CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

DepEd K-12 Program

The K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum has been the biggest change in the Philippine

education system in these modern times. With the addition of two years that constitute the senior

high school, it has extended the basic education from 10 years to 12 years which is at par with

international standards. The main goal of this curriculum is to holistically develop Filipinos with

the 21st century skills and uplift their standard of living (Okabe, 2013). Its full implementation

has now been in placed through the advent of Senior High School (SHS) program. Junior High

School completers are to choose the track to be pursued in SHS that they believe will equip them

with skills for the degree they wish to achieve in higher education or the vocational job they

want to engage once they graduate. The Academic track has been observed to have huge number

of enrollees because of its promising feature of preparing the students to the college courses of

their choice and eventually get a high paying white-collar job. Specifically, Accountancy,

Business, and Management (ABM) as one of the strands under the Academic track assures the

students to prepare them to any business-related courses as reflected on its subject offerings and

curriculum guides. It is believed that business education is an integral part in coping with the

necessary requirements and demands of a 21st century world (Berry, 2013).

The K-12 Curriculum is implemented in the Philippines through the virtue of the

Republic Act 10533. The new curriculum covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education:

six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School (JHS), and two years of Senior

High School
(SHS). Due to abrupt changes in the curriculum, this resulted in different problems which may

experience by the students.

According to (Sparks,2017) , the Senior High School as part of the K-12 Curriculum is

new in our educational system, but in the contrary, these added two years in basic education will

provide an opportunity for everyone to be equally well-prepared for a college education

academically. In Senior High School there are four career tracks for students to choose from:

Academic, Technical-Vocational-Livelihood Sports, and Art & Design. One of the strands in

Academic track is Accountancy and Business Management (ABM) which offers subjects which

will help and open our minds into the business world therefore, become the ticket to

the corporate world. The purpose of writing the literature is to highlight and broaden

the knowledge of the students of what ABM really is. The literature review focuses on the ABM

strand, for the students to have a background knowledge about it, to let them know what are the

possible courses they can take up in college in line with the said strand and the potential jobs

they can acquire in the future.

The K-12 education programs’ high advantage in the Philippines’ educational system.

Quality education is what our government wants us to have; additional knowledge helps students

become better persons with the appropriate skills for their future profession and desired job.

Mohammad (2016), in his article ‘the perception of the parents and students on the

implementation of K-12 basic education program in the Philippines’ emphasized that the K – 12

Program’s primary goal is to calibrate graduates with knowledge and skills that will arm Filipino

with excellence in the global standards. In addition, Buabeng-Andoh (2015) reveals that the K-

12 education program can integrate information and communication technology in education.

However, Abulencia (2015) stressed in his article ‘the unravelling of the k-12 program as an
education reform in the Philippines” that there are beneficiaries of the K-12 Program, but some

sectors will be drastically affected. The sectors that will be affected are those who failed to

support this new educational program, and that there is a need to be open-minded with the ideas

and have an open eye and listening ear to consider and integrate the ideas and suggestions of

people.

The goal of implementing the K - 12 Basic Education Program is to create a functional

basic system that will produce productive and responsible citizens equipped with the essential

learning and employment. This is in line with the agenda of the President Aquino of having

quality education as a long-term solution to poverty. The K - 12 Education vision from the

Department of Education (DepEd, 2010) every graduate of the Enhanced K - 12 Basic Education

Program is an empowered individual who has learned through a program that is rooted on sound

principles and geared towards excellence (Mohammad, 2016).

In the study of Caup, D. and Buda, A. (2017), the DepEd lays high confidence on the K-

12 Program in providing better quality of education that is based on spirally progressing

curriculum starting with simple topics moving toward increasing complexity in order for the

learners to gain mastery of concepts and skills. Graduates of the K-12 program are therefore

envisioned as better prepared to compete globally for employment opportunities. This change on

basic education cycle caused the conduct of stakeholder consultations, policy discourses, and

education summits to gather inputs and feedback on the educational reform; however, the K-12

Program remains an issue of inquiries on its implementation and effectiveness. It continuously

solicits different responses among various individuals from the students, teachers and parents.

K-12 program indicates a good quality of education especially for the standard of education

system worldwide, qualification to work abroad, and development of skills in employment. K12
program implementation aimed at creating more skilled students with basic skills for lifelong

learning and employment.

Senior High School Program in the

Philippines. Its goal is to improve
the standard of education in the
Philippines. The K-12 Act is a law
that was passed that provides
financial support, policies and
procedures,
and tactics to minimize the long-
term consequences of
implementing a strategy of the
K12 system. The
purpose of this program is to help
students master their skills and
prepare them for the future. There
are
three tracks in the Senior High
School, namely Academic,
Technical-Vocational Livelihood,
and Sports
and Arts.
According to Alfredo Patios
(2013), the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013 introduced
the
Senior High School Program in the
Philippines. Its goal is to improve
the standard of education in the
Philippines. The K-12 Act is a law
that was passed that provides
financial support, policies and
procedures,
and tactics to minimize the long-
term consequences of
implementing a strategy of the
K12 system. The
purpose of this program is to help
students master their skills and
prepare them for the future. There
are
three tracks in the Senior High
School, namely Academic,
Technical-Vocational Livelihood,
and Sports
and Arts.
According to Alfredo Patios
(2013), the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013 introduced
the
Senior High School Program in the
Philippines. Its goal is to improve
the standard of education in the
Philippines. The K-12 Act is a law
that was passed that provides
financial support, policies and
procedures,
and tactics to minimize the long-
term consequences of
implementing a strategy of the
K12 system. The
purpose of this program is to help
students master their skills and
prepare them for the future. There
are
three tracks in the Senior High
School, namely Academic,
Technical-Vocational Livelihood,
and Sports
and Arts.
According to Alfredo Patios
(2013), the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013 introduced
the
Senior High School Program in the
Philippines. Its goal is to improve
the standard of education in the
Philippines. The K-12 Act is a law
that was passed that provides
financial support, policies and
procedures,
and tactics to minimize the long-
term consequences of
implementing a strategy of the
K12 system. The
purpose of this program is to help
students master their skills and
prepare them for the future. There
are
three tracks in the Senior High
School, namely Academic,
Technical-Vocational Livelihood,
and Sports
and Arts.
According to Alfredo Patios
(2013), the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013 introduced
the
Senior High School Program in the
Philippines. Its goal is to improve
the standard of education in the
Philippines. The K-12 Act is a law
that was passed that provides
financial support, policies and
procedures,
and tactics to minimize the long-
term consequences of
implementing a strategy of the
K12 system. The
purpose of this program is to help
students master their skills and
prepare them for the future. There
are
three tracks in the Senior High
School, namely Academic,
Technical-Vocational Livelihood,
and Sports
and Arts.
According to Alfredo Patios
(2013), the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013 introduced
the
Senior High School Program in the
Philippines. Its goal is to improve
the standard of education in the
Philippines. The K-12 Act is a law
that was passed that provides
financial support, policies and
procedures,
and tactics to minimize the long-
term consequences of
implementing a strategy of the
K12 system. The
purpose of this program is to help
students master their skills and
prepare them for the future. There
are
three tracks in the Senior High
School, namely Academic,
Technical-Vocational Livelihood,
and Sports
and Arts.
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

According to Alfredo Patios

(2013), the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013 introduced
the
Senior High School Program in the
Philippines. Its goal is to improve
the standard of education in the
Philippines. The K-12 Act is a law
that was passed that provides
financial support, policies and
procedures,
and tactics to minimize the long-
term consequences of
implementing a strategy of the
K12 system. The
purpose of this program is to help
students master their skills and
prepare them for the future. There
are
three tracks in the Senior High
School, namely Academic,
Technical-Vocational Livelihood,
and Sports
and Arts.
According to Alfredo Patios (2013), the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013

introduced the Senior High School Program in the Philippines. It is goal is to improve the

standard of education in the Philippines. The K-12 Act is the law that was passed that provides

financial support, policies and procedures, and tactics to minimize the long-term consequences of

implementing a strategy of the K-12 system. The purpose of this program is to help students

master their skills and prepare them for the future. There are three tracks in the Senior High

School, namely Academic, Technical-Vocational Livelihood, and Sports and Arts.

The Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) strand, which is the part of the

Academic track, focuses on core principles of financial management, business management

business processes, and anything related to accounting. Students will be able to know the

principles of marketing, improve business networking skills, sharpen leadership skills and learn

how to apply them in the industry, and improve rational and intellectual abilities. Some studies

state that in a strand of Accountancy, Business and Management students tend to have difficulty

with topics such as accounting. Students struggle with the superficial nature of accounting, so

they tend to deal with the simple rather than the finer aspects of accounting.

According to Cruz I. (2014) who is the Curriculum Adviser of the Steering Committee on

K to 12 of the Department of Education, the Commission on Higher Education, and the

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority, ABM is the short term for Accountancy,

Business and Management. ABM strand is under the Academic Track of K-12 Program. This is
perfect for those inclined in Mathematics and to those people who wants to enter the world of

business. Accountancy is the profession or practice of accounting. Also, the measurement

processing, and communication of financial information about economic entities. Business is an

organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial industrial or professional.

Management is the coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve desired objects.

ABM is a strand which a student chooses because they want to become a successful accountant

or to become a successful business woman or man.

ABM or Accounting Business and Management is a track in academic standing Senior

High School. Accountancy, Business and Management strand is for those students who plan to

take some business courses and accountancy. The Accountancy, Business and Management

strand is perfect for those students who are good at data planning and organizing and for those

who want to have their businesses in the future. Improving their knowledge and skills are

important for their college life. Accountancy, Business and Management is the course for them to

obtain more knowledge about having some business and how to manage it properly and planning

a successful business shortly. This is where we learn the procedure of managing the business.

Students will learn more about handling their own money in the bank.

According Keele University (2016), Accountancy, Business and Management combines

all aspects of business studies with financial planning and decision-making. You will learn about

techniques, concepts and debates in organizational behavior, financial and management

accounting, marketing and human resource management. You will build your understanding of

business strategy, behavior and performance in the global context.

The Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) strand would focus on the basic

concepts of financial management, business management, corporate operations, and all things
that are accounted for, ABM can also lead you to careers on management and accounting which

could be sales manger, human resources, marketing director, project officer, bookkeeper,

accounting clerk, internal auditor, and a lot more (Edukasyon, 2018).

Meanwhile, according to USJR (2016), ABM strand is designed as an introductory course

in accounting and business and management where students are trained to think logically and

scientifically and are acquainted with the rudiments of accounting, business and management

concepts and principles in order to prepare them to pursue college degrees that focus on business

and industry where their contribution as future accountants, entrepreneurs, and business leaders

are vital to the progress and development of the economy and critical to the promotion of a

sustainable green business.

On the other hand, become a well-rounded professional understanding both the

operations of a business and the finances behind it with this flexible course. In the first year

you’ll gain solid grounding on all aspects of accounting and business including understanding

organizations, business law and financial accounting. You can specialize in accounting, business

or both with subjects such as managing international business and management accounting

(Glos, 2018).

Furthermore, ABM strand is perfect for those inclined in mathematics and for those

persons who want to venture into the world of business, marketing and enterprise. Also, for those

who plan on taking up Economics, Business Administration, Accountancy and Marketing in

college (Ocbena, 2016).

Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business and Management (FABM)

 Urquiza &Usabiaga (2015), Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business and Management

is an introductory course in accounting, business and management data analysis that will help

develop students’ appreciation of accounting as a language of business and an understanding of

basic accounting concepts and principles that will help them analyze business transactions. It

stated that the main objective of Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management is to

help students understand the fundamental accounting concepts and principles as well as to

develop the capability to perform the basic accounting functions: the recognition, valuation,

measurement and recording of the most common business transactions and the preparations of

accounting statements.

According to Gadiano et al. (2017) Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business and

Management introduce basic accounting principles, accounting concepts, and accounting

terminology. This subject teaches the rule of debit and credit which allow performances in

accounting to be done successfully. It serves as the foundation of knowledge of every ABM

student.

According to Marinaccio (2017), it is important to realize that accounting education often

starts earlier, at the high school level. Understanding how high school accounting affects the

development of accounting students can help further the development of accounting education

programs.

Add more

Why FABM is important to study?