LITERARY GENRES
Fiction – desired truth
Poetry – truth from the heart
Drama – reflection of truth
Nonfiction - truth
POETRY
- a literary work in which special intensity is given
to the expression of feelings and ideas by the
use of distinctive style and rhythm
- writing that formulates a concentrated
imaginative awareness of experience in
language chosen and arranged to create a
specific emotional response through meaning,
sound, and rhythm
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1. RHYME SCHEME - a pattern of rhymes that is
created by using words that produce the same,
or similar sounds
2. DICTION - the denotative and connotative
meaning of the words in a poem
3. SENSES & IMAGES - used by the writer to
describe their impressions of their topic or
object of writing
4. POETIC DEVICES - tools that a poet uses to
enhance a poem's meaning, mood & feeling
SENSES & IMAGES
1. Visual imagery – what the writer wants you to
see
2. Olfactory imagery – what the writer wants you
to smell
3. Gustatory imagery – what the writer wants you
to taste
4. Tactile imagery - what the writer wants you to
feel
5. Auditory imagery – what the writer wants you
to hear
DICTION:
1. Denotative – literal
2. Connotative – figurative
RHYME SCHEME:
1. END RHYME - rhyme that occurs at the ends of
verse lines
2. INTERNAL RHYME - when two or more words
rhyme within the same line of poetry
3. ENJAMBMENT - the continuation of a sentence
without a pause beyond the end of a line,
couplet, or stanza
4. FREE VERSE - poetry that does not rhyme or
have a regular meter
5. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE - The imaginative
language that makes a poem rich to a reader.
POETIC DEVICES:
1. ALLITERATION - the repetition of initial letter
sounds (at the start of the words) in closely
connected words
2. ASSONANCE - the close repetition of similar
vowel sounds
3. CONSONANCE - consonant sounds repeated in
the middle or at the end of a word.
4. Cacophony - sounds that are unpleasant and
harsh to the ear. Usually, cacophony is achieved
through repeating “s”, “c”, “k” or other,
similarly harsh-sounding sounds.
5. Euphony - sounds that are very pleasant to the
ear. The opposite of cacophony.
6. Onomatopoeia - a word that suggests the sound
of what it's describing.
POETRY ANALYSIS:
1. S – structure (rhyme scheme)
2. M – meaning (theme, diction)
3. I – imagery (sense, images)
4. L – language (figurative, poetic device)
5. E – effect (emotional response)
FICTION
- literature in the form of prose, especially short
stories and novels, that describes imaginary
events and people— in other words, not based
strictly on history or fact
TYPES OF FICTION
1. Short story
2. Novella
3. Novel
KINDS OF FICTION
1. Straight Fiction – Ang Diary ng Panget
2. Fantasy & Science Fiction – Capt. Barbell
3. Historical Fiction – Dekada ‘70
ANALYSIS OF TEXTS - Examining the content by breaking
down the different elements of the text
ELEMENTS OF THE STORY:
Plot Setting Characters Conflict Climax Resolution
PLOT - refers to the sequence of events inside a story
which affect other events through the principle of cause
and effect
Exposition Rising Action Climax Falling Action
Denouement
CHARACTERS - are the persons we meet in the story
CHARACTERIZATION - refers to the development or the
description of the character in the story
POINT OF VIEW - is the lens through which readers look
at the world in the story
1ST omniscient – i
1st plural – we
2nd – you
3rd – he
SETTING - both the time and geographic location within
a narrative or story
ATMOSPHERE - refers to the feeling, emotion, or mood
a writer conveys to the readers
SYMBOLISMS - The use of symbols to signify ideas and
qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are
different from their literal sense.
DIALOGUE - the written or spoken conversational
exchange between two or more characters
IRONY - The expression of one’s meaning by using
language that normally signifies the opposite
1. verbal irony – when what is said by the
character is not what he or she originally meant
2. situational irony – when the actual outcome of
a situation is different from the expected
outcome (also known as twists and turns in a
story)
3. dramatic irony – when the readers know more
than the characters in the story
NONFICTION
- writing that is based on FACTS, REAL events,
REAL places, and REAL people
BIOGRAPHY - a detailed description of a person's life. It
involves more than just the basic facts like education,
work, relationships, and death.
1. Authorized Biography - written with the
permission, cooperation, and at times,
participation of a subject or a subject's heirs
2. Unauthorized Biography - is written without the
permission or presence of the subject or a
subject's relatives
AUTO-BIOGRAPHY - An account of a person's life
written by the person himself.
PERSONAL JOURNAL - a daily written record of personal
experiences and observations. This usually consists of
short pieces of writing each day
DIARY - Similar to journals, diaries contain a daily
account of experiences. The difference is diaries include
personal thoughts and feelings. While a journal is more
based on facts, A diary can have a person's deepest
secrets and desires; as such, it is usually not meant to
be shared with anyone.
MEMOIRS - extremely similar to diaries because it
relates the author's personal experiences and can
reveal the narrator's personal feelings. But memoirs are
different because they are not written daily, and are
meant to be published and shared.
LETTERS - a written message addressed to a person or
an institution
DRAMA
- a composition in prose form that presents a
story entirely told in dialogue and action and
written with the intention of its eventual
performance before an audience
HISTORY OF PH THEATER
- began just like any other genre of literature –
with precolonial indigenous drama
- these constitute rituals, verbal jousts or games,
and songs and dances praising their respective
gods
- eventually, when Spaniards came, these
indigenous dramas were discarded and were
changed into mainly 2 categories: comedia or
komedya and zarzuela or sarsuela
- these dramas were used to capture the
imaginations and the hearts of the Filipinos
MORO – MORO - plays that depict the lives, loves, and
wars of Moors and Christians
ZARZUELA - type of theater that is musical in nature – it
is both spoken and sung
MODERN PH THEATER - incorporated many modern
elements to keep it relevant to its audience it still
attacks contemporary issues and portrays the real lives
of Filipinos here and abroad
CRITISM
- the expression of disapproval of someone or
something based on perceived faults or
mistakes.
- the expression of disapproval of someone or
something based on perceived faults or
mistakes.
- the analysis and judgment of the merits and
faults of a literary or artistic work
LITERARY CRITICISM
- The study, evaluation, and interpretation of
literature
- A way of looking at literature from different
perspectives
LITERARY THEORIES - are the lenses we wear while
reading literature
CONTEXTUAL READING APROACHES
 Historical-Biographical Context
 Socio-cultural Context
 Linguistic Context
HISTORICAL-BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT
Biographical - focuses on connection of work to author’s
personal experiences
• What aspects of the author’s personal life are
relevant to this story?
• Which of the author’s stated beliefs are
reflected in the work?
• Do any of the events in the story correspond to
events experienced by the author?
Historicism - used to understand literary texts via the
historical context (basic world view) in which they are
written
• How does it reflect the time in which it was
written?
• How does the story reflect the attitudes and
beliefs of the time in which it was written or
set? (beliefs and attitudes related to race,
religion, politics, gender, society, philosophy,
etc.)
LINGUISTIC CONTEXT
Formalism (new criticism) - it emphasizes on the form of
a literary work to determine its meaning, focusing on
literary elements and how they work to create meaning.
Meaning is fixed and does not change
• What is the theme of the story?
• How do the characters, plot, and setting
develop the story?
• What symbolisms, figures of speech, poetic
devices, imagery are used?
Reader-Response - It asserts that a great deal of
meaning in a text lies with how the reader responds to
it.
Reader + reading situation + text = meaning
• How do you feel about the text?
• Explain how the text connects to an experience
you've had?
SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT
Archetypal - This approach focuses on connections to
other literature, mythological/biblical allusions,
archetypal images, symbols, characters, and themes
 • How does this remind you of experiences and
journeys taken by other characters in
literature?
• What symbols or concepts in the text remind
you of other ideologies and philosophies you
have read? (prophecy, the quest, hero's
weakness, Cinderella complex)
New Historicism - Tries to look beyond the basic world
view at the time. It also examines cultural and social
movements to reach a more actualized picture of
history inclusive of the minorities and oppressed.
• What historical events or movements might
have influenced the writer?
• Does the story reveal or contradict the
prevailing values of the time in which it was
written?
• Does it provide an opposing view of the period’s
prevailing values?
Psychoanalytic - It views a text as a revelation of its
author's mind and personality. It is based on the study
of Sigmund Freud. It focuses on the hidden motives of
the characters and that the characters are a reflection
of the author
• How can characters' behavior, narrative events,
and/or images be explained in terms of
psychoanalytic concepts (fear or fascination,
behavior, identity crisis, Oedipus/ Elektra
complex, etc.)
• What does the work suggest about the
psychological being of its author?
Marxism - Emphasizes economic and social conditions.
It is based on the political theory of Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels. Marxism examines the way in which
people are exploited by dominant groups through
power, money, and politics
• Who has power or control in the text and how
does this power operate and change as the text
progresses?
• At what point do characters recognize the
oppression that prevails in the society?
Feminism - Concerned with the role, position, and
influence of women in literary texts. This approach aims
for equality between men and women in the society
• How are women represented in the text?
• How do women exercise their power in the
text?
Gender/Queer Theory - Questions and problematizes
the issues of gender identity and sexual orientation in
literary texts.
• What elements in the text exist in the middle,
between the perceived masculine/feminine
binary?
• How does the literary text illustrate the
problems of sexuality and sexual "identity”?
OTHER LITERARY THEORIES
• Romanticism
• Modernism
• Realism
• Structuralism
• Poststructuralism
• Postcolonialism
• Deconstruction
DEAD STARS CHARACTERS:
1. Alfredo Salazar - He is a lawyer and a man who
is afflicted with the love of two women, his wife
Esperanza and another woman Julia Salas.
2. Esperanza – woman of exquisite beauty, charm
and wit
3. Julia Salas – other woman; thoughtful,
beautiful, energetic; complete opposite of
Alfredo
4. Don Julian – Alfredo’s father
5. Carmen – Alfredo’s sister
6. Vicente – Carmen’s husband
7. Judge Del Valle – Julia’s brother in law
8. Donna Adella – Julia’s sister
9. Dionisio – Donna Adella’s husband
10. Calixta – friend of Esperanza; the reason for the
exposition of Alfredo’s deceit and hypocrisy
11. Brigida Samuy - woman Alfredo is sent to learn
about as part of his professional work
THE SUMMER SOLSTICE CHARACTERS:
1. Donya Lupeng – women with three sons
2. Don Paeng – moral husband of Donya Lupeng
3. Amada – housemaid/cook of the Moretas
4. Entoy – carriage driver
5. Guido – cousin of Don Paeng
THE VIRGIN CHARACTERS:

1. Miss Mijares – 34-year old woman who works in

the placement section of an agency
2. Carpenter – tall, big man, walking with an
economy of movement