11

General
Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 7
Truth Values of
Propositions
 General Mathematics – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 7: Truth Values of Propositions

First Edition, 2020

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 Lesson Determining the Truth Values of Propositions
1

Learning Competencies: Determines the truth values of propositions (M11GM-IIh-1)

Illustrates the different forms of conditional propositions.
(M11GM-IIh-2)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 determine the truth values of negation, conjunction, and disjunction
propositions
 determine the truth values of conditional and biconditional propositions
 illustrate the different forms of conditional propositions

What is it

NEGATION

 This is a proposition which is the result of reversing the truth value of the
given proposition.
 is denoted by ~p: (read as “not p”)
 is defined through its truth table:
p ~p
Rule: The truth table tells us that when p is true, its
T F negation (~p) is false. On the other hand, when p is
false, the negation (~p ) is true.
F T

EXAMPLE: State the negation of each proposition and determine the truth value

Propositions Negation Truth

Value

x −1 x −1 False
n1 : p ( x ) = is a n1 : It is not true that p ( x )= is a
x+2 x+2
polynomial function polynomial function” or
p left (x right ) = {x-1} over {x+2 is not a
( T)
polynomial function

n2 : 2 is an odd n2 : “It is not true that 2 is an odd True

number. ( F) number”
n3 : √ 2 is a rational n3 : “It is not the case that √ 2 is a False
number (T) rational number”
n4 : Everyone in ~n 4 : “ Not everyone in Visayas speaks True
Visayas speaks Cebuano
Cebuano. (F)
CONJUNCTION

 This is a proposition which is the result of combining two other propositions

called conjucts with the connective word and.
 is denoted by p ∧ q: (read as “p and q”)
 is defined through its truth table:
p q p ∧ q Rule: The conjunction p ∧ q is true only

T T T when both conjuncts p and q are true.

Note: Conjunctions do not always use the

T F F
word “and”. Words like “but”, “even
F T F though”,“yet”, and “while” are also used to
flag conjunctions.
F F F

EXAMPLE: Give the symbolic statement of each proposition and determine the
truth value. Assume that both p and q are true.
p: Angels exist
q: π > 3

English Statement Symbolic Truth Value

Statement
Angels exist and π > 3 p∧q TRUE, 1st row of the truth table
(both conjucts are TRUE)
Angels exist, yet π ≤ 3 p∧~q FALSE, 2nd row of the truth table
(one of its conjunct is FALSE)
Angels do not exist and π ≤ 3 (~p) ∧ (~q) FALSE, 4th row of the truth table
(both conjuncts are FALSE)
While angels do not exist, π > ~p ∧ q FALSE, 3rd row of the truth table
3 (one of its conjunct is FALSE)

DISJUNCTION

 This is a proposition which is the result of combining two other propositions

called disjuncts with the connective word or.
 is denoted by p ∨ q: (read as “p or q”)
 is defined through its truth table:
p q p∨ q Rule: The above truth value shows us that
T T T the disjunction p ∨ q is false only
when both disjuncts p and q
T F T are false.
F T T

F F F

EXAMPLE: Express each proposition in symbols and find its truth value.
 Let p, q, and r be the following propositions: Assume propositions p, q , and r are
true.
p : Victor has a date with Liza
q : Janree is sleeping
r : Eumer is eating
English Statement Symbolic Truth Value
Statement
Victor has a date with Liza or Eumir is p∨ r TRUE, 1st row of the truth
eating table (both disjuncts are
TRUE)
Either Janree is sleeping or Eumir is q∨~r TRUE, 2nd row of the truth
not eating. table (one of its disjunct is
TRUE)
Either Janree is not sleeping or Victor ~r∨p TRUE, 3rd row of the truth
has a date with Liza. table (one of its disjunct is
TRUE)
Either Victor does not have a date with ~p∨,~q FALSE, 4th row of the truth
Liza, or Janree is not sleeping table (both disjuncts are
FALSE)

What’s More

Exercises
A: Suppose p and q are true propositions and r is false. Determine the truth
value of the proposition given below

1. (p ∧ ~ q) ∧ ~ (~ r)
2. ~ (~q ∧ ~ p) ∧ (p ∧~ r)

B. Express the following propositions in symbols. Suppose proposition s is true

and
t and u are false, find its truth value.
Consider the propositions
s :” Pam works as a sale associate”.
t:” Bryan has a temporary position in the office”
u:”Pam and Bryan are co-workers”

1. Pam and Bryan are co-workers, but Pam works as a sales associate or Bryan
does not have a temporary position in the office.

2. Either Pam works as a sale associate, or Bryan has a temporary position in the
office and Pam and Bryan are not co-workers”
 Lesson
Determining the Truth Value of Propositions
2

What is it

CONDITIONAL/IMPLICATION

 is a proposition which is the result of combining a hypothesis or antecedent

to a conclusion or consequent in the form If…, then…
 is denoted by p → q: (read as “If p (antecedent), then q (consequent)”)
 is defined through its truth table:
p q p→ q
Rule: The implication is true in
T T T all cases, except when the
antecedent is true and the
T F F consequent is false.

F T T In other words, a true hypothesis

cannot imply a false conclusion.
F F T

Conditional Propositions take a variety of forms:

 If p, q  q whenever p
 p only if q  q follows from p
 q if p  p is sufficient for q
 q when p  q is necessary for p

EXAMPLE: Determine the truth values of the following propositions.

Propositions Symbolic Truth Value

Statement
1. If 2 > 0 (p), then there p→q T → T TRUE, 1st row of the
are 100 million Filipinos truth table (both antecedent and
(q). consequent are TRUE

2. If 2 > 0 (p), then there p→r T → F FALSE, 2nd row of the

are only 5 languages in the truth table (antecedent is TRUE
Philippines (r) while consequent is FALSE)

3. If 2 < 0 (p), then it is p→s F→ T TRUE, 3rd row of the

more fun in the truth table (antecedent is FALSE
Philippines (s). and consequent is TRUE)
BICONDITIONAL/EQUIVALENCE

 Is a proposition which is the result of combining two propositions in the

form… if and only if…
 is denoted by p ↔ q: (read as “p if and only if q”)
 The proposition may also be written as “ p if q”.
 is defined through its truth table:
p q p↔ q
Rule: The truth table of a biconditional
T T T
tells us that its truth value is TRUE when
T F F the truth values of p and q are the same.

F T F

F F T

EXAMPLE: Express each proposition in symbols and find its truth value.
Let p, q, r, s, and t be the following propositions. Assume propositions p and q
are true,
r, s and t are false.
p: Geebee is in Grade 11
q: she is a senior high school student
r: she is working as a lawyer
s : Geebee has a degree in Computer Science
t : She is a graduating student.
SOLUTION:
Propositions Symbolic Truth Value
Statement
1. Geebee is in Grade 11 if p ↔ q T ↔ T TRUE, 1st row of the
and only if she is a senior truth table (both p and q are
high school student. TRUE)

2.Geebee is in Grade 11 if p↔r T ↔ F FALSE, 2nd row of

and only if she is working the truth table ( since r is
as a lawyer. FALSE)

3. Geebee has a degree in s ↔ t F ↔ F TRUE, 4th row of the

Computer Science if and truth table ( both s and t are
only if she is a graduating FALSE)
student.

What’s More
Directions: A: Suppose p and q are true propositions and r is false.
Determine the truth value of the following compound propositions
1. p → ((~q ) ∧ r)
2. (~q ) → ((~p ) ∧~ r)

B. Express each proposition in English sentence form, and find its truth value.
Assume p and r are false and q is true.
Let p, q, and r represent the following simple statements:
p: Riza misses lecture.
q: Riza studies her lessons
r: Riza fails the subject
1. (q ∧ ~ p) →~ r
2. p ∧ (~r → ~q)

C. Express each proposition in English sentence form, and find its truth value.
Let u, v, and w be the propositions
u: “Kelvin drives over the speed limit along the highway.”
v: “Kelvin is pulled over by the traffic enforcer.” and
w: Kelvin receives the speeding ticket.”
1. v ↔ w
2. w ↔ (u ∧ v)

D. Determine the truth value of the biconditional .

Assume p, q, and r are true.
1. (~q) ∧ ~p) ↔ ~( ~r)
2. ( q∨ p ) ↔(~ p ∧ r)

Lesson Illustrating the Different Forms of Conditional

3 Propositions

What is it

Conditional statements
 are propositions in the form “if p then q”.
 Conditionals can also be read as p implies q, p only if q, p is sufficient for q,
and q is necessary for p.
 To illustrate conditional statements, the symbol “→” is used.
 It is true except in the case where p is true and q is false.

Related Implications
Converse of p → q Switch p and q q→p
 Inverse of p → q Negate both p and q ~p → ~q

Contrapositive of p → q Switch and negate both p ~q → ~p

and q

NOTE that a conditional and the corresponding contrapositive are logically

equivalent.
Likewise for a given conditional statement, its converse and inverse are logically
equivalent.

EXAMPLE: Determine the converse, contrapositive and inverse of the given

conditional proposition below.

If Two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

Note that the given proposition is of the form p → q

where p: “Two angles form a linear pair” and
q: “They are supplementary.”

SOLUTION:
Converse “If two angles are supplementary, then they form a linear pair.”
q → p
Contrapositiv “If two angles are not supplementary, then they do not form a
e linear pair.”
~q → ~p
Inverse “If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are not
~p → ~q supplementary.”

What’s More
A. Determine the converse, contrapositive and inverse of the following
conditional propositions
1. If two sides of a triangle are congruent , then the angles opposite these
sides are congruent .

2. If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram , then its diagonals bisect each other .

Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully, analyse each problem/situation and choose
the correct answer among the given choices.

1. If p is true and p is false, then what is the truth value of p ∧ p ?

a. False b. True c. Neither true nor false d. Either true or false

2.. If p is false and q is true, then what is the truth value of p ᴠ q ?

a. false b. true c. neither true nor false d. either true or false

3. State the contrapositive of the conditional statement:

“If today is Tuesday, then it is a weekday.”
a. If today is not Tuesday, the it is not a weekday.
b. If today is a weekday, then it is Tuesday.
c. If today is not a weekday, then it is not Tuesday.
d. If today is not a weekday, then it is Tuesday.

4. In the conditional statement: “If a positive integer is prime, then it has no

divisors
other than 1 and itself.” What is the antecedent?
a. Positive integer has no divisors other than 1 and itself.
b. Positive integer is not prime.
c. Positive integer is prime.
d. Positive integer has divisors other than 1 and itself.

5. The truth value of ‘9 is prime then 3 is even’.

a. False b. True c. neither d. both True and False

6. Use the logic condition to find the value of X: A ∧ ~ B

A B Output

T T W

T F X

F T Y

F F Z

a. True b. False c. neither d. both true and false

7. Given, "If angles are congruent, then the measures of the angles are equal."
Identify the conclusion/consequent.
a. The angles are congruent.
b. The angles are congruent.
c. The measures of the angles are equal.
d. The measures of the angles are equal.

8. Use the logic condition to find the value of Z: ~A ᴠ ~B

 A B Output

T T W

T F X

F T Y

F F Z

a. True b. False c. neither d. both true and false

9. What are the inverse of the conditional statement

“ A positive integer is a composite only if it has divisors other than 1 and itself.”
a. “A positive integer is a composite if it has divisors other than 1 and itself.”
b. “If a positive integer has no divisors other than 1 and itself, then it is
not composite.”
c. “If a positive integer is not composite, then it has no divisors other than
1 and itself.”
d. None of the mentioned

10. What are the converse of the conditional statement “When Raj stay up late,
it is necessary that Raj sleep until noon.”
a. “If Raj stay up late, then Raj sleep until noon.”
b. “If Raj does not stay up late, then Raj does not sleep until noon.”
c. “If Raj does not sleep until noon, then Raj does not stay up late.”
d. “If Raj sleep until noon, then Raj stay up late.”

Answer Sheet

Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________ Score: _______
 Quarter 2 – Module 1

Lesson 1
What’s More
A B.
1. 1.
2. 2.

Lesson 2
What’s More
A C.
1. 1.
2. 2.
B. D.
1. 1.

2. 2.

Lesson 3 Assessment
What’s More 1. 11.
1. 2. 12.
2. 3. 13.
3. 4. 14.
4. 5. 15.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Answer Key

Quarter 2 - Module 2
Lesson 1
What’s More
A. B.
1. False 1. False
2. False 2. True

Lesson 2
What’s More
A. C.
1. False 1. True
2. True 2. True
Lesson 3

What’s More

1. Note that the given proposition is of the form p → q

where p: “Two sides of a triangle are congruent” and
q: “The angles opposite these sides are congruent .”
Solution:
Converse “If the angles opposite these sides are congruent, then the two
q → p sides of a triangle are congruent .”
 Contrapositiv “If the angles opposite these sides are not congruent, then the
e two sides of a triangle are not congruent .”
~q → ~p
Inverse “If the two sides of a triangle are not congruent, then the
~p → ~q angles opposite these sides are not congruent.”

2. Note that the given proposition is of the form p → q

where p: “A quadrilateral is a parallelogram” and
q: “Its diagonals bisect each other .”
Solution:
Converse “If its diagonals bisect each other, then a quadrilateral is a
q → p parallelogram.”
Contrapositiv “If its diagonals did not bisect each other, then a quadrilateral
e is not a parallelogram.”
~q → ~p
Inverse “If a quadrilateral is not a parallelogram , then its diagonals
~p → ~q did not bisect each other.”
References

General_Mathematics_Learners_Material_De.pdf

Gen%20Math%20TG.pdf

Fernando B. Origenes, et al. 2016. Next Century Mathematics. Quezon City:

PHOENIX PUBLISHING HOUSE, INC.

https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199385423/student/ch6/
mcq/

https://www.avatto.com/computer-science/test/mcqs/mathematical-logic/
questions/4/1.html

https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~gill/BWLectSite/Resources/C1U2Lomc.pdf