Prepared by: Engr. Jan Nathan A.

Anastacio
▪ Structural Analysis – calculating the magnitude of the forces and the deformations
it caused.
▪ Structural Design – arrangement and proportioning of structures and their parts so
that they will satisfactorily support the loads to which they may be subjected.
▪ Structural analysis evolved over several
thousand years.
▪ The Egyptians and other ancient builders
had some kinds of empirical rules drawn
from previous experiences for determining
sizes of structural members.
▪ However, there is no evidence that they
had developed any theory of structural
analysis.
▪ The Egyptian Imhotep who built the great
step pyramid of Sakkara in about 3000
B.C.E. is sometimes referred to as the
world’s first structural engineer.
▪ The Greeks built some magnificent structures but their contributions to structural theory
were few and far between.
▪ Pythagoras (582-500 B.C.E.) is famous for the right-angle theorem that bears his name.
▪ Archimedes (287-212 B.C.E.) developed some fundamental principles of statics and
introduced the term center of gravity.
Pythagoras Archimedes
▪ The development of the Hindu-Arabic system of numbers is one of the greatest and most
noteworthy contributions to structural analysis.
▪ Unknown Hindu mathematicians in the 2nd or 3rd century B.C.E. originated a numbering
system of one to nine. In about 600 C.E., the Hindus invented the symbol sunya (meaning
empty), which we call zero.
▪ The Mayan Indians of Central America, however, had apparently developed the concept of
zero about 300 years earlier.
▪ In the 8th century C.E., the Arabs learned this numbering system. A Persian mathematician
wrote a book that included the system which was translated into Latin and brought to
Europe.
▪ Pope Sylvester II decreed that the Hindu-Arabic numbers were to be used by Christians.
▪ Before real advances could be made with structural analysis, it was necessary for the
science of mechanics of materials to be developed.
▪ French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb and French engineer-mathematician
Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier are said to have founded the science of mechanics of
materials.
▪ Andrea Palladio, an Italian engineer, is thought to have been the first person to use
modern trusses.
▪ It was before 1847 before the first rational method of analyzing jointed trusses was
introduced by Squire Whipple.
▪ Several excellent methods for calculating deflections:
▪ James Clerk Maxwell: Reciprocal Deflection Theorem
▪ Otto Mohr: Method of Elastic Weights
▪ Carlo Alberto Castigliano: Least Work Theorem
▪ Charles E. Greene: Moment Area Theorem
▪ One method for analyzing continuous statically indeterminate beam – the three moment
theorem – was introduced by Frenchman B.P.E. Clapeyron, and was used for analyzing
many railroad bridges.
▪ Otto Mohr also published the method of consistent distortions for analyzing statically
indeterminate beam.
▪ The advent of railroads gave a great deal of impetus to the development of structural
analysis.
▪ It was suddenly necessary to build long-span bridges capable of carrying very heavy
moving loads.
▪ As a result, the computation of stresses and strains became increasingly important as did
the need to analyze statically determinate structures.
▪ In the United States, two great developments in statically indeterminate structure
analysis were made by G.A. Maney and Hardy Cross.
▪ In 1915, Maney presented the slope deflection method, whereas Cross introduced the
moment distribution in 1924.
▪ When designing a structure to serve a specified function for public use, the engineer must
account for its safety, esthetics, and serviceability, while taking into consideration
economic and environmental constraints.
▪ Once preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the structure must then be analyzed
to ensure that it has its required stiffness and strength.
▪ To analyze the structure properly, certain idealizations must be made as to how the
members are supported and connected together.
▪ The loadings are determined from codes and local specifications, and the forces in the
members and their displacements are found using theory of structural analysis.
▪ The result of the analysis are used to redesign the structure, accounting for a more
accurate determination of the weight of the member and their size.
▪ Structural design follows a series of successive approximations in which every cycle
requires structural analysis.
▪ Ties. Structural members subjected to
tensile forces are often referred to
as tie rods or bracing struts. Due to
the nature of this load, these
members are rather slender, and are
often chosen from rods, bars,
angles, or channels.
▪ Struts. Those members that are subjected
to axial compression forces only.
Like ties, struts can be loaded only
at their ends and cannot resist
flexural forces.
▪ Beams. Beams are usually straight
horizontal members used primarily
to carry vertical loads.
▪ Columns. Members that are generally
vertical and resist axial compressive
loads are referred to as columns.
Occasionally, columns are subjected
to both an axial load and a bending
moment. These members are
referred to as beam columns.
▪ Diaphragm. Structural components that are flat plates. They are commonly used for
floors and shear-resisting walls. Diaphragms usually span between beams or
columns.