ASEAN LITERATURE

LITERATURE – derived from the latin word “litera” w/c THE 7 LITERARY STANDARDS
means letter or words.
1. UNIVERSALITY – appeals to everyone regardless of
culture, race, sex, and time w/c are considered significant.
- is the total of preserved writings/spoken words 2. PERMANENCE – endures across time and draw out the
belonging to a given language or people. time factor: TIMELINESS, occurring at a particular time,
- expresses significant human experiences. and TIMELESSNESS, remaining invariably throughout time.
3. ARTISTRY – has an aesthetic appeal to everyone.
LITERARY TYPES: BASED ON STRUCTURE
4. INTELLECTUAL VALUE – stimulates critical thinking.
PROSE
5. SUGGESTIVENESS – unravels and conjures man’s
1. Novels
emotional power to define symbolisms and etc.
2. Short Story
6. SPIRITUAL VALUE – elevates the spirit and the soul.
3. Plays
7. STYLE – presents peculiar ways on how man sees life.
4. Legends
5. Fables LITERARY DEVICES – refers to the typical structures used
6. Anecdotes by writers in their works to convey his/her message in a
7. Essay simple manner to his/her readers.
8. Biography
9. News LITERARY DEVICE TWO ASPECTS:
10. Oration
LITERARY ELEMENTS – have an inherent existence in
NON-PROSE (poetry)
literary piece and are extensively employed by writers to
1. Narrative Poetry
develop a literary piece.
- Epic
- Metrical Tale 1. Plot – logical sequence of events that develops a
- Ballads story.
2. Lyric Poetry 2. Setting – refers to the time and place in which a
- Folk Songs story takes place.
- Sonnets 3. Protagonist – “good guy”
- Elegy 4. Antagonist – “bad guy”
- Ode 5. Point of View – person or entity through whom
- Psalms the reader experiences the story.
- Awit 6. Conflict – an issue in a narrative around w/c the
- Corridos whole story revolves.
3. Dramatic Poetry 7. Mood – general atmosphere of a narrative.
8. Tone – “attitude” of the speaker.
LITERARY TYPES: BASED ON CONTENT 9. Theme – central idea or concept of a story.
1. Fiction or “literature of power”
- Myths LITERARY TECHNIQUES – structures usually a words or
- Poems phrases in literary texts that writers employ to achieve not
- Short Stories merely artistic ends but also readers a greater
- Novels understanding and appreciation of their literary works.
- Plays
1. SYMBOLISM – refers in using an object or action
2. Non-fiction or “literature of knowledge”
that means something more than its literal
- Biographies
meaning. Ex. Pink – fight against breast cancer.
- News
2. FLASHBACK – tells an interjected scene of the
story that takes it back in time from the current
point in the story.
3. FLASH FORWARD – tells a scene that takes the
narrative to a future time from the current point
of the story.
4. CLIFFHANGER- tells an abrupt ending which
places the main characters in a perilous situation
with no resolution.
5. FORESHADOWING – important hints that an
author drops to prepare the reader for what is to
come and help the reader anticipate the
outcome.
6. IMAGERY – use of figurative language to create
visual representations of actions, objects and
ideas in our mind in such a way that they appeal
to our different senses.
7. SIMILE AND METAPHOR – both compare two
distinct objects and draws similarity between
them. The difference is that Simile uses “as” or
“like” and Metaphor does not.
8. PERSONIFICATION – attribution of human
qualities to something that is non-human like
objects and animals. Ex. The flowers are dancing
beside the lake.
9. HYPERBOLE – deliberate exaggeration of actions
and ideas for the sake of emphasis. Ex. I’m so sad
that I’m drowning in tears.
FEMINISM
FEMENIST LITERATURE – often associated with the
literary pieces written by women that deal with
women in the society.
- also involves character which chide the common
gender norms dominated with masculinity.
- this approach gives an impact to the voice of women.
NEW HISTORICISM – deals with the cultural context
during writing of the piece of literature.
- this approach interprets literature for its meaning or
idea in a particular socio-historical atmosphere.
FORMALISM OR NEW CRITICISM – the formalists’
interpretation of work of art is formulated by the
information and details of the piece itself.
- formalists focus is on rhetorical and logical
connections within the writing.
SUMMARY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERARY
WORKS
KWENTO NI MABUTI
Writer: Genoveva Edroza-Matute – she is a feminist
writer. One of her masterpiece is “Kwento ni Mabuti”
which won in Palanca Award for Short story in Filipino in
1951.
Characters:
1. Mabuti – an ordinary public-school teacher who is trying
to make her students realized the importance of studying.
2. Fe – student of Mabuti.
Type of Conflict: Man vs Herself
TATA SELO
Writer: Rogelio Sikat “Rogelio Sikat” was a prolific Filipino
novelist, playwright and short story writer. One of his
masterpiece is the story of “Tata Selo” w/c won the
second prize in the Carlos Palanca Award for 1963.
Type of Conflict: Man vs Society
VIETNAM LITERATURE
VIETNAM LITERATURE – consists of two parts, namely folk
literature and written literature.
Folk Literature – oral literature.
Written Literature – includes kanji, “chu Nom” (Nom
letters) and “chu Qouc ngu” (national language)
3 MAIN TYPES OF VIETANAMESE LITERATURE:
1. TRUYEN (traditional oral literature)
2. HAN VIET (Chinese-Vietnamese literature)
3. QOUC AM (modern literature, or anything
written in the romanticized qouc ngu alphabet)
TONE RULE
TONES - are among the most important elements in
most of Vietnamese verse forms.
TONES OF VIETNAMESE (based on their falling and rising
nature)
BANG (flat) – this category comprises two tones: ngang
and huyen.
TRAC (sharp or non-flat) – this category comprises four
tones: sac, hoi, nga, nang.
RHYME SCHEME RULE: 2 KINDS OF RHYMES IN ELEMENTS OF THO TAM CHU ARE:
VIETNAMESE POETRY
1. Stanzaic, written in any number of either
1. VAN GIAU (rich rhymes) – when two words have tercets, quatrains or septets.
the same final sound and their tones come from 2. Measured by the number of words in the line, 8
the same category. words per line.
2. VAN NGHEO (poor rhymes) – when two words 3. Rhymed
have nearly similar final sound and their tones
come from the same category.

DIFFERENT POETIC FORMS IN VIETNAM

THO BON CHU or FOUR WORD VERSE – is written as its
name implies, measuring the number of words per line
rather that syllables.

ELEMENTS OF THE THO BON CHU ARE:

1. Stanzaic – written in series of couplets.

2. Measured by the number of words in the line,
each lines has 4 words. Ex. Sounds normal to
shout.

THO SAU CHU or SIX-WORD VERSE – is measured by word

count and uses either alternate or envelope rhyme. It can
be written in quatrains or octaves. When written in
octaves, it is called Six-Eight Poetry.

ELEMENTS OF THE THO SAU CHU ARE:

1. Stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. It

can also be written in any number of octaves.
2. Measured by word count, 6 words per line.
3. Rhymed, either alternate, abab cdcd etc.

THO BAY CHU or SEVEN WORD POETRY – is written with

seemingly more flexible tonal pattern than most Viet verse
with the exception of when an end word in the first line is
flat, the 3rd word must be sharp and when the end word
of second line is sharp, the 4th word in the line must be
flat.

ELEMENTS OF THE THO BAY CHU ARE:

1. Stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains

2. Measured by number of words, 7 words per line.
3. Rhymed

THO TAM CHU or EIGHT WORD POETRY – appears to be

more flexible in stanza length as well as tonal and end
rhyme.