RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR PhD

Title of Research Proposal

Study of Bioconvection in Channel Flow of a Nanofluid containing Gyrotactic

Microorganisms

BY

Muhammad Asif

Department of Mathematics

INTRODUCTION
Fluid mechanics is the learning of fluids and the forces on them. The fluid contains plasma,
gases, and liquids. Fluid mechanics can be divided into the study of fluid motion, fluid kinematics,
and dynamics, the study of the outcome of forces on fluid motion, which can more be divided
into fluid statics, fluid kinetics, the study of fluid at rest, and the study of fluids in motion. It is a
type of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without any information that it is
made out of atoms, that is, it models matter from a macroscopic view rather than from a
microscopic view. Fluid mechanics, particularly fluid dynamics, is an active field of research
with many partly solved or unsolved problems. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically
composite. Occasionally it can preeminent be solved by numerical methods, typically using
computers. A modern way, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is dedicated to this
approach to solve fluid mechanics problems. Also taking improvement of the extremely visual
nature of fluid flow is particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and
analyzing fluid flow. The application of fluid mechanics is massive; blood flow, breathing, pipes,
missiles, icebergs, engines, filters, jets, windmills, rivers, ships, airplanes, turbines, fans, pumps,
swimming are the few examples.
The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece when
Archimedes explored fluid statics and buoyancy and expressed his famous law known as the
Archimedes principle. Rapid development in fluid mechanics began with Leonardo da Vinci
(observation and experiment), Evangelista Torricelli (barometer), Isaac Newton (viscosity), and
Blaise Pascal (hydrostatics), was sustained by Daniel Bernoulli with the summary of mathematical
fluid dynamics in Hydrodynamica. The inviscid flow was more analyzed by several
mathematicians (Leonhard Euler, d’Alembert, Lagrange, Poisson, Laplace) viscous flow was
discovered by a multitude of engineers including Poiseuille and Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig
Hagen. The further mathematical explanation was provided by Claude-Louis Navier George
Gabriel Stokes in the Navier-Stokes equations, and boundary layers were studied (Ludwig
Prandtl), while several scientists (Osborne Reynolds, Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, and Andrey
Kolmogorov) progressive the understanding of fluid viscosity and turbulence.
Bioconvection arises when motile micro-organisms swim usually towards upward which are
thicker than water. When the upper surface of the narrow suspension is too dense due to the
accumulation of motile, then the density-gradient exceeds a critical position, causes gravitational
instability, and eventually microorganisms fall down for causing bioconvection.
Under bioconvection investigation, bottom-heavy microorganisms swim growing upward in
a static medium. When these are in flow field, their swimming position is calculated by the
equilibrium condition of viscous drag ascending from shear flow and gravitational torques on an
asymmetric circulation of mass within the organism. As a result, these cells tend to swim towards
the section of down-welling fluid discuss to gyrotactic process.
A Newtonian fluid is stated as the fluid whose shear stress is linearly proportional to the
velocity gradient in the direction perpendicular to the plane of shear. This definition means
irrespective of the forces acting on a fluid, it continues to flow. For example, water is a Newtonian
fluid, because it continues to show fluid properties no problem how much it is stirred or mixed.
A slightly less harsh definition is that the drag of a small object being moved slowly through the
fluid is proportional to the force applied to the object. Important fluids, like water as well as
maximum gases, behave to good approximation as a Newtonian fluid under usual conditions on
Earth.
The study of non-Newtonian fluids is of significant interest from both fundamental and
practical opinions. The considerate of physics involved in the flows of non-Newtonian fluids can
have effects in geological flows in earth mantle, polymer processing, coating, hemodynamics,
inkjet printing, microfluidics, and many others. The principal equations of such fluids are high
order and of highly non-linear.
Due to the complication of fluids there is not an only constitutive equation that can define
the properties of all non-newtonian fluids.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To construct the model for velocity, temperature, concentration and density of motile microbes
in the channel flow of nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms is obtained by using
successive over relaxation method. We obtain the velocity, temperature, concentration and
density profile as a solution of governing equation. Effects of flow and material parameters on
the temperature, velocity, concentration and density profile are also discussed graphically.

FORMULATION OF PROBLEM
the flow module of bioconvection Nano liquid containing microorganisms are described, where
the (u, v) are velocity profiles in corresponding x and y directions. Here the profiles of

temperature and the ambient temperature is representing by T and respectively. N denotes the
density of motile microorganisms. The volumetric fractions of nanoparticles are exposed by

C. The kinematic viscosity is denoted by V with where µ is the dynamic viscosity of

deferred nano-particles and microbes and is the density of nano-liquid. The thermal

diffusivity of nano-fluid denoted by where k is the thermal conductivity. The fraction

of heat capacity of nano-liquid and the base fluid showed by . The factors of

thermophoretic diffusion and Brownian diffusion are and correspondingly. The vector

of average swimming velocity of gyrotactic microbes is in which is the factor

of chemotaxis and is the extreme speed of the motile microbe. Appropriate auxiliary
conditions for the lower horizontal plate at (y=0) and upper plate at (y=h (t)) are the following.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Tinny covers spread on the surface of fluid generated by microorganisms like single cell motile
phytoplankton has thoughtful effect on aquatic ecosystem. Phytoplankton produced food for
other organisms by inhabits the well-lit surface of ocean and other pools and also by using the
sunlight in the presence of dissolved in water. These organisms known as autotrophs. Plat
[1] defined the term "bioconvection" from the beginning with the flowing patterns identified in
the condensed cultures of free-swimming microorganisms, like as (flagellates, tetrahymena, and
ciliates). These micro-organisms appear as Bernard cells but the existence of thermal convection
is not affected here. Kessler [2] stated that the convection rhythms which may produce
spontaneously in isothermal liquids, enclosing swimming microorganisms where the motile
swimmers provided energy to this dissipative procedure. The routes of the cell are fixed by
vorticity and gravitational force, causing cells to incline towards the center of liquid where
downstream velocity is high. This concentrative method is known as "gyrotaxis." Khan et al. [3]
explored the mixed convection in gravity-driven unsteady nanofluid film flow carrying both the
gyrotactic micro-organisms and nano-particles across a convectively heated vertical surface. The
active control of the nanofluid component in limited ways was utilized to find out the fluid layer
flow. The research includes the analytical method for unsteady thinner film nanofluid
bioconvection to rely on physical procedures that are liable for microparticles and base liquid,
like Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Both of the liquids have a similar nature for the
properties related to the limitations excluding the outcome of Schmidt number, density purpose
on the micro-organisms where the consequence is opposed. HAM (Homotopy Analysis Method)
is adopted to conceptualize the ordinary differential equations from the available or existing
equations. Zuhra et al. [4] analyzed the passively prohibited nanofluid flow of the non-
Newtonian magnetohydrodynamics second-grade fluid consisting of nanoparticles and gyrotactic
microorganisms. Convective boundary conditions and thermal layers have been restricted for the
biofluid. The research has been limited to gyrotactic microorganisms where managing torques
produced by shear and gravity effects function in gyrotaxis which tackles the direction of
microorganisms moving upward through circular motions. Relevant partial differential equations
of velocity, temperature, nanoparticles volume portions, and motile microorganism density were
converted into the ordinary differential equations by using few appropriate similarities
transformations that were solved analytically by the Homotopy Analysis Method. Mahdy [5]
distinguished the role of mixed convection nanofluid flow of gyrotactic microorganisms due to
isothermal vertical wedge in a porous object. In our innovative results the simple boundary
situation is applied, moreover the temperature, nanofluid, and the motile microbes' density is
acclaimed constant on the wedge wall. The addition of motile microorganisms into the nanofluid
opens a way for microscale mixing, mass transfer, and improves the nanofluid steadiness.
Khan [6] described that the bioconvection in non-newtonian second-grade nanofluid thin-film
flow involves nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms were taken by using passively
restricted nanofluid model boundary conditions. The natural life cycle moves beneath the flow
and different taxis. The early phase of the study has been designed in the surroundings of the
gyrotactic system, which is used as the main component for the configuration of critical
bioconvection design and dynamics in such structures. The researcher has acquired the analytical
results by transforming the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation
through the Homotopy Analysis Method. Khan et al. [7] declared the results of Brownian motion
and thermophoresis on a magnetohydrodynamics thin coated second grade nanofluid flow within
Hall current and heat shift passes a tighten sheet was explored. In the reading of two dimensions
medium in three dimensions space the different results are originated with the flow of electric
current through thin cover introduced by the Hall current. The solid transfer of heat from one
particle to another is likely achieved by the direct solid due to Brownian motion that considers
the increase of thermal conductivity. The Mixed convection is responsible for organizing the
fluid flow, concentration, and heat transfer. The significance of the problem has been decreased
to three dimensional because of Hall effects and is chiefly influenced by the new features of
nanofluid, Hall effects, fluid layer thickness, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion. The listed
equations were solved by the Homotopy Analysis Method. Mahanthesh, et.al [8] proclaimed the
total results of non -linear thermal convection and radiation on three- dimensional boundary film
flow of unsteady nanofluid were examined numerically. The flow is influenced because of the
elasticity of a flat plate that is recorded in two dimensions by strain. The Brownian motion and
thermophoresis are expanded to measure the procedures of heat and mass transfer when we apply
thermal convective requirements. The results point out that the nanoparticles volume portion and
temperature results are rigid for the matter of solar radiation as compared to no radiation. Khan
et al. [9] scrutinized the effects on the elastic cylinder with heat moves when the
magnetohydrodynamic thin layer nanofluid sprayed on it. The spray average is a proposed
objective of layer volume. Constant reference temperature was applied to the motion cross in the
stretching cylinder. The changes in the flow channel and heat changes due to the random
manners of the magnetic nanofluid thin layer observed clearly. Some nanofluids are explored
under the supposition of the thin layer like O and CuO- O. Zuhra et al. [10] explain
that the non-newtonian and heat transport properties of electrically conducting liquid-based thin
fluid layer unsteady nanofluids supplied with Graphene nanoparticles past an elastic sheet are
supposed in the existence of transverse magnetic field and non-uniform heat source/sink. The
sound of the thermal conductivity of Cason and Williamson nanofluids are increasing
successfully by immersing the Graphene nanoparticles.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SOR method is proposed to sort out the semi-analytical series solutions of the nonlinear
differential series equations, raised from unsteady, two-dimensional incompressible flow model
of nanofluid. It carries out the exploration about the microorganisms in the channel bounded by
two parallel plates, in which the lower plate is placed fixed horizontally and upper plate is
portable. This part is concerned to check the impact of non-dimensional physical parameters on
the velocity profile f(ξ), temperature profile θ(ξ), nanofluid concentration ϕ(ξ) and the density of
motile gyrotactic microorganisms profile Ω(ξ). These parameters are Prandtl number Pr, Lewis
number Le, Peclet number Pe, Schmidt number Sc, Brownian motion parameter Nb and
thermophoretic parameter Nt. Time dependent parameters comprises the unsteadiness parameter
β. To find the consequential series solutions for f(ξ), θ(ξ), ϕ(ξ) and Ω(ξ), convergence rate is
vital to be verified.

CONCLUSION

The unsteady bioconvection nanofluid model channel flow suspension with chemical reaction is
explored. A powerful tool SOR is employed for the solution containing the relevant expressions
for velocity, temperature, concentration and motile microorganism density function. The stability
of this scheme for zeroth, first and second order is revealed through graphs. Additionally, various
interesting results due to the impacts of all parameters are manifested via graphs
REFERENCE

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