Lecture#2-Fundamental of Digital Images

Nurturing Unlimited of Innovative and Knowledgeable Leaders
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute
Digital Images
Fundamentals
07/08/2019
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Contents
•This lecture will cover:
– The human visual system

– Light and the electromagnetic spectrum
– Image model (representation)
– Image sensing and acquisition
– Sampling, quantization and resolution
– Pixel relationships
– Image operations
– Averaging
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Human Visual System
•The best vision model we have!

•Knowledge of how images form in the eye

can help us with processing digital images
•We will take just a whirlwind tour of the
human visual system
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Structure Of The Human Eye

• The lens focuses light from
objects onto the retina

• The retina is covered with

light receptors called
cones (6-7 million) and
rods (75-150 million)
• Cones are concentrated
around the fovea and are
very sensitive to colour
• Rods are more spread out
and are sensitive to low
levels of illumination
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Image Formation In The Eye
• Muscles within the eye can be used to change
the shape of the lens allowing us focus on

objects that are near or far away

• An image is focused onto the retina causing rods
and cones to become excited which ultimately
send signals to the brain
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Brightness Adaptation & Discrimination
•The human visual system can perceive

approximately 1010 different light intensity

levels
•However, at any one time we can only
discriminate between a much smaller
number – brightness adaptation
•Similarly, the perceived intensity of a
region is related to the light intensities of
the regions surrounding it
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Light And The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Light is just a particular part of the
electromagnetic spectrum that can be sensed
by the human eye

• The electromagnetic spectrum is split up
according to the wavelengths of different forms
of energy
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Reflected Light
•The colours that we perceive are
determined by the nature of the light
reflected from an object

•For example, if white
light is shone onto a
green object most
wavelengths are
absorbed, while green Colours
Absorbed
light is reflected from

the object
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Sampling, Quantization And Resolution
•In the following slides we will consider what

is involved in capturing a digital image of

a real-world scene
– Image sensing and representation
– Sampling and quantization
– Resolution
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Image Representation
•Before we discuss image acquisition recall

that a digital image is composed of M

rows and N columns of pixels
each storing a value col
•Pixel values are most

often grey levels in the
range 0-255(black-white)
•We will see later on
that images can easily
be represented as
matrices row
f (row, col)
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•Image representation in RGB

•Image representation in gray scale
Image Acquisition
•Images are typically generated by
illuminating a scene and absorbing the

energy reflected by the objects in that
scene – Typical notions of
illumination and scene
can be way off:
• X-rays of a skeleton
• Ultrasound of an
unborn baby
• Electro-microscopic
images of molecules
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Image Sensing
• Incoming energy lands on a sensor material
responsive to that type of energy and this

generates a voltage
• Collections of sensors are arranged to capture
images
Imaging Sensor
Line of Image Sensors

Array of Image Sensors 13
Image Sensing
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Using Sensor Strips and Rings 14
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Image Sampling And Quantization
• A digital sensor can only measure a limited
number of samples at a discrete set of
energy levels
• Quantization is the process of converting a
continuous analogue signal into a digital
representation of this signal
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Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute
Nurturing Unlimited of Innovative and Knowledgeable Leaders Nurturing Unlimited of Innovative and Knowledgeable Leaders
scene
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only an approximation of a real world

•Remember that a digital image is always
Image Sampling And Quantization (cont…)
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Format of image
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Spatial Resolution
• The spatial resolution of an image is

determined by how sampling was carried out

• Spatial resolution simply refers to the smallest
discernable detail in an image
– Vision specialists will
often talk about pixel
size
– Graphic designers will
talk about dots per
inch (DPI)
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128 * 128
1024 * 1024
64 * 64
512 * 512
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Spatial Resolution (cont…)

Spatial Resolution (cont…)
32 * 32
256 * 256
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Intensity Level Resolution
• Intensity level resolution refers to the number of
intensity levels used to represent the image

– The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of detail
discernable in an image
– Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of the number of
bits used to store each intensity level
Number of Intensity
Number of Bits Examples
Levels
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
4 16 0000, 0101, 1111
8 256 00110011, 01010101
16 65,536 1010101010101010
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Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)

256 grey levels (8 bits per pixel) 128 grey levels (7 bpp) 64 grey levels (6 bpp) 32 grey levels (5 bpp)
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16 grey levels (4 bpp) 8 grey levels (3 bpp) 4 grey levels (2 bpp) 2 grey levels (1 bpp) 28
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Saturation & Noise
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Resolution: How Much Is Enough?

•The big question with resolution is always
how much is enough?

– This all depends on what is in the image and
what you would like to do with it
– Key questions include
• Does the image look aesthetically pleasing?
• Can you see what you need to see within the
image?
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Resolution: How Much Is Enough? (cont…)
•The picture on the right is fine for

counting the number of cars, but not for
reading the number plate
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Low Detail Medium Detail High Detail
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Pixel Relationships
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Neighborhoods of a pixel
• A pixel p at location (x,y) has two horizontal and
two vertical neighbors
• This set of four pixels is called 4-neighbors of p

and is denoted by N4(p)
• Each of these neighbors is at a unit distance
from p.
• If p is a boundary pixel then it will have less
number of neighbors.
Diagonal & 8-neighbors
• A pixel p has four diagonal neighbors = ND(p).

• The points of N4(p) and ND(p) together are

called 8-neighbors of p.
N8(p) = N4(p) U ND(p)
• If p is a boundary pixel then both ND(p) and
N8(p) will have less number of pixels.
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Image Operations
Image Algebra
• Addition is used to combine information in

two images.
• Subtraction is used to detect motion.
• Multiplication and division are used to
adjust brightness of an image.
• AND and OR are used to perform a
masking operation (an easy way to
extract an ROI).
• NOT creates a negative of original image.
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Basic Matrix
Matrix operation
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+
=
Image Algebra - Addition
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–
=
Image Algebra - Subtraction
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a. Original Image
b. Image multiplied by 2
Image Algebra - Subtraction
Image Algebra: Multiplication
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a. Original Image
fashion on pixel data.

Image Algebra - AND
Image Algebra: Division
b. Image divided by 2
• Logic operations operate in bit-wise
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Image Algebra - OR
Image Algebra - AND
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Image Algebra - NOT
Original image Result of NOT operation
Matrix operation-Exercise
10 33 40 20 40 40
A= B=
65 70 25 60 75 15
10 20 15 90 30 50
Let Say A is a matirx image 3 * 3 and B is a matrix image 3* 3.
Find the image C based on the operation below:
i. A + B
ii. A – B
iii. B - A
iv. B * A
v. A * B
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Averaging
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Image Averaging for Noise Reduction
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Summary
•We have looked at:

– Human visual system

– Light and the electromagnetic spectrum
– Image representation
– Image sensing and acquisition
– Sampling, quantisation and resolution
•Next time we start to look at techniques for
image transformation
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Nurturing Unlimited of Innovative and Knowledgeable Leaders

Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute

– The human visual system

•The best vision model we have!

•Knowledge of how images form in the eye

Structure Of The Human Eye

objects onto the retina

• The retina is covered with

the shape of the lens allowing us focus on

objects that are near or far away

Brightness Adaptation & Discrimination

•The human visual system can perceive

approximately 1010 different light intensity

by the human eye

reflected from an object

light is reflected from

•In the following slides we will consider what

is involved in capturing a digital image of

•Before we discuss image acquisition recall

that a digital image is composed of M

•Pixel values are most

•Image representation in RGB

•Image representation in gray scale

illuminating a scene and absorbing the

responsive to that type of energy and this

Line of Image Sensors

Image Sampling And Quantization

only an approximation of a real world

Image Sampling And Quantization (cont…)

• The spatial resolution of an image is

determined by how sampling was carried out

Spatial Resolution (cont…)

intensity levels used to represent the image

Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)

Resolution: How Much Is Enough?

how much is enough?

•The picture on the right is fine for

Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)

Low Detail Medium Detail High Detail

Intensity Level Resolution (cont…)

• This set of four pixels is called 4-neighbors of p

Diagonal & 8-neighbors

• A pixel p has four diagonal neighbors = ND(p).

• The points of N4(p) and ND(p) together are

• Addition is used to combine information in

Image Algebra - Subtraction

Image Algebra: Multiplication

fashion on pixel data.

• Logic operations operate in bit-wise

Original image Result of NOT operation

Image Averaging for Noise Reduction

•We have looked at:

– Human visual system

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