1.

THE STAGES OF WRITING

P-rewriting WRITING (DRAFTING)

O-utlining The writer uses the organized information and

turn it to a series of paragraphs for the essay
W-riting

E-diting
EDITING STAGE
R-ewriting (PROOFREADING)
The writer reads their draft and looks for errors
(COPS)
PREWRITING (PLANNING)
-Capitalization
The writer gathers information for their essay.
-Organization
-Brainstorming
-Punctuation
-Concept mapping
-Spelling
-Researching

REWRITING STAGE
OUTLINING (ORGANIZING)
(PUBLISHING)
The writer sorts their ideas to see if their
The writer changes the draft after considering the
thoughts are organized
errors, and finally writes again the essay
-Introduction

-Body

-Conclusion

COHERENCE AND COHENSION

To achieve organization of ideas, we should have

coherent sentences and paragraphs

:The coherence of an essay depends on order of

ideas and use of cohesive devices to link the
sentences

COHESIVE DEVICES (TRANSITION WORDS)

Use to connect sentences, it helps establish the

relationship among ideas
2. TOULMIN METHOD (for HOOK
argumentative essay)
Techniques in writing the introduction
Logical Method of
1. ANECDOTE
Reasoning
Share a related story
BY: Stephen e. toulmin 2. DEFINITION
Define an important term
3. QUOTATION
Use a saying
Parts of toulmin:
4. QUESTIONS
A. INTRODUCTION Use series of questions
5. ANALOGY
1. CLAIM
Relate connected ideas
B. BODY 6. TRIVIA
Use interesting ideas
1. DATA 7. STATISTICS
Use interesting ideas
2. WARRANT

3. BACKING BODY

C. CONCLUSION DATA (CITATION)

1. COUNTER CLAIM Evidence supporting your claim

2. REBUTTAL WARRANT (REASON)

Explanation of the data

BACKING (OPTIONAL)

Elaboration of the warrant

INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
Claim
COUNTER CLAIM (COUNTER)
Value position
Disagreement to the claim
-Agree
REBUTTAL
-Disagree
Disagreement to the counter, reiteration of claim
3. TYPES OF TEXTS PLAIN FOLKS (ORDINARY
PEOPLE)
P - PERSUASIVE
It implies that regular people can be relatable
I - INFORMATIVE
#i can relate to this!
A – ARGUMENTATIVE TESTIMONIAL (CELEBRITIES)

It uses a famous person to influence the audience

PERSUASIVE #i trust celebrities and experts!

- To convince LOADED LANGUAGE

(OFFERS/PROMISES)
- To persuade
It highlights positive words
INFORMATIVE
#those words are powerful!
- To give information
- To educate EMOTIONAL APPEAL (STRONG
FEELINGS)
ARGUMENTATIVE
Uses words that evoke strong feelings
- To express opinion #so much feels
- - to argue
ETHICAL APPEAL (MORAL
STANDARD)

4. PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES It taps into people’s values

WHAT? #The way to do good, for good

- The act of convincing someone to do something NAME CALLING (COMPARISON)

HOW? It is a contrast style of persuation that creates

negative impact to other brand
- In order to convince people, persuasive
techniques are used #Brand X VS Brand Y

BANDWAGON (MAJORITY) TRANSFER (CONNECTIONS)

It is used to influence people by telling them that It links a positive attribute to the product to create
they should be part of the majority a favourable effects to the audience

#Everyone else is doing it! #connections

5. CRITIQUE REVIEW 6. LITERARY CRITICISM
It is a method used to interpret any given
Is a serious examination and judgement, giving
work of literature
critical commentary on the quality of a text

- Objective How does literary criticism work?

- Unbiased - Literary Lens (Approach)
- Review - Literature
- Literary criticism
What can we critique?
STRUCTURALISM (Claude
STORIES Levi-Strauss)

Novels, fairy tales, myths, fables, anime, manga It focuses on form of language to understand the
text. Form over content
NON-FICTION
-grammar
Essays, anecdotes, biographies, documentaries
-vocabulary
POETRY
-language
Epic, ballad, songs, sonnets, elegy, comedy, tragedy
FORMALISM (John Crowe
MOVIES
Ransom)
Films, short clips, videos
“New Criticism.” Only focuses on its elements and
literary devices are analyse

STEPS -Direct critique

D.A.I.A MORALISM (Plato)

Teaches values, morals, ethics, and virtues to its

audience.
DESCRIBE
#LessonLearned
- Present the background
MARXISM (Karl Marx)
ANALYZE
Exhibits how social and economic aspects
- Examine the parts for the meaning
contribute to the struggle in power considering the
INTERPRET social classes

- State the important points #PoorvsRich

ASSESS FEMINISM (Simone De

Beauvoir)
- Judge or criticize
Focuses on how the female characters are treated
in the given literature
HISTORICAL (Michaela
Foucault)

“Biographical.” The background of the author as a

factor in text creation

#Author’s Background

READER-RESPONSE ( Martin
Heidegger)

Own viewpoint in response to the author

#personalcriticism