LIT 1-REVIEWER
CONCEPT OF LITERATURE  literary theory
Literature is the work of art which use language
creatively to express human realities. It uses in
particular way in order to reflect social realities through
artistic use of language. It is a record of significant
human experience written in words well- chosen and
arranged. This argument involves the decision of the
written literary text and concepts that are very
specifically associated.
GOALS OF TEACHING LITERATURE
1. develop and/or enhance learner’s imagination and
creativity.
2. develop student character and emotional maturity
3. develop creative thinking
4. develop literary appreciation and refine one’s
reading taste
THREE (3) APPROACHES TO LITERARY STUDY
1. LANGUAGE BASED
2. LITERATURE AS CONTENT
3. LITERATURE FOR PERSONAL ENRICHMENT
IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE IN SOCIETY
 EXPANDING HORIZONS
First foremost literature opens our eyes and makes
us see more than just what the front door shows.
 BUILDING CRITICAL THINKING
Many of us learn what critical thinking is in our
language art a class.
 A LEAP INTO THE PAST
History and literature are entwined with each
other.
APPRICIATION FOR THE OTHER CULTURES AND
BELIEFS – reading and writing history.
BETTER WRITING SKILL- when you open a book, eye
read the words and you take in its contents.
ADDRESING HUMANITY- all literature whether it be
poems, essays, novels, or short story help us address
human and condition which affect all people.
BASICS (plot, setting, narration/point of view,
characterization, symbol, metaphor, genre,
irony/ambiguity)
KEY CONCEPT
 historical concept
 social, political, economic context
 ideology
 multiple voices
 various critical orientations
SHORT STORY
- usually written in prose and is often in a narrative
format; much shorter than a novel.
Basic Elements of a Story
 Settings
 Characters
- Flat - remains the same throughout the story
- Dynamic - change over time in the story
 Plot
- Exposition - beginning
- Rising action - solution is introduced
- Climax - turning point highest part
- Falling action – resolution of major conflict
- Denouement - final part
 Conflict – problem and heart of the story
- internal conflict - conflicted with personal issues.
- external conflict – brought by an outside force.
 Point of view – perspective of the narrator
- 1st person – related to the eye of a person
- 2nd person – narrator seems talking its readers
- 3rd person – tells the story like an observer or
spectator.
 Limited – tells what unfolds in the story’
 Omniscient – all that is happening in the story’
 Limited Omniscient - narrator can only see into
one character's mind.
 Theme – express the messages
The Poetry
- literary work in which special tensity is given to the
expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive
style and rhythm.
Types of Poetry
 Haiku
- ancient form of japanese poetry
- very popular all over the world
- 5-7-5
 Free Verse
- popular style of modern poetry
- freedom to decide
 Sonnet
- soneto (little song)
- short rhythming poem with 14 lines
- Dante Alighieri - explorer
- Giacomo de Lentini - invented sonnet
- William Shakespeare - wrote some sonnet
- Francesco Petrarca - popularized
 Acrostic
- spells out a name, word, phrases or message with the
first letter of each line of the poem. Acronym
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 Villanelle - a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically
- old form of poetry from France representing character and action with some degree of
- lots of rules realism.
- 19 lines, 5 stanza, 4 lines (quatrain) - a relatively long work of narrative fiction, typically
 LIMERICK written in prose and published as a book.
- funny (sometimes rude) - Italian word novella “new”
- popular by Edward Lear
 ODE Different Elements of novel
- oldest form of poetry/ ancient Greece 1. Theme- underlying meaning
- ode means aeidein meaning sing/chant 2. Characters - a person or animals
 ELEGY  Protagonist- main character, fate matters most
- about loved one who passed away  Antagonist - opposing character
- can also be written about group of people  Love interest- lover or potential lover
 BALLAD  Confidant - listen protagonist secret
- old/traditional  Deuteragonists - second most important
- tealls a dramatic/ emotional story character
 Tertiary characters - show up 1 or 2 times
BASIC ELEMENTS  The foil - contrast another character
1. RHYME - repetition of similar sounds 3. Setting - location and time frame
2. METER -systematic regularly in rhythm - Place
3. SCHEME - rhyming pattern w/thin a verse od - Time
poetry - Weather Condition
4. VERSE- a single metrical line in a poetic - Social Condition
composition - Physical location
5. STANZA -set of lines that are grouped together in a - Background events
poem 4. Plot
- Exposition - background info and settings explain
THE DRAMA - Rising action - lay down breadcrumbs
- one of the literary genres that imitates an action - Climax - highest point
- story written which is intended to performed in stage - Falling action - tension starts to ease down
- created as a result of religious component - Conclusion - last part
5. Conflict -a conflict is a literary device characterized
Elements of Drama by a struggle between two opposing forces
 Plot - order of events • Character vs. Self.
 Character • Character vs. Character
 Tension/ Suspense- anticipating something scare • Character vs. Nature.
or significant or dramatic • Character vs. Supernatural
 Language- key element, can connect with people • Character vs. Technology
 Spectacle- setting and what audience sees • Character vs. Society.
6. Point of view - the vantage point from which a story
TYPES OF DRAMA is presented.
1. Tragedy • first-person
- main character is struggling against dynamic forces • second-person
- sad ending • third-person omniscient
2. Comedy • third-person limited
- aims to make audience laugh • third-person objective.
- its tone is lights and happy ending 7. Style - escribes the ways that the author uses words
3. Melodrama the author's word choice, sentence structure, figurative
- people’s emotions are very exaggerated. language, and sentence arrangement all work together
- lot of exciting part or sad events to establish mood, images, and meaning in the text.
4. Tragicomedy • Persuasive - trying to convince
- mixture of tragedy and comedy • Narrative - conveys what they want to say
• Expository - is a subject-oriented style.
The Novel • Descriptive - uses poetic images
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Oral Lore from Pre-Colonial Times and Selected
Literary Works of Sawikain, Salawikain, Bugtong,
Epiko, Legends, and Lyric Poetry
ORAL LORE
Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human
communication wherein knowledge, art, ideas and
cultural material is received, preserved, and
transmitted orally from one generation to another.
Forms of Literature
a. Proverbs
- also called Salawikain, are short poems
customarily used and served as laws or
rules on good behaviors by our
ancestors.
- Expression of wisdom based on
common and real-life experiences
b. Idioms
- Sawikain are idiomatic expressions.
They are composed of two or more
words that have an entirely different
meaning when joined together or
hyphenated.
c. Tanaga
- A mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain
expressing insights and lessons.
- Is “more emotionally charged than
terse proverb and thus has affinities
with the folk lyric
d. Folk song
- a form of folk lyric which expresses the
hopes and aspirations, the people’s
lifestyles as well as their loves.
e. Riddles
- are like proverbs with one main
difference: they demand an answer
and are used to test the wits of those
who are listening to them
f. Epics
- are long-winded poems about a hero and
his adventures and misadventures.
Folktale
- A fictional story told by an ancient group of
people.
a. Myth
- This is a story of gods and goddesses
told using a traditional language
explaining "Mysteries, Belief and
Cultural Practices."
b. Legend
- A story explaining origins of matters.
c. Fables
- Stories intended to teach human values
with animals as major characters
attributing human qualities.
LITERATURE UNDER
SPANISH COLONIALISM (1565- 1897)
HOW HISTORY INFLUENCES
LITERATURE A greater understanding of our own
civilization, country, and place in time, stemming from
an understanding of what has come before us.
ABBREVIATE OF HISTORY
● The Spaniards, led by Ferdinand Magellan, discovered
the islands.
● There are 3 reasons why Spain colonized the
Philippines.
● Antonio Pigafetta's "The First Voyage Around the
World".
● The Philippines was not only influenced by literature
but by beliefs, education, transportation, arts and
recreations and Last names.
LITERATURE DURING THE SPANISH ERA (1565- 1898)
- To reach the inhabitants faster and to enhance the
evangelization process, the Spaniards needed
interpreters and translators.
- They introduced the roman alphabet and later
brought in the printing process (1593)
- Ancient literary forms were enriched with the various
literary forms patterned after European metrical
romances (corridos and awits), "zarzuelas" recreational
plays (Duplo; moro-moro, juego de prenda) and the
"balagtasan".
1. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
- Born on August 30,1850.
- “Father of Journalism”.
- One of the leaders of Propaganda movement.
- PASYON DAPAT IIPAG-ALAB NG PUSO
2. PASCUAL POBLETE
- Born on May 17, 1857
- Journalist, poet, playwright, publisher, feminist
and writer responsible for translating Noli Me
Tangere in Tagalog
- PATNUBAY SA BINYAGAN
3. JOSÉ PROTASIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO
REALONDA
- Born on June 19, 1861 the National Hero of the
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- Philippines
- He fought for freedom in a quiet but powerful
manner.
- NOLI ME TANGERE & EL FILIBUSTERISMO
DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA
- the first ever book that printed in the Philippines
- written in 1593 by Fray Juan De Plasencia
- a prayer book
SELECTED LITERARY WORKS
1. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN - In return, del Pilar sent to
Pedro the printed copies of Dasalan at
Tocsohan in Manila, which he distributed to
church goers, with the help of the young
Gregorio del Pilar.
2. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA -Andres Bonifacio
Andres fought and battled to save his
fellowmen
Theme: Loving something is the hidden way of
killing ourselves
My Final Farewell - Jose Rizal
3. Mi Ultimo Adios - reflects hero’s adoration and
patriotism for his country
Theme: beauty and inspiration of nature
4. Mi Ultimo Pensamiento - Mariano Ponce
“My Last Thought”
Literature under US Colonization (1898-1902)
- Filipino resist5ance to American colonization which
began in 1898 when Spain ceded the Philippines to
America and it official ended on July 4, 1902 upon Pres.
Theodore Roose Vetts announcement that the war was
over.
A New Language
-American English
An Egalitarian Public School System
- open to anyone who could afford it (rich or poor)
-University of the Philippines established in 1908
- American Professors
The Mushrooming of Newspaper and Periodicals
- gave development of Philippine literature in English
and a sprinkling of Spanish and vernaculars
Filipino owned Periodicals:
* The Philippine Review (1918)
* Philippine National Weekly (1917)
* The Citizen (1918)
* The Rising Philippines (1918)
* The Variety News (1918)
* The Philippine Journal Education (1918)
* The Philippine Republic (1923)
- The College of Folio, published by the students of
the College of Philosophy, Science and Letters of the
U.P.
- The Filipino students Magazine, published in
Berkeley, California as organ of the Filipino students in
America.
- The Evening Star was devoted primarily to the
development of drama, fiction and poetry.
-the Philippine free press, in many ways was the
most popular periodical publication in English
Period of Imitation Changes in Content and Style
-early literary output characterized as parochial
content.
Dr. George Pope Shannon
- Writing in the literary apprentice of 1928 listed the
inexcusable imputed to the nascent Filipino literature in
English as follows:
* Slovenly versification
* Bad grammar and idiom
* Inappropriate or meaningless diction
* Confused imagery
Prof. Tom Ingles Moore
- Two major defects of Filipino Writing in general:
1. Sentimentalism
2. Formlessness
A Steady Growth in Form
• Novel is a long-form narrative work of prose fiction
that tells a story about specific human experiences.
• Anthologies a collection of selected pieces or
passages or works of art or music anthology of
American poetry.
• Short stories are prose narrative that is shorter than
novel.
• Drama refers to the performances of written dialogue
and stage action.
• Essays are literary piece that can be used in variety of
situations.
• Poetry is eliciting a focused imaginative awareness of
experience or specific emotional response.
Literary work of AKO ANG DAIGDIG
Author: Alejandro G. Abadilla - Father of Modern
Tagalog Poetry
Published: 1955
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Literary Work: Footnote to Youth
Author: José García Villa
Originally Published: 1933
- Footnote to Youth is a 1932 short story set in the
Philippines and centered on Dodong, a farmer's son
who marries young. When seventeen-year-old Dodong
decides to marry his sweetheart, Teang, his father feels
that Dodong is too young to marry but is unable to stop
him.
Literary Work: The Fence
Author: Jose Garcia Villa
Originally Published: 1933
- The prime teaching of the story is the importance of
forgiveness. Forgiveness offers a chance to reconcile
our differences. The lesson highlighted is that our
actions have consequences and it is unhealthy to carry
grudges when those consequences are adverse.
Literary works of Kintana and her man
Author -Francis C. Macansantos
In “Kintana and Her Man,” a young widow and a
mulatto soldier of the invading American Army discover
spontaneous love, and are immediately married
without word or ritual
LITERATURE UNDER THE REPUBLIC IN
(1946-1985)
TWO CULTURES
Taga-bukid - nationalistic and anti-american
Taga-bayan- more inclined to the culture of free world
Both made the political entities.
 Our country was the best way to transport oil
producing from the Dutch East indies and French
Indochina to China.
 July 04, 1946 - the Philippines gained freedom and
Filipino flag buy the United States.
Manuel Acuña Roxas
 5th President of the Philippines
 Filipino lawyer and politician.
Elsa M. Cosculluela
 Author of First fruit.
 Filipina poet, short story writer and playwright
from Bacolod.
 Poet career lasted 1965-1973
“First Fruit"
The short story “First Fruit” was all about a 20-year-
old girl named Anna working as a manager at Five Star
Hotel in Manila. She gets pregnant with her rich former
boyfriend. Her boyfriend doesn’t know that she’s
pregnant in a few months, her boyfriend’s parents
don’t want to marry her for their son for being poor. So,
she decided to raise her child alone, even her parents
are still don’t know.
Alberto S. Florentino
 author of “Cadaver”
 playwright and book publisher.
 Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards and Palanca
Awards.
“Cadaver"
The story of cadaver is a set on the edge of a cemetery
in an impoverished area in manila. It tells the situation
of a dead person in the cemetery and the starving
person sooner turns into ash.
Rabindranath Tagore
 The author of the “Paper Boat”
 Indian polymath who worked
 as a poet, writer, playwright, composer,
philosopher, social reformer and painter.
“Paper Boat”
An innocent child makes a paper boat just to make have
fun and put it on a running stream and wrote his name
and the address where he lived. He hoping someone
stranger saw it from a far and find him who he was by
that paper boat. When he was about to take a nap, he
made his dream to be real that his paper boat floating
on and on under the midnight stars. "
Kerima Polotan-Tubera
 The author of “The Sounds of Sunday”
 During the martial law in the Philippines, she
founded and edited the officially approved focus
magazines as well as the evening post
newspaper.
“The Sounds of Sunday”
The story was all about the failing love of a husband,
Domingo Gorrez, and a wife, Emma Gorrez, who
struggled to make sense of it all. Emma, the main
character, had problems about her husband there by
showing the conflict of the story. Simply stating, the
husband was the antagonist and the wife was the
protagonist. And although this was the case, her
emotions towards Domingo oddly twisted the conflict
and made it more compelling. "
Nick Joaquin
 Author of “Summer Solstice”
 His real name is Nicomedes Marquez Joaquin
Quijano de Manila born in May 4, 1917, and died
in April 29, 2004
“The Summer Solstice"
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The story represented stereotypical notions of
masculinity and femininity, the difference between two
gender and the hierarchy that bind the two sexes. It is a
pro-woman story. A tale of a triumphant woman
because of Don Paeng’s submission to Donya Lupeng
and the portrayal of women’s reproductive role that
made them rulers of men. "
Jun Cruz Reyes
 The author of “Utos Ng Hari”
 An award-winning author of novels, short stories,
essay, translations and biographies.
"Utos ng Hari"
The story was all about a student who always being
punished because of his stubbornness and
reprimanded. when the teacher deciding who will get a
good grade and the lowest grade of their class students.
And they decided that Jojo will get a lowest grade
because of his reprimanding attitude compared to his
other classmate who get a high grade just because of
being good looking guy and a son of a professional
doctor but not that good in academic. The thoughts of
this student may be too unfair for him.
Francisco Arcellana
 The author of “The Mats”
 He was proclaimed a national artist of the
Philippines in 1990 and was given a state funeral.
"The Mats"
A story about a father who came from marveled and
also wrote a letter for his family about the real weaver
artist who make marvelous mats and would bring home
some mats for his family. When he arrived, he saw his
family waiting for him especially his children who wants
to received their gifts immediately the smile of his face
suddenly turns into sadness when he saw that there are
mats left for his dead children. That sleeping mats used
as an outlet to play as tribute to his kids who were not
them anymore.
 The author of “The Woman Who Looked Out of the
Window”
 He published two books in his lifetime and three
more posthumously.
 He was a republic Cultural heritage awardee for his
works.
"The Woman Who looked Out of the Window”
The short story was about a woman who was waiting
for the man who went away to get a priest for them to
be married.
Paz Marquez Benitez
 The author of “The Deadstar 1925”
 A Filipina short story writer, educator and editor.
During her career as a writer, Marquez-wrote
short stories, critical of American Imperialism.
She was born in March 3, 1894, Lucena, Tayabas
Captaincy General of the Philippines she most
known by her short story
"The Deadstar"
The story revolves around a man who was engaged
with his fiancé almost a year. His fiancé is an
impassionate, woman have strong will and principles
that his feeling for her may fade away sooner or later.
Until he met a woman who are optimistic and
enthusiastic person having her own dreams and desires.
He seems fell in love with this woman even he was
engaged also that woman knows that man has a fiancé.
He was getting rid and take all the risk and not being
loyal and not respecting his proposal to his fiancé just
for that woman he just met once.

Francisco Arcellana
 Author of “The Flowers of May”
 Filipino version of “the Dead by James Joyce
 Won the 2nd place in the 1951 Don Carlos Palanca
Memorial Awards for literature.
"The Flowers of May"
The story was all about a family that still mourning to
their daughter’s death especially the father who
realized the life is not that permanent even you’re not
ready for your death and you’re in the safe place it will
take away in the end. "

Amador Daguio