4 TYPES OF WRITING
Expository- inform or explain the subject
Narrative- tell a story
Persuasive- opinion of the writer; intents to influence
reader
Descriptive- paint a picture; incorporates imagery
BRAINSTORMING- It is the most popular tool in
generating creative and rich ideas.
Individual brainstorming - produces more ideas.
Group brainstorming - produces ideas that are wider in
range and greater in depth.
METHODS IN BRAINSTORMING
IDEA LIST- listing ideas about a particular topic, find main
idea and supporting details
IDEA MAP- visual representation of ideas and their
connection with one another; shows how idea
subordinates another idea
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER- visual representations;
information into organization patterns;
TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
VENN DIAGRAM- compare and contrast ideas
NETWORK TREE- hierarchy, classification and branching
SPIDER MAP- investigate and enumerate various aspects
of a central idea
PROBLEM-SOLUTION MAP- displays the problem and
how it can be solved
TIMELINE
PLOT DIAGRAM- map events in a story
SERIES OF EVENTS CHAIN- logical sequence of events
FISHBONE MAP- show the casual relationship of a
complex phenomenon
CYCLE- how a series of events interact to produce a set
of results repeatedly.
PERSUASION MAP- map out arguments that prove a
viewpoint
GENRE- primary content and tone of writing
PROSE- latin[PROSA ORATIO] meaning straightforward,
everyday speech and language
FICTION- invented by the writer
NOVEL- book length, typically representing character and
action with some degree of realism.
SHORT STORY- shorter and less elaborate than a novel
FOLKTALES- book length, typically representing character
and action with some degree of realism.
NONFICTION- real people, places, things and events
BIOGRAPHY- account of a person’s life written by
someone else
AUTOBIOGRPAHY- account of a person’s life written by
that person
ESSAYS- short piece of writing on a particular subject
POETRY- charged with musical quality; highly charged
with meaning
NARRATIVE POEMS- poems that tell a story
EPIC- long, narrative poems written in a dignified style,
that celebrate the adventures and achievements of one
or more heroic figures of legend, history, or religion.
BALLADS- poems that tell a story, often dealing with
adventure and romance.
FREE VERSE- not written in a regular rhythmical pattern
or meter
SONNETS- form of rhyming lyric poetry with fourteen
lines that follow an iambic pentameter rhyme scheme;
each line has ten syllables; and every other syllable is
accented.
HAIKU- consists of 17 syllables arranged in 3 lines, 5
syllables in the first line, 7 in the second, and 5 in the
third.
DRAMA- A story told in dialogue by performers before an
audience. It includes television plays, radio plays,
andeven movies.
COMEDY- humorous and has happy ending
TRAGEDY- person of heroic or dignified stature suffers a
downfall

MELODRAMA- full of exciting events; exaggerated to be

real

HISTORICAL DREAM- play that takes place in the past and

is based on real events.

FIGURES OF SPEECH- depart from straightforward literal

language

SIMILE- is the comparison of two Unlike things using like,

as

METAPHOR- comparison of two unlike things or

expressions, sometimes using the verb “to be,”

ALLITERATION- repetition of initial consonant

ASSONANCE- vowels in the middle of neighboring words

PERSONIFICATION- giving human qualities to things not

human

HYPERBOLE- exaggeration/ overstatement

ANAPHORA- word repeated multiple times

IRONY- statement conveys exact opposite meaning

OXYMORON- opposite words used side by side

ONOMATOPEIA- imitates the sound it represents

READING- Lapp and Flood (1978) defined according to 6. Drafting- collect information for your topic; focus on the
two types, a decoding process- breaking down of written content and organization not on grammar and mechanics
codes, Comprehension process
7. Feedback- initial work being critique
WRITING- method of representing language in visual or
8. Revising- act of improving based on the feedback
tactile form, a system of graphic symbols
9. editing- proofreading your work
Why do we write: EXPRESS, ENTERTAIN, DESCRIBE,
EXPLAIN, PERSUADE, SOLVE PROBLEMS, EXPLORE AND 10. Publishing- share your work with other people
LEARN
BASIC READING SKILLS
Non-critical thinking- accept things without examining,
RAPID READING- locate specific information or main idea in
based on emotions, without proof or evidence
a short time
Critical Thinking- complex thought processes which
a. Skimming- overview of the paragraph
allows to make reasoned judgements
b. Locating Main Ideas- identification of the central
LEVELS OF THINKING message
c. Scanning- quick reading strategy which aims to get
OLD VERSION- Evalutation, synthesis, analysis,
specific information from a given text
application, comprehension and knowledge (ESAACK)
PREVIEWING- a skill wherein a reader looks over material
NEW VERSION- Creating, evaluating, analysing, applying,
and focuses on the info he/she finds relevant
understanding and remembering (CEAAUR)
LITERAL MEANING- understanding of ideas directly stated in
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS- ook at things from
the printed material
different perspectives decide without being manipulated
by emotions avoid biases and fallacies distinguish facts BASIC WRITING SKILLS
from opinions
WRITING SKILL- include spelling, capitalization,
READING PROCESS punctuation…
1. Pre-reading- induce the reader’s motivation; GENERATING TEXT- putting our though into words
activate their schema or background knowledge
PLANNING AND EDITING- especially after the earliest
2. While-reading- getting the meaning of the
grades, good writing involves planning, revising, and editing
words through context clues , predicting,
your own work.
inferencing, monitoring, comprehension, and
annotating. Writing knowledge - Writing knowledge includes an
3. Post-reading- include reflecting, summarizing, understanding of discourse and genre.
paraphrasing, conclusions and journal writing
DEVELOPMENTAL READING- A systematic instruction in
WRITING PROCESS which aims to develop the students’ reading skills.
1. Preparation- establish your purpose for writing FUNCTIONAL READING- help students learn basic functions
2. Modeling- different works similar in nature reading ability.
3. Generating ideas- collect information for your
topic PLEASURE READING- aims to provide enjoyment and
3 prewriting activities entertainment.
a. Brainstorming REMEDIAL READING- correct the effect of poor teaching and
b. Freewriting poor learning.
c. Clustering/Mapping
4. Focusing on a topic- narrow down your topic
5. Organizing ideas- organize your idea in a outline