-based industries too. If
these industries expand, the unemployment rate could decrease further.

WEAKNESS

 Political corruption and a decline in export prices

Malaysia’s political system is rather stable, however, that could be because of the corruption.
Political figures have forced Malaysian citizens to pay a fee for access to basic functions,
such as schooling, courts, and even hospitals. This fee is called a “sweetener” and if it’s not
paid, citizens may not have the medical access needed, or the option to continue their
academic career.

Although exports are the bulk of Malaysia’s economy, it’s a volatile market. Gas and diesel
prices are ever-changing — and with the emergence of electric vehicles, more countries are
opting to use renewable energy sources. Because of this, Malaysia may find seeing exports
as a weakness, as it could impede the growth of the economy.

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OPPORTUNITIES

 Adopting more industries and technology to fuel the economy

Within the last 50 years, Malaysia has changed its economy. The country has multi-sector
streams of income. Now, Malaysia is considered a middle-income country with the hope of
rising even higher. If they focus more on building upon the service-based industries — rather
than exports — the country’s economy may grow even more.

Malaysia is openly embracing technology from popular brands like Google and IBM. By
accepting these technologies, it’s easier for Malaysians to segue into technology careers.
The first step is using and understanding the tech, after all. Technology is a booming
industry in any country, and will likely lead to more employment opportunities in the future.
The government is pushing for more funding towards hi-tech industries to help with this.

THREATS

 An ecological nightmare

The ecosystems are vulnerable because of the mining industry, the need for new homes as
urban areas expand, and deforestation. Palm oil is one of Malaysia’s biggest exports —
which is used in a variety of products worldwide — but it’s strenuous on the environment.

Political corruption threatens the livelihoods of Malaysians. If they don’t pay the “sweetener”
fee, they can’t get aid when needed. They can’t get the education needed for knowledge-
based careers. Any other political party is often silenced by the current party in power, so
change is less likely to happen. Unfortunately, there’s little that Malaysians can do to
overcome this threat.

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7.0 RECOMMENDATION

According to the evaluation that has been made based on SWOT analysis on PPSMI
policy, there are a few weaknesses and threats that have been recorded after the
PPSMI
policy was implemented among the student, teacher, school, and government itself. To
ensure
that the PPSMI policy can be used without issue, the policy's weaknesses and threats must
be improved and avoided. There are various ways to improve weaknesses and to
avoid
threats.
According to the evaluation based on SWOT analysis on National policy, there are a few
weaknesses and threats that have been recorded among citizens and the government itself
after the National policy was implemented. To ensure that the National policy can be
implemented without difficulty, the policy's flaws and threats must be addressed and
avoided. There are numerous methods for improving weaknesses and avoiding threats.

Recommendation on Weakness

Corruption is a complex phenomenon with almost no single cause. If it was caused by a

single factor, the solution would be simple. Some of the numerous factors influencing it are
more easily modifiable than others. Because of the complexities of the phenomenon, the
fight against corruption must be waged on multiple fronts. It will take months, if not years, to
resolve this conflict. The most common blunder is relying on a strategy that is overly focused
on a single action, such as raising public-sector salaries, Any realistic strategy must begin
with the explicit acknowledgement that there are those who demand corrupt acts from public
sector employees, and that there are public employees willing to perform these acts for a
fee. As a result, there is both a demand for and a supply of corrupt acts. Price, as with all
demands and supplies, is an important consideration. A variety of incentives influence the
elasticity of these supply and demand functions. The briber wants something from the public
official (a cost reduction or an increase in a benefit) and is willing to pay a bribe to get it. The
official has something to sell (power) and wants to be compensated for the risk and effort
involved. There is, however, the state as a sum of its actions carried out by the various
agencies that comprise the public sector. Through its various policies and actions, the state,
to a large extent, creates the environment and incentives that influence those who pay
bribes and those who accept or demand them.

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Recommendation on Threats

The environmental audit committee, the food and rural affairs committee, the health
committee, and the transportation committee will collaborate to examine scientific evidence
on the environmental and health effects of polluted air. The government claims that many of
its "air quality zones" violate legal limits for air pollution, and the Supreme Court has ruled
that existing policies to improve air quality are so inadequate that they are illegal. Enright’s
technological programme includes highly effective sensors that measure air quality and gas
emissions; implementing these sensors, which provide accurate, real-time monitoring in
public and private spaces, does not necessitate a large investment in new systems because
they can be retrofitted into existing lighting infrastructure. This converts lighting into a mesh
network, a safe and scalable platform for monitoring air quality now and in the future.

8.0 CONCLUSION
The NDP will continue to work to reduce economic disparities not only between ethnic
groups, but also between rich and poor people and between regions. Economic imbalances
will be reduced in order to strengthen national unity through the principles of balanced
development and equitable distribution. Despite external uncertainties, the Malaysian
economy's overall prospects for the next five years look promising. While acknowledging the
need for greater private-sector involvement to propel the economy to higher and more
sustainable growth, the public sector's role in achieving these results will remain critical. As a
result, appropriate public-sector programs will be launched in support of this role.

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REFERENCES
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/enlightened-solution-environmental-nightmare-andy-taylor
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9863.pdf
https://www.pmo.gov.my/dokumenattached/Dasar/NationalMission.pdf
https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2020-08/Chapter%201%20-%20Policy
%20Objectives%20and%20Framework.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/sitikasturi/national-development-policy-ndp
https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/national-development-planning-malaysia-
learning-past-chart-future

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