Lesson 3: Fundamentals

of Logic
COMPOUND STATEMENT
Compound Statements
• A compound sentence connects two independent clauses
like, and, or, not, exclusive or, implication, and double
implication.
• They combine two or more self-sufficient and related
sentences into a single, unified one.
Example:
1. ̴p ˄ q = ( p
̴ )˄q
2. ̴ (p ˄ q)
Example 1:
Construct the truth table of the
compound proposition

p→(¬ p ^ q)
p →(¬ p ^ q)
p q ¬p ¬p ˄ q p → (¬p ˄ q)
F F T F T
F T T T T
T F F F F
T T F F F
p →(¬ p ^ q) checking
p q ¬p ¬p ˄ q p → (¬p ˄ q)
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
Example 2:
•Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or the
Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the Dodgers
will be out of the first place and, moreover, I will
lose the bet”.
Example 2: Answer
•Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or the
Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the Dodgers
will be out of the first place and, moreover, I will
lose the bet”.

•( )→ ( )
Example 2: Answer
•Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or the
Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the Dodgers
will be out of the first place and, moreover, I will
lose the bet”.

•(p ˅ c )→ ( )
Example 2: Answer
•Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or the
Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the Dodgers
will be out of the first place and, moreover, I will
lose the bet”.

•((p ˅ c)˄ g )→ ( )
Example 2: Answer
•Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or the
Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the Dodgers
will be out of the first place and, moreover, I will
lose the bet”.

•((p ˅ c)˄ g )→ (d ˄ )
Example 2: Answer
•Consider the sentence “if either the Pirates or the
Cubs lose and the Giants win, then the Dodgers
will be out of the first place and, moreover, I will
lose the bet”.

•((p ˅ c)˄ g )→ (d ˄ b)
TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION
and CONTINGENCY
Tautology
• A compound proposition that is always true, no matter
what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it.
Example 1:
• Mohan will go home or Mohan will not go home.
m ¬m m ˅ ¬m m ¬m m ˅ ¬m
0 1 1 F T T
1 0 1 T F T
Tautology
• A compound proposition that is always true, no matter
what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it.
Example 2:
• He is healthy or he is not healthy.
h ¬h h ˅ ¬h h ¬h h ˅ ¬h
0 1 1 F T T
1 0 1 T F T
Contradiction
• A compound proposition that is always false, no matter
what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it.
Example 1:
• Mohan will go home and Mohan will not go home.
m ¬m m ˄ ¬m m ¬m m ˄ ¬m
0 1 0 F T F
1 0 0 T F F
Contingency
• A compound proposition that is neither a tautology nor a
contradiction (sometimes TRUE and sometimes FALSE).
Example:
•p ˅ q p q p ˅ q
F F F
• ¬r ˄ ¬s
F T T
• p ˄ ¬s T F T
• ¬q ˅ r T T T
 Questions?
Clarifications?
Thank you for
listening!