UVIS04

MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY ,
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Photography
1st Year B.Sc., Visual Communication
Written By: Ms.E.V.Prabha, Ms. S.Radha Lakshmi

Reviewed by: Mr.J.Balasubramaniam
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CONTENTS
Chapter No Title
1 History of Photography
2 Types of Camera
3 Lens
4 Exposure
5 Kinds of Light
6 Accessories and Equipments for Photography
7 Photo Journalism
8 Sports Photography
9 Ethical issues in Photography
10 Privacy in Photography
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Photography
Unit I: History of Photography, Painting and Photography, Types of Cameras –
parts and functions of camera
Unit II: Lens and types of lenses for photography - Short, medium and long focal
lengths. Exposure – Focusing, aperture, shutter speed, depth of field. Points of
View, Composition and perspectives.
Unit III: Kinds of light- indoor and outdoor - Electronic flash and artificial
lights. Capturing Colours. Light meters. Accessories and equipments for
photography. Aesthetics and Technology.
Unit IV: Photo journalism – Basics of News Photography, specialization of

Photography - Nature – Wild life – everyday life - People and places - Sports -
Advertising - object photography.
Unit V: Ethical issues in Photography – Codes of Ethics for photographers.

Tragedy image, digital improvements, privacy, moral rights of subjects etc., –
Basic software of Photo Editing tools.
Reference:
● John hedgecoe’s, New Introductory Photographic Course, Mitchell

Beazley, 1990
● Julian Clader, John Garrelt, 35mm Photographers Handbook, Pan
Macmillan, 1990
● Richard New man, How to take great Photographs at Night, Collins
Brown,2003
● Terry Hope, Photo-Journalism, Rotovision SA, 2001
● Steve Bavister, Lighting for Portrait Photography, Rotovision SA, 2001
● Roger hicks &Francis schultz, Darkroom basics and beyond, Patterson,
2000
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UNIT I LESSON 1
History of Photography
Painting and Photography
Structure
1.1. Introduction to Photography
1.2. Objectives
1.3. History of Photography
1.4. Painting and Photography
1.5. Unit -end Exercises
1.6. Suggested Readings
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography, the word comes from Greek words photo, for "light," and graph, for
"drawing". Playing with light is a way to describe Photography. After the
invention of Photography, people record their happiest moment as a picture
exactly within a fraction of second. The history of Photography started with the
development of the Camera and the creation of permanent images starting with
Thomas Wedgwood in 1790 and the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in
1826.
1.2. OBJECTIVES
After going through the lesson you will be able to:

● Understand about history of Photography
● Get good knowledge about technical development of Photography
● Understand the scientific principles behind Photography
● Learn about innovators and their ideas
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1.3. History of Photography
In 1800, Thomas Wedgwood applied silver nitrate on paper or white leather to

capture the image in a Camera obscure. He made an attempt to capture the
shadows of different objects and shadow copies of glass painting but the images
were darkened all over due to some technical problem. So he deserted his
experiment and died in 1805.
Courtesy: photo.tutsplus.com
Early Pioneers
Joseph-Nicephore Niepce of France started his experiment with the usage of

printing method called lithography and further development in his research led to
use bitumen, a resinous substance, and oil of lavender. Later on he found out a
developed process to capture the image on a Camera obscura. In 1827, Joseph
Niépce awaited 8 long hours to capture first ever fixed picture on a summer day.
Bitumen, a light sensitive material was coated on a plate to produce Photographs.
When it is exposed to the light, hardened bitumen absorbed an image so that the
unhardened part could be removed with a solvent.
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Niepce earliest Photograph, courtesy: www.neatorama.com
Daguerre used various experimenting methods to produce a permanent image.

Later Daguerre and Niépce worked together and found out a new process known
as daguerreotype. The daguerreotype plate was exposed in the Camera and then
developed in mercury fumes at of about 120 degrees F temperature. The image
was fixed by washing it in hypo. Though it reproduced with fine detail, but each
exposure produced only one picture at a time. This single image process required
several minutes to capture a picture. But it was very popular among people.
Daguerre and Niépce’s son sold a manual describing the entire process of
daguerreotype to the French government in 1839.
William Henry Fox had found out a new method of capturing Photographs at the
time Daguerre invented his own type. He saturated paper with silver nitrate. The
paper created a negative image, when it exposed to a light. It was made permanent
by fixing with hypo for getting a positive image, again a negative was fixed over
another paper and this combination was exposed to bright light. This method
failed to give fine details like Daguerre type but offered to take large number of
positive prints from negative.
In 1851 F. Scott Archer of England introduced wet collodion process, in that a

glass plate was coated with collodion as a base for silver halides. This process
required seven steps to get a Photograph, but it was inexpensive. In 1888, George
Eastman announced an invention of Photographic film, was transparent and
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flexible on the market and Oscar G. Rejlander and Henry Peach Robinson tried
various darkroom techniques and manipulations to produce Photographs that
replicated the moralistic paintings of the era. Peter Henry Emerson, an amateur
Photographer began to take Photographs in his own style that influenced
Photographers in late 19th century. The American Alfred steieglitz, eminent
Photographer started to promote Photography as a profession.
Technological Development
The technology of the Camera started with Camera obscura, was a room sealed
from light except small hole in a wall. An image from outside fall upside down on
a white screen fixed on a wall of the room. Later they revised the obscura until it
comes into a small size. At last completely they revised this technology and
started to use lens and mirror at a 45degree rule, which is helpful to focus the
image on a screen. Oskar Barnack from Germany introduced a miniature Camera
that used 35-mm film in 1924. The use of flash powder was replaced by flash
lamp was invented by Joshua Cohen in 1899 and experiments were made on flash
bulbs led to the development of electronic flash often works at 1/10,000 second.
The medium of Photography faced the next development was color Photographs
and it was invented by James Clerk Maxwell in 1859 demonstrated primary colors
are the source for all other colors. In 1907, Auguste and Louis Lumiere introduced
autochrome glass plates, were coated with starch grains that were dyed red, green,
and blue. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, used other systems of color
Photography, which involved three monochrome exposures of a scene through
red, green and blue filters and a special machine used to display it. This method
reproduced an notable result even compares with modern standards. After 1930
dyes were used in color films rather than grains. Kodachrome was famed for its
sharpness and produce rich colors. The American Edwin H. Land invented self
processing Photography and introduced the Polaroid Camera in 1947.
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Digital Photography
Digital Photography uses electronic photo detectors to capture the image and
stored for digital processing, viewing, digital publishing or printing. Before the
arrival of digital Photography, Photographs were made of light sensitive
Photographic film and developed by chemical process in a dark room. But it is
very easy to print Photograph in digital Camera s.
Willard Boyle and George E. Smith invented charged couple device (CCD), the
image sensor which is the heart of all digital Camera s in 1969. By 1970, they
fixed CCD into the first video Camera and in the year 1975, they introduced high
quality image sharp CCD Camera which is enough for broadcasting. CCD
technology is employed not only in broadcasting but also in video applications
that range from high-definition television to desktop videoconferencing. Even this
CCD technology is used in various fields such as facsimile machines, copying
machines, image scanners, digital still Camera s, and bar code readers.
Mavica (Magnetic Video Camera ) electronic still Camera was the first prototype
digital Camera , recorded images on the disk by using two CCD by Sony
Corporation. One chip stored information and the other separated the recorded
information. On the other hand, the Mavica was not considered as a digital
Camera even though it started the digital Camera revolution. In 1986, Kodak
invented the world's first megapixel sensor, capable of recording 1.4 million
pixels that produce a 5x7-inch digital photo-quality printand later released seven
products for recording, storing, manipulating, transmitting and printing electronic
still video images. The first professional digital Camera system was introduced
especially for photojournalists by Kodak in 1991. XapShot was another important
model hi-band still video Camera , built-in flash, self-timer, and an unusual
rechargeable lead acid battery. Later on, many companies launched varieties of
model in digital Camera s especially digital SLR CAMERA S.
The innovative steps taken in the field of Photography made easier for man,
woman and children to capture their happiest moments very easily. Photography
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became the powerful means of communication that touches day to day life of
humans in many ways.
Check your progress1
Trace out the history of Photography.
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1 Describe about Digital Photography.
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2 Explain the concepts of painting and Photography.
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1.4. Painting and Photography
Literary painting tries to narrate events and helps the viewer to visualize the
image. It will set up a mood in the minds of the viewers and will try to create an
impact. Photography has its origin from painting. Drawing and painting is
practiced by every visual communication student to develop the visualization
skill. Painting acts as a basic learning step to understand about the colours,
framing, perspective, light and shade and composition.
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Comparison of painting and Photography:
The features of Photography and painting remain the same. These two require
good knowledge about how to convey the message through the visual. For this a
painter or a Photographer has to be trained about what to be included in the frame
that is the composition. The necessary elements present in a frame to convey the
message effectively. Photography talks about reading with light.
Salient features of the two:
Colour:
In Photography the intensity of light exposed through the lens will give more
depth in the colour of the image. Similar to a painter a Photographer should have
good knowledge about the colours which will create an appeal.
Frame:
Frame talks about the space which has to be added or omitted and the direction of
the subject posed, either vertical frame or horizontal frame. When a single subject
is shown it is preferred to have a vertical frame and when a wide shot such as a
landscape can be in a horizontal frame. Here space is very essential. Head room
and lead room will help to keep the frame good.
image courtesy: http://ajourneythroughthearts.com
Perspective:
This will determine the angle of viewing whether it is in low angle or high angle
which depends upon the subject. If a subject has to be magnified it can be in low
angle and if a large area has to shown it can be in a high angle.
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image courtesy: http://second picture.com
Light and shade:
The direction of light which is learnt in painting is applicable in Photography too.

This will convey an appeal.
image courtesy: http://flickr.com
Composition:
What has to be shown in a frame has to be composed in such a way that there is
no distraction in conveying the message. In Photography there is composition of
lens. Using different types of lenses such as normal, telephoto, wide, macro lenses
the composition can be an effective one. This is how painting motivated to
become skillful in Photography and helped to understand the concepts of
Photography.
Note that you have been introduced about history of Photography and painting and
Photography, so try the following activities.
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1. Write a timeline for the history of Photography
2. Prepare a visual presentation of the early pioneers of Photography
3. Design your own Camera obscura with the help of card board
● Perlmutter, David D. “Photojournalism in Crisis.” Editor & Publisher.

August 18, 2006.
● Ricchiardi, Sherry. “Distorted Picture.” American Journalism Review.

August/September 2007.
● Slattery, Karen and Ugland, Erik. “The Ethics of Staging.” The Digital
Journalist. February 2005.
● Stepno, Bob. “The Evening Graphic’s Tabloid Reality.” University of

North Carolina. March 9,1999.
● Handy, Ellen, ‘Fixing the art of digital photography: electronic shadows’,

History of Photography 22 (Spring 1998), 7-13.
● Batchen, Geoffrey, Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography,

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1997.
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UNIT I LESSON 2
Types of Camera
Parts and Functions of Camera
Structure
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Types of Camera
1.4 Parts and functions of Camera
1.5 Unit -end Exercises
1.6 Suggested Readings
1.1. INTRODUCTION
A Camera is a device that takes Photographs by recording images on film. The

term Camera comes from the word Camera obscura, an early method to view
images. The evolution of Camera started from the Camera obsura. A Camera
has an opening to allow the light to get inside of it and controls the light to avoid
too much of exposure fall on the film. Early pioneers in the field of Photography
invented varieties of Camera s and developed new techniques and process that led
to change it as a profession.
1.2 OBJECTIVES

● Understand what is Camera
● Examine the various types of Camera
● Demonstrate understanding of SLR Camera operations
● Identify the functions of the basic parts of the Camera
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1.3 TYPES OF CAMERA
There are different types of Camera available in the market but each Camera has
unique qualities. Let’s start with the box Camera
Box Camera
Courtesy: www.pierspettman.co.uk
Box Camera is very simple in use, consists of cardboard or plastic box, lens and
film. Earlier model has less number of features attached with it such as small view
finder, lens, film but no aperture and shutter speed fixed in it. Later models
revised the Camera and brought better quality Camera lens, has doublet lens with
adjustment to the aperture and shutter speeds. Because of the minimum
adjustment, these Camera s work in bright light well than in low light area. These
Camera s focus the subject clearly up to a certain extent. The flexible roll film
made Camera very light and convenient and use the Camera without the tripod.
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Large-format Camera
Coutesy: www.badgergraphic.com
The large format Camera produces high quality Photographs and mainly used for
industrial, architectural Photography and for taking static subjects. The front and
back of the large format Camera s are called standard because it allows the
Photographer to control the Camera and easy to increase the depth of field too. It
has an extensible bellows with the lens and shutter mounted on a lens plate at the
front. It allows the Camera to be shifted up/down and left/right, and tilted out
according to the Photographer convince. There are three common types, the view
Camera with its monorail and field Camera variants, and the press Camera .
There are some processes to be taken to use a typical large format Camera made
its process very slow and often contemplative.
Medium-format Camera
A medium-format Camera is larger than 35mm Camera and smaller than large
format Camera . 120 roll film is used to capture the image in the Camera . The
usage of paper backing protects the Camera from exposure to the light and should
be loaded in low light condition. The common image sizes which produced are
6×4.5 cm, 6×6 cm and 6×7 cm. The Camera design shows greater variation than
their larger Camera s. There are some compact Camera s available in this format
that is useful amateur Photographers.
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Rangefinder Camera
A range finder is fitted with range finder Camera , a focusing mechanism which
allows Photographer to clearly focus the subject from a distance. Earlier model
Camera s had two view finder windows, later they incorporate into a single view
finder. It offers interchangeable lens and the Photographers controlled the aperture
and shutter speed. These Camera s are compact and easy to care. Sometimes, it is
used for serious Photography.
Single lens reflex Camera :
A single lens Camera uses a lens to view and capture an image.SLR Camera is
very famous among the professionals as well as amateur Photographers. It
produces the exact image on the negative as it is seen through the lens. The lens is
mounted on the front wall of the Camera and the aperture number is fixed on the
focusing ring of the Camera . It has several features such as availability of
interchangeable lens option; aperture and shutter speed control up to certain extent
and add on flash. A wide range of lens and accessories are produced by
manufacturers for this type of Camera .
Courtesy: www.howstuffworks.com
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Twin lens reflex:
Courtesy: www.kenrockwell.com
A twin-lens reflex Camera (TLR) is fitted with two lenses of the same
focal length. One of the lenses takes the picture, while the other is for the
viewfinder system. The two lenses are connected, so that the focus shown
on the screen will be exactly the same as on the film. Most TLRs use leaf
shutters with shutter speeds up to 1/500th sec with a B setting. The
separate viewing lens is very advantageous for long-exposure
Photographs. TLRs are ideal for candid Camera shots and a TLR can be
hung on a neck strap and the shutter fired by cable release. This Camera
brings parallax error, makes Photograph different from what they viewed
on the screen.
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Digital single-lens reflex Camera :
Courtesy: www.circuitstoday.com
Digital single-lens reflex Camera is a combination of single-lens reflex Camera and a

digital Camera . Instead of using roll film, an electronic chip is used to record the
images.it has many features like mode dial, dust reduction systems, interchangeable lens,
HD video capture, live review, large sensor sizes and better image quality it produce. The
DSLR Camera lens has a wider range of apertures available that ranging from as large as
f/1.0 to about f/32. DSLR Camera s have live preview option to view our target image
easily and reproduce higher quality output even take it in a low light.
Check your progress
What is camera?
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Describe the various types of camera.
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Explain the parts and functions of camera.
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1.4 Parts and functions of Camera
A Camera is a light tight box used to obtain Photographs of the object. The
different parts of a Camera made it to function efficiently. Now let’s see about the
parts and functions of Camera :
Courtesy: www.silverlight.co.uk
1. Film winder.
2. Shutter Release.
3. Shutter Speed Dial.
4. Flash Hot Shoe.
5. Film Rewind Crank.
6. Film Speed Dial.
7. Flash Synch Socket.
8. Aperture Ring.
9. Focusing Ring.
10. Lens.
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11. Filter Thread.
12. Self Timer.
13. Depth of Field Preview.
1. Film winder: it allows a Photographer to rewind the film back into the film
cassette and sometimes a knob is rewind to ensure the film is loaded properly.
2. Shutter Release: the shutter of the Camera is "released", so that it opens to

capture a picture and expose the film to light coming through the lens.
3. Shutter speed: The shutter decides how long the film is exposed to light
coming from the lens. The opening and closing time of the lens depends on the
speed how much we selected.
4. Flash Shoe: flash is attached on the flash shoe hook and it is placed on the top
of the Camera .
5. Film Rewind Crank: the film rewind crank is used to rewind the film. It is
folded into the rewind knob when it is not in use.
6. Film Speed Dial: Film Speed dial is used to set the speed of the film to the
situation.
7. Flash Synch Socket: flash synchronization is a synchronizing the firing of a

Photographic flash with the opening of the shutter which allows the light to the
film.
8. Aperture: aperture allows the light to come inside of the Camera . F stop
number is used to increase or decrease the size of the hole. When the number is
higher, the opening will be smaller and vice versa.
9. Focusing Ring: it is used to focus the image sharply.
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10. Lens: it is the most important part of the Camera . The lens takes the light
bouncing off an object and focuses this light on the image plane so that a real
image is formed that can be Photographed.
11. Filter Thread: Filter Thread is a threaded section inside the front of a lens to
allow accessories to be attached.
12. Self Timer: it gives a delay between pressing the shutter release and the
shutter's firing. It is used to let Photographers to take a photo of themselves.
13. Depth of Field Preview: it is used when an opening of the aperture is small.
1.5 UNIT END EXCERCISES
Now that you have been introduced about various types of Camera and the parts
and functions of the Camera , try the following activities
1. Prepare a slide presentation of different types of Camera s.

2. Prepare a model for two types of Camera by using thermocol.
3. Take a Photograph of a subject with types of Camera . Analyze the
difference.
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1.6 SUGGESTED READINGS
● Besser, Howard, Introduction to Imaging, rev. ed., Introduction To series,

eds., Sally Hubbard and Deborah Lenert. Los Angeles: Getty Research
Institute, 2003.
● Gross, Larry, John Stuart Katz, and Jay Ruby, ed., Image Ethics in the
Digital Age, Univ. Minnesota Press. 2003.
● Lister, Martin, ed. The Photographic Image in Digital Culture. New York:
Routledge, 1995.
● Penny, Simon, ed., Critical Issues in Electronic Media, Albany, NY: State
University of New York Press 1995.
● Ritchin, Fred, In our own Image: The Coming Revolution in Photography.

New York: Aperture 1990.
UNIT II LESSON 3
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Lens
Types of lens for Photography
Structure
2.1. Introduction to Lens
2.2. Objectives
2.3. What is lens?
2.4. Types of lens for Photography
2.1. INTRODUCTION TO LENS
Understanding Camera lenses can help add more creative control to Photography.
Choosing the right lens for the task can become a complex trade-off between cost,
size, weight, and lens speed and image quality. This unit aims to improve
understanding by providing an introductory overview of concepts relating to lens,
focal length and the types of lens. It helps the student to select a specific lens for
a task.
2.2. OBJECTIVES

● Understand what is lens, its usage and types
● Get good knowledge about lens mount and focal length
● Analyze how a Photographer can produce creative images
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2.3. What is Lens?
Courtesy: www.picturecorrect.com
The basic model Cameras are capable of focusing light from the subject onto a
light sensitive surface with nothing more than a small pinhole. Convex glass lens
can be placed at the front of the Camera to allow the light to get inside of the
Camera . In some Camera s, lenses are fixed permanently to a Camera , or it may
be interchangeable with lenses of different focal lengths, apertures, and other
properties. The lens is moved closer or further from the film/sensor to get the
subject into focus. The earliest Cameras used single convex lenses were prone to
distortions - this can be reduced, though not eliminated by combining lenses and
transparent materials to create compound lenses.
Lenses are mostly used for still Photography and some used for video have some
controls around the side of the lens. Lenses will normally have markings on the
front or around the side that provide valuable information for the filmmaker or
Photographer. The main function of a Photographic lens is to gather light rays
from a subject. But lenses do a lot more. The lens' aperture allows you to control
the amount of light that reaches the film and the depth of field in the Photograph.
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Lens Mount:
Courtesy: www.ehow.com
A lens mount is used to attach the lenses on the Camera , which contains
mechanical linkages and electrical contacts between the lens and Camera body.
The lens mount design is an important issue for compatibility between Camera s
and lenses. Many Camera systems use one of the more or less common
proprietary or standard lens mounts.
What is meant by lens?
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Write a short note on lens mount?
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How are different types of lens useful?

Focal length:
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The focal length of the lens is the distance between the lens and the image sensor
when the subject is in focus, usually stated in millimeters (e.g., 28 mm, 50 mm, or
100 mm). It determines the angle of view or how much a lens sees which controls
the portion of a scene will be captured. A lens with a wide perspective will
provide an elaborate view while one with an intermediate perspective will offers
you a normal view of a subject. The focal length number tells us how much of the
scene is captured in the picture. All lenses have a focal length value. A 28mm
wide angle lens has one focal length of 28mm long.
2.4. Types of lens for Photography
Wide lens:
Courtesy: Photography-Camera s.org
A wide lens covers a wide area of the background than what the human eye will
see. Wide-angle lenses have shorter focal lengths—for 35mm Camera s, from
35mm to 14mm, with those under 21mm considered as "superwides.". It is used
for taking landscape Photography and large group shots.
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Normal lens:
Courtesy: ralphnordstromPhotography.com
A normal lens is a lens that reproduces a field of view that generally looks
"natural" to a human observer. These are typically between 35mm and 50mm and
are among the most common prime lenses on the market. It is best for travel and
street Photography.
Telephoto lens:
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Courtesy: www.birdsasart.com
Telephotos lens shorten the depth of field, enabling you to isolate your subjects
from the background with shallow focus. Longer-than-normal focal lengths such
as 70mm and 300mm are typical for a telephoto lens. It is suitable for wildlife
Photography.
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Zoomlens:
Coyrtesy: theCamera forum.com
The most popular lens type is the zoom, which incorporates a whole range of focal
lengths in a single lens. Popular zoom lenses include the 28–80mm, 28–105mm,
70–210mm, 28–200mm and 28–300mm, with many other focal-length ranges
available. You can even find “superzooms” such as an 18-200mm, which cover
the entire range that most people will ever need.
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Macro lens:
Courtesy: forums.steves-digicams.com
Macro lens moves very closer to the subject than any other type. It has an intense
level of magnification, capable of picking out the tiniest details and enhancing
them larger than we can see with our own eyes. It has three basic focal-length
ranges: normal (50mm or 60mm), short telephoto (100mm to 105mm), and
telephoto (180 or 200mm) focal lengths. It is used for close up Photography.
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Fish eye lens:
Courtesy: startPhotographing.blogspot.com
A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion
intended to create a wide panoramic image. It covers an angle of view up to 180
degrees.
2.5. Unit -end exercises

Note that you have been introduced about lens, lens mount, focal length and
types of lens, so try the following activities.
2. Use macro lens to take close up images
3. Take Photograph by using two types of lens.
3. Prepare a photo album based on a single theme.s
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● Grundberg, Andy. ‘Photography in the age of electronic simulation,’ in

Crisis of the Real, 222-229, New York: Aperture, 1990.
● Aoki, Akira, ‘Digital photography’s promises and challenges’,

Photographic Journal (UK) 136 (September 1996), 374-75.
● Pollard, John P., ‘Threats and New Challenges: effects of digital imaging’,
Photographic Journal (UK) 135 (October 1995), 356-58.
● Mitchell, William J., The Reconfigured Eye: The Visual Truth in the Post-
Photographic Era. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994.
● Thompson, Jerry L., ‘Truth and Photography’, Yale Review, 90 (Jan

2002):25-53.
● Schwartz, Joan M., ‘We make our tools and our tools make us: Lessons
from Photographs from the Practice, Politics and Poetics of Diplomatics’,
Archivaria, 40 (Fall 1995): 40-74.
● Druckrey, Timothy, ed., Iterations: The New Image, New York:

International Center of Photography 1993.
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UNIT II LESSON 4
Exposure
Point of View
Composition
Perspectives
Structure
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Objectives
2.3. Exposure
● Focusing
● Aperture
● Shutter Speed
● Depth of Field
2.4. Point of View
2.5. Composition
2.6. Perspectives
2.1. Introduction
Introduction: A Camera is a light tight container that has a lens with iris, an
aperture that allows the light, and the shutter speed that controls the light. Today,
most of the Camera s share similar features. To understand Photography, you need
some basic knowledge about the features and the operations of the Camera such
as aperture, shutter speed, lens, focusing, depth of field, composition and
perspective.
2.2. Objectives
The students will able to
-Understand the basic technical aspects of Photography
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-Learn to operate Camera in various exposure modes.
-Get knowledge about aperture and shutter speed control
2.3. Exposure
Exposure is the amount of light collected by the sensor in your Camera . Getting a
'correct' exposure means recording as much of the relevant information in the
scene as possible. If the shot is exposed too long the Photograph will be washed
out. If the shot is exposed too short the Photograph will appear too dark. Aperture
and shutter speed are the two primary controls used to control the Camera
exposure. Most of the Camera s have light meters which measure the light and set
an ideal exposure automatically. It determines what the proper exposure is; it all
sets the f-stop and shutter speed. Getting a 'correct' exposure means recording as
much of the relevant information in the scene as possible.
Overexposure:
Courtesy: www.kenrockwell.com
Overexposure in the Photography refers to an image exposed to more than enough
light, resulting in white images or white areas in the images around the light
source. Overexposure can be used as an effect, but most of the time it’s unwanted
and avoidable.
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Underexposure:
Courtesy: www.mir.com
Underexposure is the opposite of overexposure, the light is not sufficient to cover
the environment so the photo looks dark. Underexposure can be used artistically
but just like overexposure it can be unwanted and hard to avoid. Slight
underexposure can lead to a pleasing deepening of color saturation but more
pronounced underexposure makes image too dark.
Exposure modes:
It is divided into two categories manual and auto modes. Each mode has various
options such as
● M - Manual mode- the Photographer controls both aperture and shutter

speed.
● A - Aperture priority-It controls the aperture and the Camera calculates
the shutter speed.
● S - Shutter priority- It control the shutter speed and the Camera calculates
the aperture
● P- Program mode- The Camera calculates both the aperture and shutter
speed, but doesn’t affect settings like ISO or flash.
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Automatic modes:
● Portrait- It makes the background out-of-focus and makes the subject stand
out from the background.
● Landscape - This exposure mode makes everything in focus.

● Sport - uses higher ISO to use faster shutter speeds
● Night portrait - the flash illuminates the foreground, while the shutter stays
open long enough to expose the background.
● Macro -It Makes the entire subject in focus
Focusing:
Courtesy: www. lenses.zeiss.com
The process of adjusting the Camera to get a clear image is known as Camera 's
focus. There are various ways of focusing a Camera accurately. There are various
ways of focusing a Camera accurately. The basic model Camera s have fixed
focus that focus everything sharply upto certain extent.
Auto focus: A Camera 's autofocus system intelligently adjusts the Camera lens to
obtain focus on the subject. Autofocus (AF) works either by using contrast sensors
36
within the Camera (passive AF) or by emitting a signal to illuminate or estimate
distance to the subject (active AF).
Manual focus: many Photographers like to use manual focusing when they go for
a shoot, because the control of the focusing is completely in the hands of the
Photographer. A manual focus system makes Photographer to adjust the Camera
manually to obtain a image.
APERTURE:
Aperture is a hole within a lens, through which light travels into the Camera
body. The aperture that you set impacts the size of the hole. A smaller f-stop
means a larger aperture, while a larger f-stop means a smaller aperture. In
Photography, aperture is expressed in f-numbers or “f-stops” are a way of
describing the size of the aperture, or how open or closed the aperture is.
Measuring apertures - Aperture values are given in F stops number starts from
1/1.4 to 1/64. The F stop is related to the diameter of the hole though which light
comes through. Actually most lenses have a diaphragm that can change its
diameter. An F value of 1/1.4 will allow more light than an F value of 1/64.
Courtesy: www.10stops.com
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Large Apertures (f2.8 to f5.6) - Large Aperture will produce shallow depth-of-
field. Basically, this means the area of sharp focus in the picture will be small.
Small Apertures (f16 to f32)- Small Apertures, such as f16 to f32, increase depth-
of-field which means more elements of a picture, from foreground to background,
become sharply focused. Lens
"Sweet Spots" (f8 and f11)- The mid-range apertures of f8 and f11 often yield the
sharpest images.
Shutter speed: A Camera 's shutter speed can control exposure, but it's also one of
the most powerful creative tools in Photography. It can convey motion, freeze
action, isolate subjects and smooth water, amongst other abilities. The shutter is a
small “curtain” in the Camera that quickly rolls over the image sensor (the digital
version of film) and allows light to shine onto the imaging sensor for a fraction of
a second. The longer the shutter allows light to shine onto the image sensor, the
brighter the picture since more light is gathered. Shutter speed of the Camera is
measured in fractions of seconds. If you set your shutter speed to 1/1000 of a
second it will be much faster than 1/10 of a second. A fast shutter speed will
freeze the subject and a slow shutter speed will make it look blurred as the subject
moves. There are two other shutter speed setting options are B setting, which
opens the shutter as long as the shutter release is held and T setting which opens
the shutter until the shutter release is pressed again.
Courtesy: www.lifepics.com
38
Depth of Field:
Courtesy:www.secondpicture.
com
Depth of field is the amount of distance between the nearest and farthest objects
that appear in acceptably sharp focus in a Photograph. A short depth of field is
used to take a subject alone. A large depth of field covers both foreground as well
as background and everything is focus in the frame.
Factors that control depth of field: there are three factors that control depth of field
is aperture, the focal length of the lens and the distance between subject and the
Camera .
Aperture: There is a relationship between aperture and depth-of-field – when the

aperture is smaller, the more depth of field it is. If you want to keep as much as
possible sharp, you set as small as an aperture as possible.
Focal length: The wider the angle-of-view, the greater the depth-of-field. Choose
a telephoto lens and the depth-of-field is immediately more limited. The longer
the focal length, the more restricted the zone of sharpness is.
The Camera -to-Subject Distance: For various technical reasons, the closer you
get to the subject the more limited the depth becomes. If you like to create soft
backgrounds with a normal lens, just get really close to your subject.
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2.4. Point of View
Courtesy: www. ekardaras.blogspot.com
Point of view: The position, direction and height of the Camera define the point
of view of a picture. You can change the way your subject is perceived by
changing the Camera position. If you are Photographing something that you want
to seem very tall, arrange the shot so that the Camera is looking upwards. There
are some techniques tells you how to change a normal picture as a unique one.
Juxtaposition: taking Photographs from an unexpected angle will create more

impact than the Photographs taken in a normal view. Always try different angles
to take Photograph because people also like changes.
Becoming the Subject: As a Photographer try to take Photographs from subject

point of view, then only he can able to understand the feelings of the subject.
These shots allow the viewer to feel like they are experiencing the event first
hand.
Shooting from below: A Camera is placed below the subject, make the viewer
feel as though the subject is in control of a situation. The simple act of looking up
at a subject/object can impart a loss of control or the idea that the object is
unobtainable.
Shooting from eye level: Photographs taken from a eye level quickly conveys
emotions to the audience. By literally putting the subject on "their level" you
40
create an instinctual response because usually only other people of the same age
are at roughly eye level with a person.
2.5. Composition
Composition: The rules of composition in Photography guided you for taking

Photographs. Every Photographer though should still consider the composition
rules as a great starting point when taking photos if they are trying to become
better at Photography. Once you are familiar with the rules of composition, you
can create outstanding images.
Rule of third:
Courtesy: www.digital-Photography-school.com
The subject is divided into 3X3 equal parts so that you can get 9 parts (both
horizontal as well as vertical). We can position most important elements in the
scene along with these lines. It creates interest and add balance to the photos.
Background: the Camera has the tendency to cover both foreground as well as
background. You should be very careful about your background because it
disturbs the subject sometimes. If it is possible to change your background
physically, you try it or else totally you change your viewpoint.
41
Symmetry and patterns: Courtesy: www. kpepPhotography.blogspot.com
We are surrounded by symmetry and patterns, both natural and man-made. The
use of symmetries and patterns made your Photograph very attractive particularly
in situations where they are not expected. Another great way to use them is to
break the symmetry or pattern in some way, introducing tension and a focal point
to the scene.
Leading lines:
42
Courtesy: www.picturecorrect.com
The use of line grabs the viewer’s attention to the subject of your Photograph. It
may be straight, diagonal, wavy, or any other creative variation. The created line
in the Photographs leads the eye into the subject.
View point: your view point can change the normal Photograph into extra
ordinary one. Before go for a shoot, take time to think about how you are going to
shoot. Our viewpoint has a impact on the composition of our photo, and as a result
it can affect the message it conveys.
Framing:
Courtesy: www.Photography.about.com
It is used to frame all the objects through the viewfinder such as trees, plants,
animals etc. it gives more depth and focus to the subject.
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Simplicity:
Courtesy: www.flickriver.com
Keeping things simple sometimes is the best way to get a good photo. Look for
uncomplicated backgrounds and try to focus on keeping objects out of the picture
that may draw attention away from your subject.
2.6. Perspectives
Perspective:
44
Courtesy: www.instantshift.com
Perspective refers to the relationship of imaged objects in a Photograph. This

includes their relative positions and sizes and the space between them. The
Photographs you produce according to the principles of perspectives show a good
rendition of the subject's form and shape, and the viewer is given the sensation of
volume, space, depth, and distance. The different types of perspective are:
● Linear perspective
● Rectilinear perspective
● Vanishing point perspective
● Height perspective
45
Linear perspective:
Courtesy: www.flickr.com
It creates on impression of depth to the viewer by using parallel lines and making
them converge in the plane of the Photograph.
Rectilinear Perspective:
Courtesy:www. kalisdigitalphotos.blogspot.com
Rectilinear perspective images are typical of what the human eye sees.
Vanishing point perspective:
46
Courtesy: www. xaxor.com
The lines that start in the front of the picture and meet at vanishing points within
the picture or at finite points outside the picture.
Height perspective:
Courtesy: www.dreamstime.com
An object is located on the ground in a picture give a clue to the height of the
subject from the Camera viewpoint.
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2.7. Unit End Exercises
Take ten Photographs of your routine life using different exposure mode.
Take 20 Photographs of your pet animal and write down the aperture number, shutter
speed and the type of lens used.
Prepare a photo shoot on the basis of composition.
● Adelstein, P. Z., J. L. Bigourdan, and J. M. Reilly. “Moisture

Relationships of Photographic Film,” Journal of the American Institute for
Conservation (Fall 1997).
● Albright, Gary. “Photographs.” in Conservation in the Library: A
Handbook of Use and Care of Traditional and Nontraditional Materials.
Susan Swartzburg (ed). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1983): 79–102.
● Albright, Gary E. “Storage Enclosures for Photographic Prints and
Negatives.” Conserve O Gram 14(6) Washington, D.C.: National Park
Service, (1990).
● Barger, Susan M., and William White. The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-
Century Technology and Modern Science. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1991.
● The Centre for Photographic Conservation (ed). The Imperfect Image:
Photographs their Past, Present and Future. London: The Centre for
Photographic Conservation, 1992.
● Crawford, William. The Keepers of Light. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Morgan and
Morgan, Inc., 1979.
● Derby, Deborah. Caring for Your Photographs, Washington, DC:

American Institute for Conservation, 1997.
48
UNIT III LESSON 5
Kinds of Light
Indoor and Outdoor Lighting
Electronic Flash
Artificial Light
Capturing Colours
Structure
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Objectives
3.3 Kinds of Light
3.4 Indoor and Outdoor Lighting
3.5 Electronic Flash
3.6 Artifical Light
3.7 Capturing Colours
3.8 Unit -end exercises
3.9 Suggested Readings
3.1. INTRODUCTION
Light is the important source for taking Photographs. Before we go deep into the
subject, we must understand about light. People like to take Photographs in a
correct exposure that is possible only when we take it in a correct lighting or else
to set accurate aperture or shutter speed for a particular situation. When the
aperture opens wide, it allows the light to get inside of the Camera and the shutter
speed setting decides how long it is open to absorb the light. Apart from this, you
must know about an ISO setting, measures the light sensitivity of the sensor. The
less ISO setting number produces an image with sharp and fine grain. At the same
time, higher the number setting images are considerably noise. The next step is to
understand the various kinds of lighting in Photography
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3.2 OBJECTIVES

● Understand what is light
● Demonstrate a basic understanding of electronic flash
● Examine the various types of light
● Analyze how to capture colours
3.3 KINDS OF LIGHT
In Photography, there are two kinds of lighting: indoor lighting and outdoor
lighting. The duty of the Photographer is to work with light to produce quality
picture. He can use any type of lighting which is favorable for the location
because this lighting gives a wide variety of effect to the subject and has the
capacity to turn normal subject as a amazing picture.
3.4 INDOOR AND OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Indoor lighting: It is very easy to control the indoor light because a source of
light is fixed in the studio. Three point lighting is mostly used in the studio to
eliminate the shadows as well as to get best output. Now let’s see the different
types of indoor lighting:
Three point lighting is a multipurpose system which forms the basis of most
lighting. There are three types of lighting used in it such as key light, fill light and
back light.
Key light: key light is the most important light that highlights the form and
dimension of the subject. It is placed on the side of the Camera so a light fall
bright on a side and the opposite side get some shadow.
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Courtesy: www.cybercollege.com
Fill light: it is placed on the opposite side of the key light. It eliminates the
shadow created by the key light. The fill light is softer and less brighter than key
light.
Courtesy: www.warehousephoto.com
Back light: the light is placed behind the subject so the light comes from the back
of the subject. The purpose of the light is to highlights the edge of the subject. It
helps to separate the subject from the background and gives 3d effect.
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Courtesy: www.warehousephoto.com
Butterfly lighting: the Camera is positioned directly in front of the subjects face
and adjusting the height creates shadow around the nose. This type of lighting is
used for fashion Photography and suited for women.
Courtesy: www.strobetechniques.com
Remembrandt lighting: it is the lighting method used a light and a reflector and
a capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a
minimum of equipment. It illuminated triangle under the eye of the subject, but it
is no wider than the eye.
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Courtesy: photo.stackexchange.com
Outdoor lighting: Natural light is the main source of light for taking Photographs
in the outdoor location. Constant changes in the weather alter the day light as well
as the whole location. Photographers should be ready to capture at any type light
available outside because it is very difficult to predict the sunlight. Now let’s see
the different types of outdoor lighting:
Side lighting: it is the lighting which comes from the side of the subject. It
creates long shadows, very contrast and depth of field is sharper. So it gives
dramatic effect to the Photographs.
courtesy: http://machoarts.com/outdoor-lighting-and-contrast-tips
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Rim lighting: the light comes at an acute angle and highlights the shape of the
subject. This type of lighting is used for taking wildlife, nature and fine art nude
Photography.
Courtesy: www.digital-Photography-school.com
Ambient lighting: it is otherwise called as a available light. The source of the

light is available naturally so it is challenge for the Photographers. Sometimes the
light is bounced from one surface to another. The brightness of the light is lower
than the other type of lighting. This type of lighting is suitable to take landscape
Photographs.
Courtesy: www.photostockplus.com
54
Hard Light: Hard light is quite direct and can often be intense in brightness. It
creates strong shadows so special care should be made for each Photograph we
take. This type of lighting is used for taking any type of Photograph but lesser it
attracts the audience attention.
Courtesy: http://www.aguntherPhotography.com
Spotlight: Spotlight is the light which highlights the particular section of the
subject. Photographs are strong and contrast. It is used mainly to take product
Photographs and dramatic Photographs.
Courtesy: www.moodleshare.org
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3.5 ELECTRONIC FLASH
Electronic flash: a flash is used to produce a flash of artificial light to illuminate a

picture in Photography. A major purpose of using flash is to give bright light even
in a low light situation and for taking fast moving objects. Electronic flash units
overcome the usage of flash powder and flashbulbs. Modern Camera s have
inbuilt flash units that works automatically under low light. Few Camera s have
separate flash units attached on the top of the Camera . But in studio, flashes are
larger in size that connected with main power.
Types of DSLR Photography Flashes:
Built-in & Pop-up Camera Flash
Courtesy: www.exposureguide.com
These flash units are constructed within the Camera body. They are on-axis with
the lens, so the light comes from one directional only. On- axis light creates harsh
contrast and strong shadow; the background looks very dark. So the Photographer
adjusts this flash with the ambient light.
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Dedicated Camera Flash:
This type of flash unit is fitted with the Camera ’s hot shoe. It has a piece of gear
that communicates with the Camera . The Camera and flash use information
about lens length, ISO sensitivity, f-stop and shutter speed to determine optimal
flash-strength output. This type is far better than the previous one because of its
uniqueness.
Macro Ringlight Camera Flash:
57
It fits on the barrel of the lens by screwing onto the attachment threads. It is ideal
for Macro Photography. It helps to go very closer with the objects and provides
soft and diffused light source.
Hammerhead Camera Flash:
This type is not attached with the Camera hot shoe. It is fixed on the side of the
Camera and off-axis just enough to limit red-eye in your subjects. Professional
Photographers like to use this hammer head flash unit because it provides better
quality result and grip than any other type of flashes.
Fill-in Flash:
The fill-in flash is a technique used when the background is much brighter than
the subject. The fill-in flash add fill light to the subject so it registers a more
58
pleasing exposure. This is useful when the ambient light is overwhelming and
would typically result in some level of silhouette.
3.6 Artificial Light
Artificial lighting:
It is the light depends on an external source of power. This may be your Camera
flash, external flash units or studio strobes, fluorescent lights, streetlights, stadium
lights, stage lighting for a concert, the twinkling glow from Christmas-tree lights,
neon, and so forth. There are various reasons to use artificial lighting such as poor
natural light and to give desirable mood to the picture.
Four common types of artificial lighting
● incandescent
● fluorescent
● LED
● studio strobe
Incandescent light:
Courtesy: www.imagemaven.com
It ranges from the light bulb to large tungsten “hot lights” used in the
studio. They are warm in colour temperature compared with natural light.
59
The light from a bulb is pretty harsh. The quality of incandescent lighting
can be modified using flags, reflectors and diffusion material. So we
should be very careful to take Photographs of sensitive materials.
Fluorescent light:
In most of the buildings and corporate offices use fluorescent lighting

tubes. This lighting is not suitable for taking professional Photographs, but
shooting in offices pushed to use it. Nowadays they come in different
colours: cool white, warm white, daylight balanced, and traditional green.
So it is hard to white balance for it.
New CFL curly bulbs:
The CFL or compact fluorescent light is used to save the electricity but
in reality they are more trouble than others. Many of the CFL bulbs give
off dirty electricity. There are some new studio lighting kits on the market
that use these CFL bulbs. They really push them in the video market.
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LED:
It stands for light emitting diodes. It is very new to the market and their
use is more common for domestic use. The quality of the light is harsh,
so you need to soften this light with diffusion material, or bounce it off a
wall.
Flash and Studio Strobe:
It is the most common used artificial lighting in Photography. Strobe

lighting is suitable only for Photography because the life of the flash is too
short. The light from your Camera flash is very harsh so people bouncing
it off or by putting plastic diffusers in front of the flash head. It is connect
to the Camera via a sync cord, a slave unit, or a wireless connection.
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3.7 CAPTURING COLOURS
Colour is the primary factor responsible for making a photo feel exciting,
energetic and mysterious. Colour can be used to communicate our emotional
feeling very easily. The correct use of colour in Photography attracts the attention
of the audience very easily. Here, there are some techniques tell you how to
capture colours:
Courtesy: www.wanderlust.co.uk
Adjust Your Exposure: colour which present in your photo directly related to
proper exposure. Sometimes the Photographs are underexposed or overexposed
when we capture in a low light. To avoid this problem, try to increase or decrease
the exposure wherever you want. It is very difficult to take perfectly exposed
Photographs in a day time. So you should know the tactics of handling the
different locations.
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Courtesy: http://www.Photographyblogger.net
Contrast colours:
Courtesy: www.Photography-13.com
A contrast colour attracts the attention of the viewers’ interest very easily. But too
many contrast colours in the Photograph disturb the entire frame. Choose only one
contrast colour which become the focal point of the image easily attract others.
Change the mood: The whole mood of the picture is affected by the white
balance. Warmer tints look happier; bluer casts look colder and bleaker. You can’t
trust only these colours can the mood but you can use the white balance to subtly
enhance the mood already present.
63
Search for Patterns:
Courtesy: www.americasstateparks.org
Creating a picture around patterns provides picture unity and structure. When
lines, shapes, and colors within a picture occur in an orderly way, they create
patterns that often enhance the attractiveness of Photographs. It can be used as the
primary subject but is most often used as a subordinate element to enhance
composition. It should be used to strengthen and add interest to your subject.
What is light?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
Explain in detail about the different types of artificial lighting?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
3 Write short note on electronic flash.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
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3.8 UNIT END EXCERCISES
Now that you have been understand about the various types of lighting, try the
following activities
4. Take a Photograph with artificial and natural lighting. Analyze the

difference
5. Take a Photographs using electronic flash
3.9 SUGGESTED READINGS
● Eaton, George T. Conservation of Photographs. Kodak Publication No. F-

40. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1985.
● Eaton, George T. Photographic Chemistry in Black and White and Color

Photography. 4th rev. ed. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Morgan & Morgan, Inc., June
1988.
● Gordon, Paul L. (ed). The Book of Film Care. Kodak Publication No. H-
23. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1983 (out of print).
● Hendriks, Klaus B. “The Stability and Preservation of Recorded Images.”

in Imaging Processes and Materials, Neblette’s Eighth
● Edition. John M. Sturge, Vivian Walworth, Allan Shepp, (eds). New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold (1989): 637–684.
65
UNIT III LESSON 6
Light Meter
Accessories and equipments for Photography
Aesthetics and technology
Structure
3.1. Introduction to Light meters
3.2. Objectives
3.3. What is a light meter?
3.4. Accessories and equipments for Photography
3.5. Aesthetics and technology
3.1. INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT METERS
In Photography light meter plays a very vital part. It helps a Photographer to

control the amount of light exposed on the image. It also helps to overcome from
under exposure and over exposure. Light meter will allow a Photographer to set
up an accurate shutter speed and aperture for a good visual. Even the skilled
Photographer would take the help of light meter to capture an effective image, no
matter whether it is an outdoor or indoor shoot.
3.2. OBJECTIVES
● Understand what is a light meter, its usage and types
● Get good knowledge about different accessories and equipments for
Photography
● Understand the aesthetics and technology in Photography
● Analyze how a Photographer can produce creative images
● Understand the value of Photography
3.3. What is a Light Meter?

66
Light meter is a device which is used to determine the amount of light to be used
to expose the image by adjusting the aperture and shutter speed. So it will try to
safeguard the images from getting over exposed and under exposed.
In those days light meters were known as Extinction light meters. These light
meters contained lettered or numbered row of neutral density filters of increasing
density. Here a Photographer would place the light meter on the subject and will
note the filter with greater density when the image has incident light to pass
through. Accordingly it was used as an index mentioning about the aperture and
shutter speed for a film speed.
But these extinction light meters had a drawback. It depends on the light
sensitivity of the human eye which may vary from a person to person. So a
Photographer could not capture a satisfied image with correct exposure.
Light meters in SLR Camera s and DSLR Camera s
(hand held digital lightmeter)
image courtesy: www.jrbernstein.com
SLR Camera s measure the light called as metering through the lens. It will
measure the intensity of light passing through the Camera lens. But there was a
problem when a frame had darker and brighter areas. For example when
Photographing a model on a bright sunny day there may be shadows on the
subject. Also there may be brighter areas on the subject. Then the meter would
trick the Photographer. The meter would respond according to the area which is
illuminated on the sensor. So the meter cannot measure the intensity of the light
correctly. Modern SLRs have multi point light meters which can measure the
intensity of light from various points. DSLRs have dozens of light meters which
can measure the intensity of light from different points and this would help a
Photographer to capture the image with good exposure of light.
67
Types of light meters
There are two types of light meters.
(i) Reflected light meters
(ii) Incident light meters
(i) Reflected light meters
Reflected light meters will be used in all in- Camera light meters.
They are used to measure the light reflected by the scene. They show
good exposure reading for those frames where there is even tone of
lighting. If a frame has contrasting light with brightness and darkness
then the light meters may give inappropriate exposure reading.
For example:
While shooting a sunset and sun rise shots the reflected light meters
may not give good exposure reading. Unless the Photographer takes
care of it manually the image would be under exposed.
(ii) Incident light meters
These measure the amount of light falling on the subject. It uses an

integrating sphere which is a translucent hemispherical plastic dome
placed on top of the light sensor. In order to take an incident light
meter reading the meter has to be placed on the subject facing the
direction of the Camera . This cannot be applicable in all the situations.
For example:
When the light meter is used to take a landscape shot the Camera
would cover a large area. Sometimes it may also be far away from the
light meter. So the reading may not be appropriate. In this situation the
68
Photographer should be very skilled in using the light meter for
landscape shots and accordingly he has to adjust the reading.
Other types of light meters
(a) Spot meters are used to get reading from shadows and highlighting areas in
a shot. So this could overcome the problem of over and under exposure.
(b) Flash meters are used in flash Photography to correct the exposure.
(c) Colour meters are used to take reading of those images where colour
fidelity is necessary.
How to Use the Light Meter in a DSLR
Image courtesy: http://www.flickr.com
To get a good exposed Photograph one has to understand about the three points of
the exposure. Shutter speed, aperture and ISO. The light meter is so friendly to a
Photographer in telling about how to put these three. When it is put in an auto
mode the light meter will give its best guess of all the three. But it can also be
done manually to set the readings of the three to get a good exposure.
In most of the DSLRs it is done by turning the exposure mode dial. When it is set
to AV (aperture priority) the Photographer will chooses what the aperture will be
and the light meter will adjust the shutter speed accordingly.
Similarly when it is set to TV (shutter speed priority) the Photographer will
choose the shutter speed and the light meter will automatically set the aperture. So
now the exposure meter display will show the reading of these three.
For example:
When you set the TV (shutter priority mode) to 1/400th second then the light meter
will show the aperture as f4 is needed for that image where else the lens is capable
69
of f5.6 then the exposure meter may show as one stop of under exposure. So now
the Photographer has to adjust the ISO to get the correct exposure.
The light meters are a boon to a Photographer to get images with good exposure.
but knowledge about using the light meters and types of light meters depending
upon the scene is very essential.
3.4. ACCESSORIES AND EQUIPMENTS FOR PHOTOGRAPHY
Once a Photographer had bought a Camera he would like to buy the necessary
accessories and equipments which would help the Photographer to take effective
pictures on different locations. The Photographer with all the accessories will help
to take images on different lightings. Whether it is indoor shoot or outdoor shoot
the Camera accessories would help the Photographer to take a complete image.
The lists of accessories are:-
(i)Camera lenses
(ii)Hot shoe
(iii)External flash
(iv) Memory card
(v)Flash triggers
(i)Camera lenses:
There are different types of lenses used on different locations and on different
lighting conditions which help a Photographer to shoot pictures according to the
distance of the Camera from the subject. A good composition of a subject can be
done by choosing the appropriate lenses. Most of the SLR and DSLR Camera s
can use these types of interchangeable lenses based on their need. Initially when
SLR Camera s were in the market these lenses were used widely. After the DSLRs
were manufactured these lenses in such a way that these lenses which were used
in manual SLRs were also used in these DSLRs.
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The types of lenses are:-
(a) Normal lens
This lens was also called as standard lens. It was initially used in manual SLR
Camera s. It had a focal length range till 50mm. it cannot produce deep depth
of field but was used for wide shots.
(b) Telephoto Zoom lens
image courtesy: www.ephotozine.com
These lenses are most popular among DSLR lenses at present and have range
of configuration and quality. These lenses help the Photographer to shoot the
subject from a far distance. So it will have a focal length range from 300 and
above. But a Photographer has to be very careful hence it may give Camera
shake and will produce a blur image. Nowadays these lenses have Image
Stabilization (IS) to overcome Camera shake.
(c) Wide angle lenses
These lenses enable the users to take shots with a wide perspective. They are
used to take landscape images where a wide area is covered. But it may create
a distortion at the edges of the Photographs. So one has to be very careful in
producing a wide shot. An extreme distortion at the edges will be visible when
fish eye lenses are used. It is also similar to these wide angle lenses but the
edges of the Photographs are extremely curved.
(d) Macro lenses
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These lenses are designed in such a way that the close up of the subjects can
be obtained with fine detail. Many lenses and Camera s come with a macro
setting. But a good macro lens will be able to produce a life size of the subject.
(ii) Hot shoe
Image courtesy: www.fredmiranda.com
Hot shoe is a connector on top of every digital SLR Camera s. It will help to
attach an external flash on to it. It is always advisable to buy a hot shoe of the
same brand of Camera .
(iii) External flash
The main advantage of an external flash is that it can be attached to a hot shoe
to provide more light output from the flash and to eliminate red eye. This red
eye is caused when the light from the flash reflecting off the back of the
subject’s eyes and into the lens. This occurs when there is less distance
between the lens and the flash unit.
(iv) Memory cards
Whenever the Photographs are taken it has to be stored in the memory card for
future use. There are two commonly used memory cards for a DSLR Camera .
They are Compact Flash and SD memory card.
(v) Flash triggers
image courtesy: www.strobistplanet.com
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These devices will let the flash unit to fire from a digital SLR. The most
widely used trigger is a hot shoe itself. As a Photographer press the shutter
release button these triggers will let the Camera to send a signal to the flash.
The lists of equipments:
(i) Studio Strobe Flash
This is an artificial light which is used in a studio and act as a good light
source for those who need more light to illuminate the subject.
(ii) Umbrellas and Soft boxes
These are two types of diffusers and used to spread the light from the flash on
the subject. So it will help to reduce harsh light and shadows fallen on to the
subject.
(ii) Reflector Discs
These will help to diffuse and bounce the light onto the subject. These are
used to reflect light to brighten the subject.
(iii) Snoots and Grid Spots
Both will work on a similar way but snoot is a long tube which fits on top of
the flash and turns as a spotlight. Instead of spreading the light it will focus the
light into a narrow beam. A Grid Spot reduces the range of light output from
the flash and will control the amount of light falling on to the subject.
(iv) Tripods
Tripods are used to stabilize a Camera when a Photographer operates the

Camera on a manual mode. When the shutter speed is kept very low there is a
chance of Camera shake so the Photographer will put the Camera on a tripod.
It is used to shoot pan shots, night shots and when telephoto lenses are used.
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What is a light meter?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
What are the different types of accessories used to take a perfect

image?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
How different types of equipment are useful?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..........
3.5. Aesthetics and Technology
In the upcoming scenario the art of Photography had obtained a new face. The
development of technology had given birth to various aesthetic values in the
field of Photography. A manual SLR Camera which required more skill to an
amateur Photographer and had to spent more money to capture the best picture
arrival of DSLR was a boon.
The use of advanced Camera s it is possible to take pictures on different

lighting conditions and on different locations by just adjusting the aperture and
shutter speed settings and with all these accessories and equipments.

Note that you have been introduced about light meter, Camera accessories and
equipments, so try the following activities.
4. Take a Photograph of a subject with and without using a light meter.
Analyze the difference.
5. Take a Photograph of a subject during mid day and in the evening when
there are slanting rays of sunlight. Compare the two.
3. Shoot the same subject with reflectors and diffusers.
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● Canfield. Jon, The Digital SLR Guide- Beyond Point And Shoot Digital
Photography, 2007.
● Eismam. Katrin, Duggan. Sean, Grey. Tim, Real World Digital
Photography, 2010Hendriks, Klaus B. and Brian Lesser. “Disaster
Preparedness and Recovery: Photographic Materials.” American Archivist
46(Winter 1983): 52–68.
● Hendriks, Klaus B., et al. Fundamentals of Photographic Conservation: A
Study Guide. Toronto: Lugus Productions Ltd., 1992.
● Image Permanence Institute. The IPI Storage Guide for Acetate Film.
Rochester, NY: Image Permanence Institute, 1993.
● Jones, Bernard (ed). Encyclopedia of Photography. New York: Arno Press,
Inc., 1974..
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UNIT IV LESSON 7
Photo journalism
Basics of news Photography
Specialization of Photography
Nature
Wild life
Structure
4.1. Introduction to Photo Journalism
4.2. Objectives
4.3. What is Photo Journalism?
4.4. Basics of News Photography
4.5. Specialization of Photography
4.6. Nature Photography
4.7. Wild Life Photography
4.8. Unit end exercises
4.9. Suggested readings
4.1. INTRODUCTION TO PHOTO JOURNALISM

Photojournalism is an interesting form of mass communication. It follows the
journalistic codes to convey the message through visuals. As in news writing in
journalism it also follows to collect, edit and present the images to a large
audience. Writing and speaking the news content may require a good skill. But
news Photographs are easily understood by certain features such as facial
expressions, emotions, body posture, composition and light and shade. They easily
convey the meaning as it is carried out in news stories in print journalism.
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image courtesy:www.mysticsaint.info
4.2. OBJECTIVES
● Understand the characteristics of photojournalism
● Get awareness about basics of photojournalism and its types
● Understand and learn the method of capturing news Photographs
● Analyze about the methods to capture nature Photography
● Learn the techniques to shoot wild life Photography
4.3. WHAT IS PHOTO JOURNALISM?

Photojournalism is an art of telling news stories in a journalistic approach.
Through visuals the photojournalist would like to narrate the news in an
interesting manner. A photojournalist must try to tell the story in an unbiased way.
A photojournalist can take many forms. He is available in news papers,
magazines, news stations, and websites.
Like a news reporter a photojournalist should follow certain news values such as:
(i) Timeliness- the images should be published from a recent record of
event.
(ii) Objectivity- the images should convey accurate and fair
representation of the events.
(iii) Narrative- the images should be culturally related to the audience.
4.3.1 Types of Photojournalist’s Assignments
It is an exciting profession where there are different types of news assignments.

Most types of assignments try to tell a news story with Photographs. The various
types are listed below:
(i) Sports
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image courtesy : http//www.bjp-online.com
This involves high action and good sense of timing. The photojournalist
should be able to capture the emotions through facial expressions of the
players.
(ii) Spot news
image courtesy : http//www.dailytorque.com

This is an unplanned assignment so the photojournalist should be active to
gather necessary information about the event. For example: any accident.
(iii) Portraits
image courtesy : http//www. thehindu.com
Journalistic portraits usually show a person in their environment. Such as a

police man in a police station or a doctor in a hospital is an example for
portraits.
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(iv) The Photo Story
It is otherwise called as documentary project. The photojournalist would

spend a period of time in capturing the actions a subject. This may include
the life of refugees also.
4.4. BASICS OF NEWS PHOTOGRAPHY

News Photography has an action and creates an impact. With its Photographs it
explains and supports the words published in a news story. Viewers will be easily
understood the meaning conveyed through Photographs. The Photographs should
be news worthiness.
There are few types of shots which a photojournalist would follow
(i) Close up shot
image courtesy : http//www. inapcache.boston.com

These shots are framed in such a way that the subject’s facial expressions and
emotions are captured.
(ii) Mid shot
image courtesy : http//www. l1.yimg.com
Here space is given in a frame. This will add more information about the
subject.
(iii) Wide shot

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image courtesy : http//www. 2.byui.edu
In this shot a wide area is covered. For example to show a mass audience or a
town these types of shots are taken. It explains about the location.
4.4.1. Types of News Photography
Basically there are two types of news Photographs. They are:
(i) spot news Photography
This type of Photography includes unplanned images. So the photojournalist

has to be very active in capturing the emotions and expressions of the subject.
For example: a cricket match or an accident.
(ii) Feature news Photography
Feature Photography on the other hand will try to tell a story of the news
event. The Photographer will spend more time to gather information about the
news event. For example: life style of Dhabba Wallaas in Mumbai.
4.5. SPECIALIZATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY

A Photographer has various areas in Photography to be specialized with. This
depends upon the Photographer’s interest. If a Photographer has a passion towards
Photography then he can be specialized in a specific area of Photography. There
are various areas of specialization such as wild life Photography, nature
Photography, fashion Photography, macro Photography, and still life
Photography.
The Photographer would learn all the salient features in his area of specialization.
If a Photographer wants to become a macro Photographer he has to spend more
money in buying different types of macro lenses and also the Photographer must
have good knowledge about how to preserve these lenses.
4.6. NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY

Nature Photography is an art to convey the feel of nature to a viewer of the image.
If we Photograph only during summer we may miss interesting images during
winter and rainy season. When nature Photograph has to be taken it will be
appealing if it is shot during rainy season. The leaves and flowers would be very
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fresh after the rain so the details of the subject would be fine. Use of telephoto
lenses would create interesting and dramatic images.
For this the Photographer has to follow certain guidelines. They are as follows:-
(i) Lighting
image courtesy : http//www.chesapeake-bay.org
If a nature Photographer wants to capture the shot of a sunrise or a sunset the

Photographer should have good knowledge about the exposure reading. So the
Photographer has to carry the necessary accessories for the shoot.
(ii) Framing the shot
image courtesy : http//www.lsjunction.com
Depending upon the subject chosen the Photographer has to compose the
frame. For example: if the shot of an insect has to be taken then the
Photographer should choose a macro lens and go for an extreme close up shot.
(iii) Necessary accessories
image courtesy : http//www. infraredCamera sinc.com
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If the Photographer wants to capture a panoramic shot of grassland then wide
angle lenses will be preferred. Since nature Photography is an outdoor shoot
necessary batteries have to be ready.
(iv) Necessary patience
To shoot nature Photography the Photographer has to be patience to shoot the

image with correct intensity of natural light.
4.6.1 Types of Nature Photography

(i) Photographing flowers
image courtesy : http//www.nwf.org
Photographing flowers may include an arena of flowers in the landscape

Photography and fine detail of the flowers in macro Photography. So both
wide angle lenses and macro lenses are used to capture excellent images.
(ii)Photographing rain
image courtesy : http//www.wookmark.com
Photographing during and after rain is highly challenging. A Photographer

should be very careful with his Camera and Camera lens since there may be
problem due to moisture.
(iii)Photographing during winter
image courtesy : http//www.whitegadget.com
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During winter the images of snow fall, mist and fog will be very appealing.
But the Photographer has to be very careful with the exposure reading. There
are possibilities of under exposure.
(iv)Photographing during night
image courtesy : http//www.beliefnet.com
Images of sun set and moon will be too effective and includes skill about
learning exposure reading. The Photographer had to spend time in
capturing visuals in twilight.
What is photojournalism?
Explain about the types of photojournalist’s assignments?
What are the types of news Photography?
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4.7. WILD LIFE PHOTOGRAPHY
Similar to nature Photography, wild life Photography is very interesting. But the
Photographer has to be creative and passionate. Wild life Photographer will spend
more time to capture a single moment of the subject. So patience is very essential
and may sometime spend long days and months to capture the Photographs in that
particular season. One has to be interested to travel places and study about the
area for an effective shoot of the images.
More and more people have become Photography enthusiasts, and more and more
Photography enthusiasts have started venturing into a genre previously reserved
for only a select few…Wildlife Photography. It seems that this field, in
conjunction with Landscape Photography, has really seen a huge growth spurt in
these last few years
4.7.1 Basic Steps in Wild Life Photography
There are few steps to be remembered in shooting wild life Photography. They are
as follows:-
(i) Good knowledge about the Camera
The Photographer has to decide about the type of Camera for the types of
subjects and locations. Also he has to be aware about how to recover the
technical problem of a Camera .
(ii) Carry necessary accessories
As in nature Photography the Photographer has to carry necessary accessories

since he has to travel in forests.
(iii) Work with light
The Photographer has to be skilled in the exposure reading. This will

determine the mood of the image. An image has to be capture with good light
and shade. this will determine the mood of the image.
(iv) Know your subject
image courtesy : http//www.wallcoo.net
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Studying about the subject is very essential to capture interesting and lively
movements of the subject. Every fine expression will add beauty in the
Photograph.
4.8. UNIT -END EXERCISES
Note that you have been introduced about photojournalism, types of

photojournalist’s assignments, basics of news Photography and specialization of
Photography.
6. Capture any spot Photograph of an accident
7. Shoot a close up shot of an insect.
8. Shoot the same subject with reflectors and diffusers.
4.9. SUGGESTED READINGS
● Nadeau, Luis. Encyclopedia of Printing, Photographic, and

Photomechanical Processes 2 volumes. Fredericton, New Brunswick:
Atelier Luis Nadeau, 1989.
● Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography: from 1839 to the
Present. 5th edition. New York: Museum of Modern Art printed in
Boston: Graphic Society, 1982.
● Ostroff, Eugene, managing ed. Pioneers of Photography: Their
Achievements in Science and Technology. Springfield, VA: SPSE –
The Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 1987.
● Porro, Jennifer, ed. Photograph Preservation and the Research Library.
Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group, 1991.
● Reilly, Bernard F., et al. Photograph Preservation and the Research
Library. Mountain View, CA: The Research Libraries Group, Inc.,
1991.
UNIT IV LESSON 8
Every day life
People and places
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Sports Photography
Advertising Photography
Object Photography
Structure
4.1. Introduction to everyday life Photography
4.2. Objectives
4.3. What is everyday life Photography?
4.4. Photographing people and places
4.5. Photographing sports
4.6. Advertising Photography
4.7. Object Photography
4.1. INTRODUCTION TO EVERYDAY LIFE PHOTOGRAPHY
This in other words is called as slice of life. In the Slice of Life Project, a
Photographer will dig beneath the surface of an individual’s everyday life with his
trusty Camera and unearth the beauty that has been there all along.
image courtesywww.nycstreetphoto.com
4.2. OBJECTIVES
● Understand how to Photograph everyday life happening
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● Will be able to capture sports Photography
● Understand the pros and cons of product Photography
● Analyze about the methods to capture advertising Photography
● Learn the techniques to Photograph expressive and impressive
Photographs.
4.3. WHAT IS EVERYDAY LIFE PHOTOGRAPHY?

The Slice of Life approach to Photography is a way of seeing, noticing, and
appreciating the nuances and details that make life special. It’s a way of
embracing and honoring the imperfections in a Photographer, his loved ones, his
messy kitchen, and cluttered shelves. It’s about saying that the life is just right the
way it is.
This will not require the perfect Camera or fancy lenses or knowledge of ISO,
aperture, or shutter speed. It will only require a Photographer to show up with a
Camera (ANY Camera ), an open mind, and a creative spirit.
4.3.1. Salient features of everyday life Photography
(i) It is very practical and tangible way of taking artful Photographs.
(ii) Tools for seeing, observing, and celebrating life, home, and loved ones just
the way they are.
(iii) How to tell a story with photos.
(iv) How to see the details in life in ways that will not only enhance photos,
but make the process of taking photos more enjoyable.
(v) How to harness the power of a Camera and use natural light, composition,
and unique point of view to get the shots one want.
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image courtesyhttp://webdesignledger.com
(vi) How to capture meaningful photos even when children are squirmy and
can’t sit still.
image courtesyhttp:// mages.elephantjournal.com
(vii) How to sort through the photos a Photographer takes, organize them,
and select the best ones to share so they actually see the light of day!
4.4. PHOTOGRAPHING PEOPLE AND PLACES

Photographing people and portraits is one of the greatest challenges in
Photography. This includes in capturing expressions. It is a mission of a
Photographer to Photograph people on their best side in their best light which will
show the true personality. Here are few steps to be remembered:
a) Shallow depth of field
Shallow depth of field will blur the background and so it will separate the
subject from the background which will make the picture look attractive.
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b) Focus on the eyes
Eyes are always attracted feature in the face. When a Photographer focuses
on the eyes it will make the picture look very crispy and natural.
c) Be candid
image courtesyhttp:// www.idigitalphoto.com
When a Photograph is taken without asking the subject to pose very

expressive reactions of the subject can be captured.
d) Zoom in
When a Photographer Photographs a subject from a long distance with a

zoom lens then the natural expressions of the subject can be taken so that
the image will look very lively.
e) Avoid using standard flash
When a standard flash is used then more amount of light will be thrown on
the face of the subject which will disturb the background by making it
dark. So this will separate the subject from the background and will look
very unnatural.
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f) Show light and shade
image courtesyhttp:// www.idigitalphoto.com
Photographs with little amount of shadow on the subject

will make the visual look very lively and impressive. It will add mood to the
subject.
4.5. PHOTOGRAPHING SPORTS

The Photographers who go to shoot sports Photography need to be very active and
should be able to capture images without being lazy because the Photographer
must keep his eyes wide open to capture every single moment.
image courtesyhttp:// photo.net
Points to remember:
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a) Very active
Every frame is valuable. So the Photographer has to be very active to

capture the shots.
b) Use fast shutter
The shutter speed has to be increased to freeze the movable subject.
c) Use telephoto lens
When the player is very far away from the Camera these telephoto lenses
would definitely help.
d) Use wide angle lens
image courtesyhttp:// /www.e-architect.co.uk
When a Photographer want to capture the whole playground then wide

angle lenses would be very helpful.
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(i) What are the salient features to be remembered to

capture everyday life Photography?
(ii) How could you capture effective people

Photographs?
(iii) What are the steps to be remembered to capture

sports Photography?
4.6. ADVERTISING PHOTOGRAPHY

It is the type of Photography used to take Photographs of products or services for
sale. The Photographer usually is the person that comes up with the ideas for the
Photography shoot and the artistic components used in taking the Photographs.
This type of Photography is geared towards someone that is artistic and towards
the type of person that likes to create something new to attract attention and get
profitable results. Here are several advertising techniques to learn.
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image courtesyhttp:// /www. perfectphotoblog.com
Tools and Materials
● Camera and Camera equipment

● lighting
● Models
● Various Props
Have Space
The first rule in advertising Photography relates to space. In advertising

Photography, one will take many Photographs at various angles. The only way is
taking the Photographs at the various angles is by having enough space to work
with. Do not pick something that is cramped or small. Wide open and airy with
natural lighting is the best option.
Props
Sometimes it is necessary to use props to aid in portraying what a Photographer

wants to portray in an advertisement. The props can be small or they can be large.
Make sure that it is available before the Photography shoot.
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Cast the Illustration
This is probably one of the most important steps to advertising Photography. The
Photographs should accurately convey the right illustration. You need to make
sure that you are painting a picture to invoke a reaction that will tell someone to
buy the product or the service you are featuring.
Work with Models
Sometimes it is necessary to work with models when you Photograph something

for an advertising shoot. In this case you will want to make sure the models have
the appropriate dress on, make sure they have the right make up and look the part.
It is one thing to have a model available for a photo shoot but it is quite another
thing to have the model there ready to add to your layout.
image courtesyhttp:// www.indiancinemagallery.com
Keep Lighting Simple
You need to keep the lighting simple. This means, that you need to tone down the
amount of lighting you use in your Photograph shoot. Do not add too many lights
and make sure the lighting is soft and natural as possible. This allows you to better
show off your product. Do use as much natural light as possible.
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4.7. OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY
The key feature of this topic is Lighting. Lighting sets for each of these can vary a
lot, from a single light source to complex sets involving multiple light sources and
backgrounds.
image courtesyhttp:// www. limkokwing.net
Isolated objects can be either shot in floodlight - the subject being clear of
shadows or with some minor shadows visible, or in direct light - the subject
having strong shadows present while the background remains white.
There is no specific lighting set for shooting objects in floodlight, the more diffuse
light-sources you have, the better. A Soft box is highly recommended - the bigger
the better.
Lighting equipment itself is an important choice where you can use

either strobe/studio flash, or continuous light.
4.8. UNIT END EXERCISES

Note that you have been introduced about everyday life Photography,
Photographing people and places, Photographing sports, advertising Photography
and object Photography.
1. Capture a cricket match
2. Shoot a close up shot an object
3. Shoot an advertising Photograph.
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● Reilly, James. Storage Guide for Color Photographic Materials: Caring for
Color Slides, Prints, Negatives, and Movie Films. Albany, NY: University
of the State of New York, 1998. (out of print)
● Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn, Gerald J. Munoff, and Margery S. Long.

Archives and Manuscripts: Administration of Photographic Collections.
SAA Basic Manual Series. Chicago: Society of American Archivists,
1984.
● Roosa, Mark. Care, Handling, and Storage of Photographs. Washington,
DC: Library of Congress, National Preservation office, 1992.
● Schwalberg, Bob, with Henry Wilhelm, and Carol Brower. “Going!
Going! Gone!!!,” Popular Photography (June 1990): 37–60.
● Stroebel, Leslie and Richard Zakia (eds). The Focal Encyclopedia of
Photography, 3rd edition. Boston: focal Press, 1993.
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UNIT V LESSON 9
Ethical issues in Photography
Codes of ethics for Photographers
Tragedy image
Digital improvements
Structure
5.1. Introduction to ethical issues in photogaphy
5.2. Objectives
5.3. What are codes of ethics for Photographers?
5.4. Photographing Tragedy Image
5.5. Digital improvements
5.1. INTRODUCTION TO ETHICAL ISSUES IN PHOTOGAPHY
Ethics are principles reflecting the values of a society—guidelines for its members
to treat each other fairly according to accepted ideals. Needless to say, reality
often differs markedly from the ideals, but civilizations, organizations and
informal groups of all kinds have understandings of ethical conduct. Within a
group, ethics may be broadly accepted in general terms, but issues arise in their
interpretation and application. Ethics can be especially contentious with changing
times and diversities of culture and technology.
In the practice of Photography, ethical issues tend to arise over the nature of
creativity, representation, ownership, profit and service, often confused by the
application of new technologies and exacerbated by cultural preferences or
political ideology, and of course individual personality and ambition.
5.2. OBJECTIVES

● Understand various codes of ethics for a photojournalist
97
● Get an idea about why ethical issue is considered as vital
● Understand how to capture tragedy images
● Will be aware of the digital improvements
● Learn the techniques to Photograph images without disterbing the codes
5.3. WHAT ARE CODES OF ETHICS FOR PHOTOGRAPHERS?
Photographic and video images can reveal great truths, expose wrongdoing and
neglect, inspire hope and understanding and connect people around the globe
through the language of visual understanding. Photographs can also cause great
harm if they are callously intrusive or are manipulated.
This code is intended to promote the highest quality in all forms of visual
journalism and to strengthen public confidence in the profession. It is also meant
to serve as an educational tool both for those who practice and for those who
appreciate photojournalism.
The National Press Photographers Association (US) have listed down following
codes for photojournalist
CODE OF ETHICS
1 Be accurate and comprehensive in the representation of subjects.
2 Resist being manipulated by staged photo opportunities.
3 Be complete and provide context when Photographing or recording
subjects. Avoid stereotyping individuals and groups. Recognize and work
to avoid presenting one's own biases in the work.
4 Treat all subjects with respect and dignity. Give special consideration to
vulnerable subjects and compassion to victims of crime or tragedy. Intrude
on private moments of grief only when the public has an overriding and
justifiable need to see.
5 While Photographing subjects do not intentionally contribute to, alter, or
seek to alter or influence events.
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6 Editing should maintain the integrity of the Photographic images' content
and context. Do not manipulate images or add or alter sound in any way
that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects.
7 Do not pay sources or subjects or reward them materially for information or
participation.
8 Do not accept gifts, favors, or compensation from those who might seek to
influence coverage.
Photographer's Code of Ethics
American Society of Media Photographers have listed down following

codes of ethics. These are the codes for ethical business dealings,
protecting the profession, the Photographer, vendors, employees, subjects,
clients and colleagues.
● Responsibility to Colleagues
● Responsibility to Subjects
● Responsibility to Clients
● Responsibility to Employees & Suppliers
● Responsibilities of the Photojournalist
Responsibility to Colleagues and the Profession
1 Maintain a high quality of service and a reputation for honesty and

fairness.
2 Oppose censorship and protect the copyrights and moral rights of other
creators.
3 Never advance one's own interests at the expense of the profession.
4 Foster fair competition based on professional qualification and merit.
5 Never deliberately exaggerate one's qualifications nor misrepresent the
authorship of work presented in self-promotion.
6 Never engage in malicious or deliberately inaccurate criticism of the
reputation or work of another Photographer.
7 Negotiate licensing agreements that protect the historical balance between
usage fees and rights granted.
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8 Never offer nor accept bribes, kickbacks, or other unethical inducements.
9 Never conspire with others to fix prices, organize illegal boycotts, nor
engage in other unfair competitive practices.
10 Refuse agreements that are unfair to the Photographer.
11 Never undertake assignments in competition with others for which
payment will be received only if the work is accepted.
12 Never enter commercial competitions in which usage rights are transferred
without reasonable fees.
13 Donate time for the betterment of the profession and to advise entry level
Photographers.
Responsibility to Subjects
1 Respect the privacy and property rights of one's subjects.

2 Never use deceit in obtaining model or property releases.
Responsibility to Clients
1 Conduct oneself in a professional manner, and represent a client's best

interests within the limits of one's professional responsibility.
2 Protect a client's confidential information; ASMP assistants should
likewise maintain confidentiality of the Photographer's proprietary
information.
3 Accurately represent to clients the existence of model and property
releases for Photographs.
4 Stipulate a fair and reasonable value for lost or damaged Photographs.
5 Use written contracts and delivery memos with a client, stock agency, or
assignment representative.
6 Consider an original assignment client's interests with regard to allowing
subsequent stock use of that work by the client's direct competition, absent
an agreement allowing such use.
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Responsibility to Employees and Suppliers
1 Honor one's legal, financial, and ethical obligations toward employees and
suppliers.
2 Never take unfair advantage of one's position as employer of models,
assistants, employees, or contract labor.
Responsibility of the Photojournalist
1 Photograph as honestly as possible, provide accurate captions, and never

intentionally distort the truth in news Photographs.
2 Never alter the content or meaning of a news Photograph, and prohibit

subsequent alteration.
3 Disclose any alteration and manipulation of content or meaning in editorial

feature or illustrative Photographs and require the publisher to disclose that
distortion or any further alteration.
Codes of photojournalists followed in India
This Code of Ethics was adopted by Mizzima journalists in Delhi, India on

October 1, 2004.
1. Report the Truth. The journalist shall be committed to reporting the truth. They
shall not report groundless accusations or rumors. They shall not exaggerate but
honestly interpret all news and information.
2. They shall verify all information. Information from anonymous informants shall
not be published, except in the case where the information is of vital importance
for the public, and it shall be presented as unverified.
3. They shall be balanced, fair and impartial. The journalist shall not suppress
101
essential facts and shall not distort the truth. They shall not use misleading
emphasis so as to distort facts.
4. Plagiarism will not be practiced, sanctioned or tolerated.
5. They shall be independent. A journalist shall remain free from external or

internal influence.
6. They shall identify themselves. A journalist shall identify themselves and the
organisation they work for. They shall tell people they may be recorded and their
words published except in the case of investigating confidential or inaccessible
information.
7. Respect privacy. A journalist shall not invade the privacy of an individual

especially during time of grief or stress. A journalist shall respect an individual’s
private life unless it is in the public interest or the public’s right to know.
8. Correct mistakes. A journalist shall acknowledge and correct mistakes

immediately when they have been made.
9. Be honest in dealing with people. A journalist shall be honest in their dealings

with people. They shall not set up people in either interviews, situations or
Photographs. They will not try to entrap people. They shall not create stories or
falsify interviews.
10. Information should be gathered in an ethical and lawful way. Payments and
bribes for information shall not be made.
11. Identify the source of information. The journalist shall always identify the
source of information and obtain permission to use the names and in some cases,
details of sources, except in exceptional cases where anonymity is requested. The
journalist must honor their word when they have agreed to anonymity for the
source.
102
12. The journalist shall not accept gifts, compensation, money or bribes.
13. The journalist shall not use professional information for their personal benefit.
14. The journalist shall respect the dignity of all people and shall not violate
human rights.
15. The right to information. The journalist has a right and obligation to receive
and disseminate information to the public and acknowledges it is one of the major
freedoms of the individual to have access to information. The journalist shall view
information as free and shall not use it as merchandise or as their own property.
16. The journalist shall not impede another journalist in gathering information,
shall not intentionally mislead another journalist, or report on them to the
authorities.
17. Neither individual journalists nor separate editorial staff shall settle old scores
with each other via mass media. Such behavior harms not only to their reputation
but also the prestige and reputation of their profession.
18. Struggle against censorship.
19. Freedom of the press. The journalist shall remain committed to the freedom of
the press around the world and shall stand in solidarity with journalists who daily
fight for this freedom.
5.4. PHOTOGRAPHING TRAGEDY IMAGE
Everywhere within the videos and images, there were insights into why the role of
professionals is distinct and crucial.
103
image courtesy: http://topnews.in
• Mission
News Photographers push for access because their unique mission is to share and
bear witness for thousands or millions of people. With that, there's a sense of
ownership over events, more than you would get as a casual observer with a
Camera . That ownership often comes with the risk of personal safety and
interpersonal conflict.
• Conviction
Without conviction of purpose, a police officer’s comment or a multitude of

feelings such as fear, revulsion or horror could keep someone from lifting their
Camera to take a picture.
Just like a first responder, a professional news Photographer has to toggle between
one’s feelings and obligations to serve appropriately.
• Professionalism
When looking at the videos from the event, I didn’t see photojournalists elbowing
medical personnel and other first responders out of their way to stick their Camera
s in the faces of victims. But photojournalists understand the need to get out of the
way while doing their job.
104
• Position
It serves no purpose to have a witness pointing a video Camera at the sky or from
all the way down the street, leaving viewers with a vague sense of the human toll.
But there is understandable hesitation to approach the gruesome scene as
well. professionals with their sense of mission and conviction got closer to make
pictures. When several stayed in the street, others were on the sidewalk. To distill
down the horror and enormity of such a scene into rectangular frames takes
positioning and careful framing. It’s an unenviable situation with a lot of
sensibilities at stake and second-guessing afterward.
Preparation
None of the above even happens without preparation. Mishaps caused by

batteries, cards, focus, exposure, shutter speed all can take place. They happen
less so with the benefit of daily professional experience.
4. What are the ethical issues discussed recently in news

magazines?
5. Analyze the code of ethics to be followed in India.
6. What are the vital points to be remembered to Photographa

tragedy image?
105
5.5. DIGITAL IMPROVEMENTS
Cars and Camera s have changed so much over the past decade that I’m starting to
think a lease option might be a good idea. Whether you’re on the Nikon or Canon
side of the fence, or another fence altogether, the new generation of Camera s are
incredible compared to their predecessors. The biggest boost is that they
accommodate more light scenarios than ever before, which is just what we want to
hear. Plus, from megapixels to sensors to ISO settings to frames per seconds (fps)
rates, and I must add improved flash/memory cards, the latest DSLRs are making
Photographers more pixel-happy than ever before.
ISO
Back in the day when we used film, ISO (then ASA) was limited to maybe a max
of 800 with 100, 200 or 400 being the most common over the counter choices.
This meant we had to compensate heavily with shutter speed and aperture settings
when it came to low light or high speed situations. It also meant contending with
grainy images. With advanced sensor technology, high ISO settings are now at
your fingertips and they let you work much more effectively in low light and high
speed situations.
Frame Rate
Frame rate is simply how fast your Camera can take pictures consecutively. For
sport and nature lovers, this is an especially critical component. In this action shot
of the high jumper, it’s likely the Photographer was in “consecutive mode” and
cranked out his share of frames per second in order to capture her at this optimal
moment. The surrounding images would have her just before or after this moment.
Raw Images and Megapixels
Unlike the popular JPEG file, when you shoot in RAW, your files are essentially
unprocessed and uncompressed. DSLRs did not come out of the gate with great
RAW shooting capabilities. To add to it, software programs weren’t
accommodating to RAW files. It wasn’t until later in the game when both Camera
106
s and programs caught up to the demands of Photographers wanting more control
over their images.
Additionally, DSLRs now have more megapixels than ever. 12 megapixels use to
be all the rage, now Camera s are up to 36 megapixels, such as in the Nikon D800.
Autofocus
Another feature that took some time to progress, but is worth celebrating now,
was autofocus. Considering autofocus lenses were available in 35 mm Camera s
long before digital SLRs came about, this is a little bit surprising. However,
marrying DSLR bodies to the autofocus lenses did take some time. You might
also find that in some of the less expensive DSLR Camera s that the autofocus is
still a bit slow in low light situations and even a tad noisy. Still, it’s a feature that
you’ll see measurable improvements with the new generation Camera s.
Flash/Memory Cards
The capability to store larger and more images on flash cards (also called Memory
Cards) has improved over the years. You can easily pick up a 32GB 600x card for
your DSLR, whereas they used to only be 256MB 12x. With faster, better Camera
s, it only makes sense that the storage cards kept up. 64GB cards are available, but
ironically a lot of Photographers tend to stick to 32GB cards, or even smaller, so
that if one memory card becomes corrupted or broken, they don’t lose all their
photos.
HD Video
One last major change in DSLRs is the ability to shoot HD (High Definition)
video…and a lot of it (especially if you have one of those 64GB cards!). While
most of what we talk about here is still Photography, it’s worth mentioning how
far video has come on DSLRs. Now actual short movies are being filmed with
DSLRs and since they’re in HD, they’re quite impressive!
107
Note that you have been introduced about ethical issues in Photography, codes of
ethics for Photographers, method to shoot tragedy images and digital
improvements.
1. Analyze a news Photograph which created an ethical issue in India.
2. Photograph a tragedy image in the current scenario.
3. Photograph an image and try to apply the digital improvements in Camera
s.
● Taft, Robert. Photography and the American Scene: a Social History 1839-
1889. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1964.
● Valverde, Mariá Fernanda. Photographic Negatives: Nature and Evolution

of Processes. Rochester, New York: Mellon Advanced Residency Program
in Photograph Conservation, 2003.
● Weinstein, Robert A. and Larry Booth. Collection, Use and Care of

Historical Photographs. Nashville: American Association for State and
Local History, 1977.
● Wilhelm, Henry, with Carol Brower. The Permanence and Care of Color
Photographs: Traditional and Digital Color Prints, Negatives, Slides, and
Motion Pictures. Grinnell, IA: Preservation Publishing Co., 1993.
● Young, W. Arthur, et al. Copying and Duplicating in Black-and- White

and Color. Kodak Publication No. M-1. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak
Co., 1984.
108
UNIT V LESSON 10
Privacy in Photography
Moral rights of subjects
Basic software of editing tools
Structure
5.1. Introduction to privacy in Photography
5.2. Objectives
5.3. What are the moral rights of subjects?
5.4. Basic software editing tools
5.1. INTRODUCTION TO PRIVACY IN PHOTOGRAPHY
A right to privacy exists in the UK law, as a consequence of the incorporation of

the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law through the Human
Rights Act 1998. This can result in restrictions on the publication of Photography.
The question of when the coverage and reporting of news becomes an invasion of
privacy is a difficult one, especially for Photographers and videographers.
Reporting news stories in a way that serves and informs the public will often
entail publicizing facts or displaying images that will embarrass or anger
someone.
5.2. OBJECTIVES

● Understand the importance privacy in Photography
● Get an idea about moral rights of subjects
● Understand the basic software of editing tools
109
5.3. WHAT ARE THE MORAL RIGHTS OF SUBJECTS?
To make privacy matters even more difficult for journalists, courts constantly
redefine what is private based upon interpretations of the elusive legal standard of
a “reasonable expectation of privacy.”
The combination of a lack of clear definitions of privacy standards and an

acceptance of gradations of privacy puts journalists in a dangerous position. Under
different circumstances, however, courts find the news media are justified in
doing what their subjects may feel is invasive.
Intrusion:
One who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or
seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability to the
other for invasion of his privacy, if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a
reasonable person.
Intrusion claims generally arise from the newsgathering process itself rather than
from publication or dissemination. For this reason, intrusion is the privacy tort
Photographers should be most concerned with, since their actions in the field can
create liability, even if none of their work is published.
Private Facts:
One who gives publicity to a matter concerning the private life of another is
subject to liability to the other for invasion of privacy, if the matter publicized is
of a kind that (a) would be highly offensive to a reasonable person; and (b) is not
of legitimate concern to the public.
False Light:
One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other
before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of
his privacy, (a) the false light in which the other was placed would be highly
offensive to a reasonable person, and (b) the actor had knowledge of or acted in
reckless disregard as to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in
which the other would be placed.
110
Misappropriation:
One who appropriates to his own use or benefit the name or likeness of another is
subject to liability to the other for invasion of privacy.
5.4. BASIC SOFTWARE EDITING TOOLS
Like any digital Photographer, you likely have so many pictures stored on your
hard drive that you can't keep track of them all. What to do? Check out the
following freebies for viewing and managing your image archives.
FastStone Image Viewer
Browsing your photos can quickly become tedious if you use only the photo tools
built into Windows. If you're looking for something much better, but you don't
want to pay a penny, consider FastStone Image Viewer, which displays pictures
lightning fast and lets you browse them in Windows Explorer-style fashion.
Simply run the program and go to the folders you want to browse; the program
displays all your photos immediately, showing thumbnails and a preview screen.
PhotoScape
PhotoScape is also a photo editor, with a complete suite of tools covering red-eye
removal, brightness and color adjustment, backlighting correction, cropping,
adding filters, and more. Another nifty feature lets you combine multiple photos
or even create animated .gif files out of photos. The program also offers a way to
batch-rename files. Many people will particularly welcome the application's
ability to convert photos in the RAW format that some digital Camera s use to the
much more versatile .jpg format.
Pictomio
After you install Pictomio, it immediately displays all your photos as thumbnails
in their folders--no need to wait. You can view your photos as thumbnails, in a
filmstrip, individually, or in a carousel-style presentation. You can zoom in and
out of photos, and add tags. You'll also see a great deal of information about each
111
picture, including the file size, the date, and the shutter speed and aperture used.
Photo techs will love it.
36-Image Converter
The application also has some very nice photo editing features, such as tools for
resizing, rotating, cropping, setting transparency, darkening, and adding special
effects. Though it isn't nearly as powerful as the image editors discussed earlier, it
is very easy to use. PhotoScape is also better for editing, but if you're interested in
a file converter that happens to have capable editing tools, 36-Image Converter is
still a good bet.
VisiPics
VisiPics does all of that for you, for free. It doesn't rely on looking for duplicate
file names, either; it actually compares the photos themselves. Before you run the
program, tell it whether you want the comparison to be Strict, Basic, or Loose,
which determines how the program evaluates your photos. It then shows the
duplicates it uncovers, side by side. Mouse over any photo and its apparent
duplicate, and you'll see them in a preview pane, where you can make sure that
they're actually the same. VisiPics can delete duplicate photos as well; just click
on any duplicate you want to eliminate. Alternatively, you can have the utility
move the duplicates to a folder.

Note that you have been introduced about privacy in Photography, moral rights of
subjects, basic software editing tools.
1. Analyze the moral values of an emotional news Photograph.
2. Examine the value of privacy in personality Photograph.
3. Capture a Photograph and edit it with different softwares
112
● Adelstein, P. Z., J. L. Bigourdan, and J. M. Reilly. “Moisture
Relationships of Photographic Film,” Journal of the American Institute for
Conservation (Fall 1997).
● Albright, Gary. “Photographs.” in Conservation in the Library: A

Handbook of Use and Care of Traditional and Nontraditional Materials.
Susan Swartzburg (ed). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1983): 79–102.
● Albright, Gary E. “Storage Enclosures for Photographic Prints and

Negatives.” Conserve O Gram 14(6) Washington, D.C.: National Park
Service, (1990).
● Barger, Susan M., and William White. The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-

Century Technology and Modern Science. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1991.
● The Centre for Photographic Conservation (ed). The Imperfect Image:

Photographs their Past, Present and Future. London: The Centre for
Photographic Conservation, 1992.
113

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MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY ,

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Written By: Ms.E.V.Prabha, Ms. S.Radha Lakshmi

6 Accessories and Equipments for Photography

9 Ethical issues in Photography

Unit IV: Photo journalism – Basics of News Photography, specialization of

Unit V: Ethical issues in Photography – Codes of Ethics for photographers.

● John hedgecoe’s, New Introductory Photographic Course, Mitchell

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAPHY

After going through the lesson you will be able to:

In 1800, Thomas Wedgwood applied silver nitrate on paper or white leather to

Joseph-Nicephore Niepce of France started his experiment with the usage of

Daguerre used various experimenting methods to produce a permanent image.

In 1851 F. Scott Archer of England introduced wet collodion process, in that a

Check your progress1

Trace out the history of Photography.

1 Describe about Digital Photography.

2 Explain the concepts of painting and Photography.

1.4. Painting and Photography

Salient features of the two:

image courtesy: http://ajourneythroughthearts.com

Light and shade:

The direction of light which is learnt in painting is applicable in Photography too.

image courtesy: http://flickr.com

1.5. Unit -end Exercises

1.6. Suggested Readings

● Perlmutter, David D. “Photojournalism in Crisis.” Editor & Publisher.

● Ricchiardi, Sherry. “Distorted Picture.” American Journalism Review.

● Stepno, Bob. “The Evening Graphic’s Tabloid Reality.” University of

● Handy, Ellen, ‘Fixing the art of digital photography: electronic shadows’,

● Batchen, Geoffrey, Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography,

A Camera is a device that takes Photographs by recording images on film. The

After going through the lesson you will be able to:

Single lens reflex Camera :

Digital single-lens reflex Camera is a combination of single-lens reflex Camera and a

Check your progress

Describe the various types of camera.

2. Shutter Release: the shutter of the Camera is "released", so that it opens to

7. Flash Synch Socket: flash synchronization is a synchronizing the firing of a

9. Focusing Ring: it is used to focus the image sharply.

1.5 UNIT END EXCERCISES

1. Prepare a slide presentation of different types of Camera s.

● Besser, Howard, Introduction to Imaging, rev. ed., Introduction To series,

● Ritchin, Fred, In our own Image: The Coming Revolution in Photography.

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO LENS

After going through the lesson you will be able to:

Check your progress1

What is meant by lens?

Write a short note on lens mount?

How are different types of lens useful?

2.4. Types of lens for Photography

Courtesy: Photography-Camera s.org

Coyrtesy: theCamera forum.com

2.5. Unit -end exercises

● Grundberg, Andy. ‘Photography in the age of electronic simulation,’ in

● Aoki, Akira, ‘Digital photography’s promises and challenges’,

● Thompson, Jerry L., ‘Truth and Photography’, Yale Review, 90 (Jan

● Druckrey, Timothy, ed., Iterations: The New Image, New York:

-Get knowledge about aperture and shutter speed control

● M - Manual mode- the Photographer controls both aperture and shutter

● Landscape - This exposure mode makes everything in focus.

Courtesy: www. lenses.zeiss.com

Aperture: There is a relationship between aperture and depth-of-field – when the

Courtesy: www. ekardaras.blogspot.com