Logic Final

Logic
LOGIC- is defined as the science that

evaluates arguments. It is the study of
the methods used to distinguish
correct reasoning from poor
reasoning.
The study of logic begins with

statements. A statement or a
proposition
Learn about It!
Proposition
1 a declarative sentence that is either true or false
Example:
The President signed the new tax law.

Giant pandas are extinct.
Definition 1. Negation of p
Let p be a proposition.
The statement “It is not
Table 1.
the case that p” is also The Truth Table for the
a proposition, called Negation of a Proposition
the “negation of p” or
¬p (read “not p”) p ¬p
p = The sky is blue. T F

p = It is not the case that the sky is blue. F T
p = The sky is not blue.
Definition 2. Conjunction of p and q
Let p and q be Table 2. The Truth Table for
propositions. The the Conjunction of two
propositions
proposition “p and q,”
denoted by pq is true
p q pq
when both p and q are
true and is false
T T T
otherwise. This is
T F F
called the conjunction F T F
of p and q. F F F
Determine the truth value of each of the
following conjuction
• 5+2=7 and Manny Pacqiao is a boxing champion.
• Japan is found in Asia and Tokyo is the capital of China.
• 1 is an integer and ½ is a real number.
• 10-4 =5 and 3 is less than -4
Definition 3. Disjunction of p and q
Let p and q be
Table 3. The Truth Table for
the Disjunction of two propositions. The
propositions proposition “p or q,”
denoted by pq, is the
p q pq proposition that is false
when p and q are both
T T T false and true otherwise.
T F T
F T T
F F F
Learn about It!
2 Conditional Propositions or Implications

statements that begin with an if or antecedents and those that end with then or
consequents
Example:
• If you are good at dancing, then you are bad at singing.

• If a triangle has three equal sides, then it is an equilateral
triangle.
Learn about It!
3 Hypothesis or Antecedent
the “if” part of an implication
Example:
• If you are good at dancing …

• If a triangle has three equal sides …
Learn about It!
4 Conclusion or Consequent
the “then” part of an implication
Example:
• …then you are bad at singing.

• …then it is an equilateral triangle.
Learn about It!
7 Truth Table of Implications

a truth table that shows the different truth values of p and q
Example:
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Note that an implication is always true except when is true
and is false.
Try It!
Example 1:
Determine the truth value of the implication:
If , then Philippines is found in Asia.

Try It!
Example 1:
Determine the truth value of the implication:
If , then Philippines is found in Asia.
Solution:
The antecedent in this implication is “”, and the consequent is
“Philippines is found in Asia”.
The consequent is still true even if the antecedent becomes

false. In implication, as long as the consequent is true, then
the implication is going to be true.
Try It!
Example 2:
If is true and is false, determine the truth value of the
proposition:
Try It!
Example 2:
proposition:
Solution:
1. Substitute the truth value of each proposition.
Try It!
Example 2:
proposition:
Solution:
2. The negation of a false proposition is a true proposition
while the conjunction of a true proposition and a false
proposition is false. Thus, we have,
Try It!
Example 2:
proposition:
Solution:
3. The disjunction of both true propositions is true. Thus, we
have,
Try It!
Example 2:
proposition:
Solution:
4. An implication is false if the antecedent is true and the
consequent is false. Thus, the previous implication is false.
Try It!
Example 2:
proposition:
Solution:
Therefore, the truth value of is .

Let’s Practice!
Individual Practice:
1. If is true and is false, determine the truth

value of the proposition:
2. Determine the truth value of the proposition:

Let’s Practice!
Group Practice: Work in pairs.
Use truth tables to determine if is a logically equivalent to .

Learn about It!
4 Converse of a Proposition
a proposition has a converse of formed by switching the hypothesis and the
conclusion
Example:
Proposition: If you are good at dancing, then you are bad at

singing.
Converse: If you are bad at singing, then you are good at
dancing.
Learn about It!
5 Truth Table of Implications

a truth table that shows the different truth values of p and q.
Example:
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
Learn about It!
6 Biconditional Proposition
the proposition “ if and only if ” (denoted by )
Example:
The angle is a right angle if and only if the angle measures 90
degrees.
Proposition: If an angle is a right angle, then it measures 90
degrees.
Converse: If an angle measures 90 degrees, then it is a right
angle.
Learn about It!
7 Truth Table of Biconditional Propostition

a truth table that shows the different truth values of p and q.
Example:
Note that a biconditional
T T T
statement is true if both the
hypothesis and the conclusion T F F
share the same truth value. F T F
F F T
Try It!
Example 1:
State the converse of the conditional proposition and
determine its truth value:
“If a triangle is an equilateral triangle, then it has three equal

sides.”
Try It!
Example 1:
State the converse of the conditional proposition and determine its truth value:
“If a triangle is an equilateral triangle, then it has three equal sides.”
Solution:
1. Identify the hypothesis and the conclusion of the
conditional proposition.
Hypothesis: A triangle is an equilateral triangle.

Conclusion: It has three equal sides.
Try It!
Example 1:
Solution:
2. Form the converse of the conditional proposition by
interchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion.
Hypothesis: A triangle has three equal sides.

Conclusion: The triangle is an equilateral triangle.
If a triangle has three equal sides, then it is an equilateral

triangle.
Try It!
Example 1:
Solution:
3. The conditional proposition in this example is true
because all equilateral triangles have three equal sides. Its
converse is also true since a triangle with three equal
sides is called an equilateral triangle.
Try It!
Example 2:
If the truth value of is true and the truth value of is false,
determine the truth value of the converse of the following
implication:
Try It!
Example 2:
If the truth value of is true and the truth value of is false, determine the truth value of the
converse of the following implication:
Solution:
1. Form the converse of the given implication by
interchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion.
Try It!
Example 2:
Solution:
2. Substitute the truth value of and .
Try It!
Example 2:
Solution:
3. The conjunction of a true proposition and a false
proposition is false and the disjunction of a false
proposition and a true proposition is true. Thus, we have,
Try It!
Example 2:
Solution:
4. An implication will only be false if the hypothesis is true
and the conclusion is false. Thus, the previous implication
is true.
Try It!
Example 2:
Solution:
Therefore, the truth value of the converse of
is (true).
Let’s Practice!
Individual Practice:
1. Determine if and are logically equivalent.
2. Given the following statements:

p: “It is an even number.”
q: “It is divisible by 2.”
Determine if the biconditional statement is true.

• P : 1+1=3
• q: Philippines is a democratic country
• r: 10 is a prime number
Determine the truth value of the following:
1.

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Logic Final

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Logic

LOGIC- is defined as the science that

The study of logic begins with

The President signed the new tax law.

p = The sky is blue. T F

2 Conditional Propositions or Implications

• If you are good at dancing, then you are bad at singing.

• If you are good at dancing …

• …then you are bad at singing.

7 Truth Table of Implications

If , then Philippines is found in Asia.

If , then Philippines is found in Asia.

The consequent is still true even if the antecedent becomes

Therefore, the truth value of is .

1. If is true and is false, determine the truth

2. Determine the truth value of the proposition:

Group Practice: Work in pairs.

Use truth tables to determine if is a logically equivalent to .

Proposition: If you are good at dancing, then you are bad at

5 Truth Table of Implications

7 Truth Table of Biconditional Propostition

“If a triangle is an equilateral triangle, then it has three equal

“If a triangle is an equilateral triangle, then it has three equal sides.”

Hypothesis: A triangle is an equilateral triangle.

“If a triangle is an equilateral triangle, then it has three equal sides.”

Hypothesis: A triangle has three equal sides.

If a triangle has three equal sides, then it is an equilateral

“If a triangle is an equilateral triangle, then it has three equal sides.”

1. Determine if and are logically equivalent.

2. Given the following statements:

Determine if the biconditional statement is true.

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