CHAPTER 11

Differentiation Formulas

11.1 Definition of Derivative

DERIVATIVE

The derivative of f at x is given by

fx C x  fx

f0 x D lim
x!0 x
provided that this limit exists.

EXAMPLE 11.1 Derivative using the definition

p
Differentiate ft D t.

Solution

ft C t  ft

ft D lim
t!0 t
p p
t C t  t
D lim
t!0 t
p p
p p 
t C t  t t C t C t
D lim p p
t!0 t t C t C t
Rationalize the numerator
t C t  t
D lim p p
t!0 t t C t C t
1
D lim p p
t!0 t C t C t
1
D p for t > 0

2 t

190
 Chapter 11 191

PARTIAL DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION OF TWO

VARIABLES

If z D fx, y, then the first partial derivative of f with

respect to x and y are the functions fx and fy , respectively,
defined by
fx C x, y  fx, y
fx x, y D lim
x!0 x
fx, y C y  fx, y
fy x, y D lim
y!0 y

provided that the limits exist.

DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE

Let f(x, y) be a function defined on a disk centered at the

point P0 x0 , y0 , and let u D u1 i C u2 j be a unit vector.
Then the directional derivative of f at P0 in the direction
of u is given by

fx0 C hu1 , y0 C hu2   fx0 , y0 

Du fx0 , y0  D lim
h!0 h
provided that the limit exists.

11.2 Procedural Rules of Differentiation

If f and g are differentiable functions of x, u is a differentiable function
of x, and a, b, and c are any real numbers, then the functions cf, f C g,
fg, and f/g (for gx 6D 0) are also differentiable, and their derivatives
satisfy the following formulas:

Rule Derivative
1. Constant-multiple rule cf0 D cf0
2. Sum rule f C g0 D f0 C g0
3. Difference rule f  g0 D f0  g0
4. Linearity rule af C bg0 D af0 C bg0
5. Product rule fg0 D fg0 C f0 g
192 Chapter 11
 0
f gf0  fg0
6. Quotient rule D
g g2
dy dy du
7. Chain rule D
dx du dx

11.3 Differentiation Rules

EXTENDED-POWER RULE
d n du
8. u D nun1
dx dx

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
d du d du
9. cos u D  sin u 10. sin u D cos u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
11. tan u D sec2 u 12. cot u D  csc2 u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
13. sec u D sec u tan u 14. csc u D  csc u cot u
dx dx dx dx

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

d 1 du
15. cos1 u D p
dx 1  u2 dx
d 1 du
16. sin1 u D p
dx 1  u dx
2
d 1 1 du
17. tan u D
dx 1 C u2 dx
d 1 du
18. cot1 u D
dx 1 C u2 dx
d 1 du
19. sec1 u D p
dx juj u  1 dx
2
d 1 du
20. csc1 u D p
dx juj u  1 dx
2

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

d logb e du
logb juj D
d 1 du dx u dx
21. ln juj D 22.
dx u dx 1 du
D
u ln b dx
d u du d u du
23. e D eu 24. b D bu ln b
dx dx dx dx
 Chapter 11 193

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
d du d du
25. cosh u D sinh u 26. sinh u D cosh u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
27. tanh u D sech2 u 28. cothu D csch2 u
dx dx dx dx
d du
29. sech u D sech u tanh u
dx dx
d du
30. csch u D csch u coth u
dx dx

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

d 1 du
31. sinh1 u D p
dx u C 1 dx
2
d 1 1 du
32. cosh u D p
dx u2  1 dx
d 1 du
tanh1 u D
33. dx 1  u2 dx
juj < 1
d 1 1 du
coth u D
34. dx 1  u2 dx
juj > 1
d 1 du
35. sech1 u D p ”
dx u 1  u dx2
d 1 du
36. csch1 u D p
dx juj 1 C u dx2

11.4 Functions of Two Variables

Chain Rule for One Independent Variable
Let f(x, y) be a differentiable function of x and y, and let x D xt
and y D yt be differentiable functions of t. Then z D fx, y is a
differentiable function of t, and

dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
D C
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

The Chain Rule for Two Independent Variables

Suppose that z D fx, y is differentiable at (x, y) and that the partial
derivatives of x D xu, v and y D yu, v exist at (u, v). Then the
composite function z D f[xu, v, yu, v] is differentiable at (u, v),
with
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
D C
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
194 Chapter 11

and
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
D C
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v

GRADIENT
Let f(x, y) have partial derivatives fx x, y and fy x, y. Then the
gradient of f, denoted by rf, is given by

rfx, y D fx x, yi C fy x, yj

Basic properties of the gradient

assuming the existence of the following gradients:

constant rule rc D 0 for any constant c

linearity rule raf C bg D arf C brg for constants a and b
product rule  D frg C grf
rfg
f grf  frg
quotient rule r D g 6D 0
g g2
power rule rfn  D nfn1 rf