(1st Discussion) (2nd lecture)

1. INDONESIA 9:29 am 31/08/2022

2. MYANMAR
3. THAILAND Oral literature
4. PHILIPPINES - said from one generation to next generation
5. VIETNAM
6. LAOS - literature is not always written
7. MALAYSIA
Prose
8. BRUNEI
9. SINGAPORE - are made up of sentences put together in
paragraph forms.
- It is a form of language that has no formal
metrical structure. It applies a natural flow of
COMMON DENOMINATOR = SINAKOP speech, and ordinary grammatical structure,
EXCEPT THAILAND rather than rhythmic structure, such as in the
SMALL COUNTRIES ARE THE RICH ONES. case of traditional poetry.
WE DON'T HAVE COMMONALITY KINDS OF PROSE
LITERATURE MIRRORS DIFFERENT
CULTURES FICTION- kathang isip. imaginary characters
and events.
LITERATURE HOLDS OUR HISTORY
LITERATURE ALSO REFERS TO HUMAN Elements of a Fiction:

SHE - SIGNIFICANT HUMAN EXPERIENCE. ● PLOT - arrangement of events and

actions in a story
1) Initial incident or exposition
2) Development of problem
Role of literature 3) Conflict
4) Climax
1. HOPE - writers hope to bring the spirit of 5) Resolution or denouement
reform into all spheres of life ● CHARACTERS - actors
2. EDUCATION - living history, conveys quality
1. Protagonist (principal figure
of life, etc.
3. SUBVERSIVE ACT- rebellious like. Promotes around whom a story revolves)
social responsibility and social consciousness. 2. Antagonist (another

Genres character)
3. Antagonistic force (not
1. Traditional Oral Literature - Folktales,
embodied in a character such
Proverbs, Riddles, legends
2. Religious Narratives and Literature- as natural phenomenon)
Buddhist Codes and verses, Jataka Tales ● SETTING - when and where the story
3. Narrative Poetry - Epic Stories
happened (details do not simply
4. Non-narrative Poetry - songs, love poems
etc. describe the place but present beliefs,
5. Historical Novels customs and values that we may refer
6. Contemporary Literature - novels, short
to as the environment of the story.
stories, poems
● POINT OF VIEW
First-Person narrator tells the story
from his/her own words using “I” (the
main character himself in the story)
First Person observer tells in the first
person a story he/she has observed
Third-Person limited tells in an
objective manner.
Third-Person omniscient knows
what is going on in the minds of the
characters; outside the story; not part
of the action at all.
● THEME
Poetry
- thought of the story.
- "central idea" "universality of
truth"
- whatever theme it is, is just the
same at any place…eg. Love
- story to tell”.
● DICTION is the choice of a word
● IMAGE is a verbal expression of
sensed experience that makes
possible the communication of what
one sees, hears, feels, smells, and
tastes.
● SYMBOL is a representation of
something, ex: the visual image of a
red rose may serve at the same time
as a part of a description of a garden
and as a sign of beauty and passion.
KINDS OF FICTION
1. Short story - 1 set of
characters. 1 element of fiction.
2. Novels - more characters.
extended.
3. Drama - a narrative prose to
be performed on a stage.
4. Fable - animal characters
5. Parable - religious and
allegorical.
6. Legend - a story that reflects
people's identity or cultural
values. origins.
7. Myth - fictional tale. Deities.
Goddesses. Mga hindi
ma-explain before so they put it
into a story.
8. Fairytale - folklore characters
NON FICTION - real. tells about real people,
places, objects, or events.
1. AUTOBIOGRAPHY is a biography written by
the person himself
2. BIOGRAPHY is a genre of literature based on
the written accounts of individual lives.
3. ESSAY is a short work of writing that treats a
topic from an author’s personal point of view.
It is the most common form of literature and
the easiest form of literature to write.
4. A DIARY or JOURNAL is a book for writing
discrete entries arranged by date reporting on
what has happened over the course of a day
or other periods.
- It is made up of lines ending unevenly on the
right hand margin.
- “ A poem is like fiction and drama – it has a
Elements of Poetry:
● Sound
a. Rhyme - is the regular recurrence of
similar sound usually at the end of
lines.
b. Rhythm - like the beat in music - is the
recurrence of a pattern of sound. It is
the result of systematically stressing or
accenting words and syllables.
c. Meter - is the measure with which we
count the beat of rhythm.
d. Repetition - is the repeated use of
the sound, word, phrase, sentence,
rhythmical pattern or grammatical
pattern. Forms of repetition include the
following:
Alliteration is the repetition of
initial consonant sounds. Ex: “He
clasps the crag with crooked hands.
Consonance is the repetition of
internal consonant sounds. Ex: “The
spotted kitten slept quietly on matted
mattress fur.”
Assonance is the repetition of
vowel sound . Ex: “Do not go gentle
into the good night.”
 Onomatopoeia refers to words
that sound like what they mean. Ex:
“Bang” to the sound of the gun.
● Figure of Speech
- utterance not in its literal meaning
- idiomatic expressions or idioms
Simile - comparison between two
things that are really different but share some
common elements (as, like).
Metaphor - comparison between two
unlike things. Ex: “You are my angel.”
Personification- gives human
qualities or attributes to an object,
Metonymy is the substitution of the
literal noun for another which it suggests.
“Lend me your ears.”
Irony is a statement of one idea, the
opposite of which is meant. “You’re so lovely
today; you look like a Christmas tree.”
Oxymoron contradiction that can not
be resolved. “Parting is such a sweet sorrow.”
Paradox is a seemingly contradictory
statement that turns out to be partly true. It
implies a less tensive quality than an
oxymoron. “You can check out anytime you
like but you can never leave”.
Hyperbole is a deliberate
overstatement or exaggeration- not to
deceive, but to emphasize a statement – often
for humorous effect. “She cried forever.”
Apostrophe is a direct address to an
inanimate object, a dead person (as if
present), or an idea. “O Death! Where is thy
sting?”
Other notes:
● Prostitution is minimal in Asean literature.
● Reciprocity "utang na loob".
The theme of the story is the underlying message or
the central idea. It is about life that the author is
conveying in the story which is universal in nature.it is
about human experience.
Emotional appeal moves the emotion of the reader or
audience. It is a way or method used by the author to
create emotional response among his reader or
audience.
Persuasive writing is used. The language should
sway the emotion to convince the readers. The
author fills more emotional content with descriptive
details to make the readers feel the scene.
Metaphor or simile is often used to create comparison
to feel the connection in the story.
Authors show emotional scenes rather than telling,
making characters sympathetic or unsympathetic,
using words which can greatly affect reader
emotions, turning the story in an unexpected
direction, and using details to more readers in the
reality of the scene.
Feminism uplifts women goals by defining and
establishing equality in the family,civil, social, political,
and economic arena. Feminist literature is often
associated with literary pieces written by women that
deal with women in the society.It also involves
characters or ides which chide the common gender
norms dominated with masculinity. This approach
gives an impact to the voice of women.
New Historicism deals with the cultural context during
the writing of the piece of literature. This approach
interprets literature for its meaning or idea in a
particular socio-historical atmosphere.it needs an
understanding of the author’s milieu and the cultural
context during its production.
Another approach that shapes the mind of literary
enthusiasts is formalism which is also called new
criticism. This uses close reading of a piece of
literature. This means that the formalists’
interpretation of a work of art is formulated by the
information and details of the piece itself. Formalists
do not interpret a work based on matters that are
outside the confines of the work like history, politics,
society, time or even the author. They see it
autonomously and can be gauged through internal
structure and language. Considered are form,
structure, technical features as more important than
the content and context.
Formalists focus is on rhetorical and logical
connections within the writing. Moreover, formalists
look into the sound and syntax of poetic language,
rhyme, repetitions and word
pictures. This criticism favors medium over content.
Also, this criticism philosophically questions the
method of communicating ideas and value
expression. It looks into the manipulation of language
by the artist to achieve the aesthetic effect.
Symbols in literature are anything that stands for
something else. Authors use symbols to give deeper
and significant meaning to their content or story.
Symbolism makes the author convey ideas to
readers/ audience in a poetic manner instead of its
outright expression.
PHILIPPINES
Dominant religion: Christianity
Fiction 1: SI MABUTI by Genoveva Edroza Matute
Genoveva Edroza Matute - In 1951, she was the
recipient of the first ever Palanca Award for Short
Story in Filipino
Characters:
Mabuti - public school teacher
Student of Mabuti - narrator in the story.
Setting:
An old two-story classroom building
Plot:
Mabuti works as a teacher at a public school. One
day, she noticed her student crying in a library corner
and overheard her. She asked the student if she
would like to explain why she was crying. Mabuti was
crying at the same time.Her student tried to ask why
she was crying, but Mabuti simply said that she was
too young to understand. Mabuti only had one child
and wanted to become a doctor . She kept her
husband's identity a secret. Her student found one
day that Mabuti's child's father had passed away and
had not been buried at their home but at the home of
another woman. Her students now understand
Mabuti's reasons for withholding information about
her husband.
Point of View:
First person point of view
Theme:
The story "Si Mabuti" teaches us to fight through all of
life's challenges.
Fiction 2: Tata Selo by Rogelio Sicat
Rogelio Sicat - A Filipino novelist, playwright, short
story writer, and educator. Known for his
masterpieces particularly Impeng Negro and Moses.
“Sikat” as a pen name to reflect on his Filipino
identity. His subjects are social issues and land
reform.
Characters:
Tata Selo - An old marginalized farmer. Sentenced of
murdering Kabesang Tano
Kabesang Tano - Landlord of Tata Selo. Captain of
their barangay
Saling - Daughter of Tata Selo. Housemaid in
Kabesang Tano’s house
Alkalde - The mayor of the town. The one who talks
to Saling about Tata Selo’s case
Hepe - Chief Police Officer
Binata - The son of the richest proprietor
Amang - Young peasant, son of farmer like Tata Selo
Setting:
Prison (istaked), Municipal, Farm
Plot:
“Tata Selo” is a story of a man named Tata Selo who
is a widower who lost his wife to illness and left their
son, Saling, to live with his father by himself. Tata
Selo sought to regain his farm because he had
previously sold it to help his ill wife. However, he
lacked money, so he had to work to retrieve the land
he formerly owned. Kabesang Tano forced Tata Selo
to leave his land because there were already other
farmers on there, and this is where the conflict of the
story began.Tata Selo is pleading with Kabesang
Tano not to dismiss him, but Tano keeps striking Tata
Selo in the forehead. He accidentally killed Kabesang
Tano by striking him in self-defense. From there, Tata
Selo is subjected to a great deal of injustice and
discrimination.
Point of View:
The author used a third person point of view because
the narrator exists outside the story and refers to the
characters by their names.
Theme: (land reform issues, social issues)
The story “Tata Selo” depicts how equality and justice
are manipulated in the country.
Fiction 3: Morning in Nagrebcan by Manuel E.
Arguilla
Manuel E. Arguilla - An Ilocano writer in English,
patriot, and martyr. Known for “How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife”. Most of his stories depict
scenes in Barrio Nagrebcan, Buang, La Union.
Covered a broad range of subjects and themes
drawn from the experiences of Filipinos living in the
1930s
Characters:
Baldo - 10 year old boy, the elder of the two siblings
Ambo - 7 year old boy, the younger of the two siblings
Tang Ciaco - Father of Baldo and Ambo. Husband of
Nana Elang
Nana Elang - Mother of Baldo and Ambo. Wife of
Tang Ciaco
Setting:
During sunrise. At the House of Baldo in Nagrebcan,
near the cornfields and tobacco fields where the
Katayagan Hills is visible
Plot:
The “Morning in Nagrebcan” tells about one morning
in Nagrebcan. Baldo, a young child, left the house to
play with the puppies of their dog. His younger
brother Ambo follows shortly after. One particular
black-spotted puppy that Ambo wanted to play with
was taken by Baldo who claimed it as his own. He
prohibited Ambo from petting the puppy. A fight and
an argument followed. The dog they were fighting
over nipped Ambo's hand during the exchange. His
hand began to bleed. Father of the boys Tang Ciaco
peered out the window when he heard a commotion
outside. He declared that the puppy had gone insane
after noticing Ambo's injured hand. He exited the
house after grabbing some firewood and began
abusing the puppy. Then he started abusing his boys
as well after focusing on them. The boys' mother,
Nana Elang, arrived to save them and carried them
inside the house safely. As Tang Ciaco left for work,
Nana Elang finished her morning tasks inside the
house. Then with the two boys discovering the
deceased dog and offering it with a necessary burial.
Point of View:
The story uses a third person point of view because
the narrator tells how the story goes and he does not
interact with the characters present in the story.
Theme:
Positive- For someone you really love, forgiveness is
not worth resisting for. A family is still a family.
Whatever sin someone has committed to you, The
love between family members will stay the same in
the end.
Negative- Violence caused by dominant paternalism.
VIETNAM
Considered as non-religious country
Poem 1: The Cherished Daughter by Anonymous (c.
1700 AD) trans. Nguyen Ngoc Bich from World
Poetry: An Anthology of Verse from Antiquity
Types of Poetry
a. Lyric Poetry - brief poetic work with a strong
musical component that expresses strong emotions.
b. Narrative Poetry - a narrative poem tells a story
c. Descriptive Poetry - It is a poem that uses detailed
words to create imagery of a person, animal or
inanimate object.
Subtypes of Poetry
a. Sonnet - 14 lines of iambic pentameter linked by a
rhyme scheme
Shakespearean or English
Rhyme Scheme: ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG
Volta Position: After the first octave or
beginning of the final couplet.
Petrarchan or Italian
Rhyme Scheme: ABBAABBA; CDECDE or
CDCDCD
Volta Position: After the first octave.
b. Haiku - Japanese poem consisting of 17 syllables
in a 5,7,5 pattern
c. Elegy - poem of serious reflection, typically a
lament for the dead.
d. Limerick - a form of verse, usually humorous and
frequently rude, in five-line, with a strict rhyme
scheme of AABBA.
e. Ballad - A ballad is a form of narrative verse that
can be either poetic or musical. It typically follows a
pattern of rhymed quatrains
f. Ode - Much like an elegy, an ode is a tribute to its
subject, although the subject need not be dead
g. Epic - An epic poem is a lengthy, narrative work of
poetry. These long poems typically detail
extraordinary feats and adventures of characters from
a distant past.
Sound Devices
a. Alliteration - repetition of initial consonant sounds
b. Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds
c. Consonance - repetition of internal consonant
sounds
d. Onomatopoeia - refers to words that sound like
what they mean
e. Rhyme - regular recurrence of similar sound
usually at the end of the lines
f. Rhythm - the recurrence of pattern of sound

POEM 2: A School Boy’s Apology By Le Thanh Huan
NOTES
● War related
● Narrative Poetry
● Related to history of north and south vietnam
war
POEM 3: Inside Submarines by Phan Nhien Nao, Tr.
Linh Dinh
Phan Nhien Nao - Born in Kontum, Vietnam, 1967. A
Vietnamese poet and translator living in U.S
Linh Dinh - Born in Saigon (known today as Ho Chi
Minh City), Vietnam in 1963. He came to U.S in 1975
and has also lived in Italy and England
NOTES
● Connected to war in vietnam
● Signing of something + deciding the future of
vietnam people
BRUNEI
independent Islamic sultanate on the northern coast
of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia.
Dominant religion : Muslim
Fiction 1: The Oilfield Labourers
Characters:
Yazid - Protagonist of the story. A recently troubled
man affected by the fire in their village. Characterized
by talking about death throughout the story
Old man - He was a cock fighter. He had been
critically ill
Adam - Person who helped Yazid in his time of need.
Owned house where Yazid temporarily stayed. Very
thoughtful and kind
Jamal - Friend of Yazid. A simple man who wants a
simple death. Mainly used by the author as a mirror
on which to reflect Yazid’s thoughts
Ghani, Ibrahim and William - Co-workers of Yazid
Setting:
Kampong Umbi. Oilfield and Derrick
Point of View:
The story used a third person point of view.
Theme:
Death is inevitable, and no one can predict it;
however, there are some incidents that can have an
impact on one's circumstances, state of mind, and
well-being that may result in undesirable events.
Plot:
Narrative Convention Technique:
- Cliffhanger
- Flashback
- Foreshadowing
Poem 1: Borneo’s Green Heart
Theme:
Brunei is a paradise worth experiencing.
Poem 2: Travel Brunei Darussalam Poem - Bandar
Seri Begawan by John TiongChunghoo
Theme:
Bandar Seri Begawan is colorful and filled with life,
from the large golden palace up until the tiny birds
are alive.
MYANMAR
People: Burmese people
Language: Burmese
Dominant religion : Buddhism
The majority of the Burmese population belong to the
Bamar ethnic group.
Fiction 1: Close Proximity by Journal Kyaw Ma Ma
Lay
Journal Kyaw Ma Ma Lay - Her stories are known for
authentic portrayals of modern Burmese society.
Characters:
U Po Sein - 75 yrs old, traditional doctor
Daw Pan U - 74 yrs old, seamstress
Ma Thaw - 35 yrs old. Daughter of U Po Sein and
Daw Pan U. Old maid
 She moved to a corner where he couldn't see
her. The boy shrieked with cries. The
Setting: kindergarten teacher told the class the boy
Dawn of U Po Sein’s 75th birthday in their small could not use up his crying, so he suggested
two-storey wooden house the class to cry with him.The crybaby was
confused and stopped crying in amazement.
Point of View:
Third Person Point of View Next day, the U Nyan Sein teaches the class
to draw plums He explained: Clockwise: taste
Theme: sweet, Counter clockwise,taste rotten Then
Strong family ties are not determined by close everyone participated in an activity by drawing
proximity, but rather by the amount of love given and “plums” (circles) Next day, he taught the class
received. the alphabet by using the plums analogy. The
Narrative Convention Technique: narrator asks himself if he was as good as the
Flashback kindergarten teacher.
Pathos or Emotional Appeal

Fiction 2: The Kindergarten Teacher By Aung Thinn Fiction 3: The Wedding Reception Nyi Pu Lay
Aung Thinn - Was a Lifetime National Literary Characters:
Award-winning writer in Myanmar (Burma) known for Sein Hla - Groom. Has concern for the guests
his continuous encouragement of youth to become a enjoyment of the wedding
righteous man. Mar Mar Tin - Bride. Tries her best. Caring for her
Characters: husband’s family
● Narrator - Lecturer at University of Yangon. U San Tin - Owner of the TV
Previously a middle school teacher Seitting:
● U Nyan Sein - Art teacher. kindergarten Mandalay
teacher
● Crybaby - Unnamed child. Cries a lot Point of view:
● Daw Aye Thar - Grandmother of crybaby Limited third person perspective

Setting: Theme:
- Taungdwin-gyi, 1963 Rich or poor, special events are still a momentous
occasion and thus must be given special attention.
Point of View:
First person perspective PLOT

Theme: Guests take a ride on Sein Hla’s “van”. Sein Hla tries
● Learning should be active, engaging, and to see over the wedding, but other people insist him
most importantly, fun. to focus on himself. The car came back and picked
● Teaching requires a lot of patience. up the bride from the beauty salon. Both bride and
groom are wearing their dresses. The bride asks the
Narrative Convention Technique: groom how his father was doing. Banquet started.
Chekhov’s Gun They plan to watch TV (Mandalay Dance Troupe).
Sein Hla found out his father peed. The audience
PLOT: Exposition of narrator went home.
He recounts his visit to his hometown. He met U
Nyan Sein, his friend, and observed his class at the
kindergarten.The narrator observed that he was not
teaching the children the alphabet, rather he was just
telling stories and making drawings. U Nyan Sein
explained that he could teach reading and writing
anytime, but he must instill children to enjoy school.
Next day, a young boy is crying. U Nyan Sein told
theelderly woman who was with him to go home.
THAILAND

Dominant Religion: Theravada Buddhist

Poem 1: Boatman’s Love Song

Poem 2: Three Line Poem by Uten Mahamid

Uten Mahamid - Southeast Asian (S.E.A.) Writer

Awardee. Best known in Thailand for his literary
production

Fiction and Poem 3: Summary Collection of Thai

Century Literatures

Short Stories:
● Champoon By Dhep Mahapaorayais
● Maum By Kukrit Pramoj
● The Barbs By Phaitoon Thanya
Poems:
● What Is Such Forging? By Ujjeni
● A Poet’s Pledge 1&2 By Angkram
Kalayanapong
● E-San By Nai Pee
● Mere Movement By Naowarat Pongpaiboon
● Smile Of The Rice Goddess By Chiranan
Pitpreecha
● Arrival Of Nirvana At Egg–Noodle Shop By
Montri Sriyong