READING AND WRITING
tell”
CAUSAL ANALYSIS – causes and effect of a particular event
- Between and among at least two happenings
- Answer the question “HOW” and “WHY”
PURPOSE – using causal analysis as their primary mode of paragraph
development
INFORMATIVE – primarily explains or informs the reader
PERSUASIVE – attempts to convince the reader to believe
SPECUATIVE – suggest possibilities
CAUSAL CHAIN – set of cause and effect that leads to multiple other sets
- commonplace in an essay that uses causal analysis
FAULTY CAUSALITY/ PROPTER HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC
- Happens when one assumes that event A is always the
cause of event B
- “after this, therefore because of this”
LOGIC & REASON – needed to solve a problem primarily
CREATIVITY – called upon thinkers to come up with new angles etc.
PROPOSAL – one way of addressing the problem as it provides possible
solutions
NARRATIVE WRITING
 NARRATION – best definition is storytelling
- sequence of events that are not arranged in
chronological order, told by a narrator
- creating a world based on the writer’s imagination
1. VIVID DESCRIPTION OF DETAILS
 DESCRIPTION – is appealing to the five senses of the human body
 RULE OF THUMB – most writers abide by is to “show rather than
2. CONSISTENT POINT OF VIEW (POV)
 THIRD PERSON POINTS OF VIEW – used to convey the author
as an omniscient and dispassionate observer
ex. HE, SHE IT, HIM HER, THEY, ITS, THEIRS,
 INTERNAL MONOLOGUE – the reader is able to penetrate the
character’s mind to be able to understand what the characters are not
blatantly saying
 NARRATOR – all-knowing
- tells the story as it happens
3. CONSISTENT VERB TENSE – needed to make clear to the reader whether
the story in the narrative had already happened, has been happening, happens
on regular basis, and currently happening
4. WELL-DEFINED POINT OR SIGNIFICANCE – akin to the literary
element we call theme
 THEME – the unifying thought or idea born out of all the other
elements
- universal human truth, not blatantly said in a story but
unraveled as the reader reads
NARRATIVE DEVICES – technique writers utilize to add flavor and enrich
meaning
- shorten, lengthen, and for focus
ANECDOTE – brief narrative that are written in the writer’s memory
- introduction to an essay, example to illustrate a point, or be a
closing statement
FLASHBACK – event that happened in the past
TIME STRETCH – a single event in the story that the author focuses writing
about
TIME SUMMARY – is characterized by jamming together multiple events
and/or shortening a relatively long period of time
FLASHFORWARD – an event that has yet to happen in the story
DIALOGUE – a word or a series of words enclosed in a pair of quotation
marks
DEFINING – understanding the essence of a word, an idea, a concept, an
expression
- give information to the reader and does not argue and not to
persuade
DENOTATION – primary, explicit, or literal definition of a word
- meaning of a word based on a dictionary
CONNOTATION – secondary meaning of a word and not included in the
dictionary
ANALYSIS – process of breaking down a concept into its constituent parts
COLLOCATION – words or expressions that are usually almost immediately
associated and are usually located together
COMPARISON – associating the word or expression you are trying to define
with something else
- used through analogy or figurative language like similes and
metaphors
CONTRAST – how at least two similar concepts are different from one
another
ETYMOLOGY – history of a word, evolution of a word
EXEMPLIFICATION – defining something by giving an example
ILLUSTRATION – giving an example and focusing on it to elaborate
EXTENDED DEFINITION – personal interpretation of an author to an
abstract and multifaceted concept
FUNCTION – understanding what a word mean/ concept is to know its
purpose
- answers “What is it for?”
NEGATION – technique you use to define a word or concept of “what it is
not”
SYNONYMS – single word or phrase that share almost the same meaning
SLANG OR COLLOQUIAL TERMS – considered under the same umbrella
term of synonyms
EXEMPLIFICATION – examples can make abstract ideas more
understandable to human perception
- provide specific instances to support a claim
VISUAL ILLUSTRATIONS – appeal to the sense of sight
- to concretize abstract concepts like poverty
 EYESIGHT – given primacy over the other human senses
FACTS – concepts, ideas, and statements that are generally true, real, and
existing
ANECDOTES – brief narratives within a piece of writing
DETAILS – entails analyzing, the process of breaking down a concept or an
idea
OPINIONS – individual interpretations of people on certain events, situations,
ideas
OBSERVATIONS – also make use of description
- can be done anytime
RESUME – document that contain a brief account of a person’s education,
skills, experiences
CHRONOLOGICAL RESUME – describes your work experiences role by
role up till the recent job
HEADING – includes identifying information, such as full name, address,
phone number, and e-mail
OBJECTIVE – informs the reader to thr specific purpose of your resume, job
application or degree
EDUCATION – lists of highschools you have attended, class rank, average or
honors
HONORS AND AWARDS – academic and extracurricular recognition
SCHOOL ACTIVITIES – experiences in schools, including clubs, class
projects, and sports
WORK EXPERIENCES – relevant word experiences you may have had
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES – projects, skills, programs, relevant hobbies,
or experiences
 CHEMICAL SPILLS
 NUCLEAR PLANT BLASTS
 WARS
 RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS
TYPHOONS – are considered one of the most powerful of the natural hazards
because they travel across a wide area
“TORNADOES AND EARTHQUAKES likewise cause great loss and damage
but generally happen in a certain place and only lasts for a short time”
“Nov 06, 2013, typhoon YOLANDA also called typhoon HAIYAN, made its
landfall particularly in the provinces of LEYTE and EAST SAMAR”

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION READINESS  10,000 DEATHS

 13 FEET (4 METERS)
HAZARDS – events that pose threat, danger, or risk to any element exposed to  41 PROVINCES
them  23,000 HOUSES DESTROYED
NATURAL HAZARDS – caused by physical or biological elements in the  9.7 MILLION PEOPLE AFFECTED
environment PROFILING HAZARDS – important in predicting the possible disasters that a
 EARTHQUAKES certain hazard can bring, useful in planning for a disaster
 LANDSLIDES  MAGNITUDE OF EVENT (LOW SCALE OR HIGH SCALE)
 TSUNAMIS  FREQUENCY (NUMBER OF TIMES IN A YEAR)
 TYPHOONS  DURATION (SHORT TERM OR LONG TERM)
 FLOODS  CAUSALITY OF EFFECTS (DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY)
 TORNADOES
 WILDFIRES MAGNITUDE OR STRENGTH OF THE EVENT – assessed by the
measurements obtained from scientific instruments, sometimes scaling can
OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS vary
 FLASHFLOODS FEQUENCY – hazard to occur in an area is important because it tells its
 VOLCANIC ERUPTION proneness to that hazard
 ASTEROID IMPACT
DURATION OF IMPACT – varies in duration, the assessment of the duration
 STORM SURGES
is either short or long
MAN-MADE HAZARDS – also called technological hazards, are those
CAUSALITY OF EVENTS – whether the exposed elements receive likely
caused by factors that are generally traced to human errors, intent or
disaster directly or indirectly
negligence, or glitches in technology
HAZARD PRONE AREA – location where a natural hazard is likely to
 BOMB EXPLOSIONS
happen, due mainly to its geography
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE – an area surrounding the basin of the Pacific Ocean
where many volcanoes have formed, 90% activity
PFZ OR PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE – interrelated faults that cuts across the
country from northeastern Luzon to southern Mindanao
FAULT – crack or break in earth’s crust
RAPID – sudden movement of rocks
SIESMIC WAVES – causes the ground to shake or move
EARTHQUAKE – sudden shaking in the ground
IMPACTS OF HAZARDS - likely outcome of disaster
EXPOSED ELEMENTS – initially receive all the negative impacts
1. PHYSICAL ELEMENTS – people, building, poles, roads, bridges,
and all other material
2. SOCIOECOMIC ELEMENTS – introducing new habitats, practices,
systems, or values that will induce adaptation to the part of the
affected community
3. ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS – initial impact of the hazard to the
ecosystem
PHILIPPINE FAULT SYSTEM – boundary that runs from the north all the
way to the south of the country
 200 – 250 earthquakes every year
POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
1. GROUND SHAKING – shaking of the ground caused is caused by the
passage of seismic waves, forms of energy that travel through the
different layers of earth caused by vibration or movement
2. GROUND RUPTURE – occurs when ground movement happens on a
fault line and breaks through the surface. cracks may lead to ruptures
on earth’s surface if pressure can no longer be contained
3. LIQUEFACTION – seismic shaking causes loose material in the soil
to mix with groundwater or soil saturated with water
4. EARTHQUAKE – INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE –
subsidence is the lowering of land due to various causes, one which is
the earthquake on a fault line. Could be horizontal, vertical, or both
5. TSUNAMI – the word “tsunami” is a Japanese word that means
“harbor waves”, coined as such because of the destructive effects
experienced by Japanese living on low lying coastal communities.
General term used to mean series of waves generated by a sudden
displacement on ocean floor caused by scale undersea landslide or
earthquake
6. EARTH – INDUCED LANDLIDE – landslide may happen during or
after an earthquake when a weakened section of landfalls off primarily
due to gravity
 DEFORESTATION
 EXCAVATION
 MINING
 QUARRYNG
 SUDDEN BREAK UP OF SOIL DUE TO THUNDER AND
OTHER VIBRATION FROM NATURAL GROUND ACTIVITIES
SEISMOMETER – instrument used to measure movement in earth’s surface. It
can detect vibrations from seismic waves generated by earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions
SEISMIC WAVES – form of energy that travels through the interior of earth
 P-WAVES – of seismic action is usually the first one to be recorded
 S-WAVES – carry most of the energy of the seismic activity
SEISMOGRAPH – draws the tremor on paper and a zigzag line means it
detected a tremor
SEISMOLOGIST – observe and collect seismic waves in areas that are prone
to earthquakes. Closely monitoring seismic activities or any patterns thereof
 DROP – whatever you are doing or whatever position you are in,
immediately drop
 COVER – find a sturdy piece of furniture such as a table or chair and
take cover
 HOLD – hold on to the sturdy piece of furniture and prepare to move
with it
VOLCANOES – openings in earth’s crust that allows the energy from the
interior of earth to escape to the surface
MAGMA – composed of molten rocks from earth’s mantle that goes out in the LAVA FLOW - This is molten rock that pours down from the slopes of the
form of lava, ash, and gas volcano. It is different from pyroclastic flow in that lava flow is denser and
hence moves more slowly
PACIFIC PLATE – active volcanoes strategically located on its edges, from
which the term “pacific ring of fire” VOLCANO EXPLORER – educational tool that has been designed and
created by COSMEO. Allowing the learners to study the different types of
VOLCANIC HAZARDS – are volcano-related phenomena that pose potential
volcanoes
threat or negative impact to life and property
LAHAR - This is an Indonesian term for the mixture of water, pyroclastic
materials, and rock fragments flowing down a volcano or river valley NDRRMC – NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT COUNCIL
ASH FALL - This is composed of bits and pieces of pulverized rock, minerals,
and volcanic glass generated from the volcanic eruption. These fragments PHIVOLCS – PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY AND
measure less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter. Volcanic ash is usually SEISMOLOGY
spewed out from explosive eruptions when dissolved gases light
USGS – UNITED STATE GEOLOGIC SURVEY
 ASH CLOUD – formed especially when the atmosphere is humid
and dry, which then travel farther and cover a larger radius
Common health risk associated with ash cloud are ASTHMA,
BRONCHITIS, EMPHYSEMA
DEHYDRATION, STARVATION, POISONING for animals
PYROCLASTIC FLOW - This refers to the fast-moving fluidized mass of
rock fragments and gases. When pyroclastic flow travels down a volcano, it
maintains a very high temperature, burning everything in its path. can easily
incinerate, burn, and suffocate humans and animals

BALLISTIC PROJECTILE - This is a rock fragment that is ejected from a

volcano during its explosive eruption. It is like a cannonball that travels fast in
the air

 BLOCK - If the projectile or rock fragment is solid when ejected

 BOMB - if it is launched in a partially molten or molten state
VOLCANIC GAS - This consists of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide,
which are poisonous and hazardous to organisms. These are the main
constituents of the magma that is spewed out during an eruption
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT – context in which the
communication takes place
MEDIA LITERACY – ability to identify different types of media and
understand the messages they’re sending
INFORMATION LITERACY – is a set of abilities requiring individuals to
recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, TODAYS GENERATION OF MEDIA CONSUMERS AND PRODUCERS
and use effectively
 BABY BOOMERS – 1945- 1964
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY – skill of a person, working independently and  GENERATION X – 1965- 1976
with others to, responsibly use technology tools to access, manage, and  MILLENIALS / GENERATION Y – 1977-2000
integrate  GENERATION Z – MID-TO-LATE 1990S – EARLY 2010S
COMMUNICATION – process of sharing ideas and opinion about issues, MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATE CHARACTERISTICS
people, events, and places through various channels with intent to gain
common understanding  EFFICIENT INFORMATION MANAGERS
 WISE CONSUMERS
- refers to the technical means of communication or channels
 RESPONSIBLE PRODUCERS
through which messages are conveyed
 ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS
MEDIA IS CLASSIFIED INTO

 TRADITIONAL MEDIA – MASS MEDIA SUCH AS NEWSPAPER,

RADIO, AND TELEVISION
 NEW MEDIA – COMPUTERS, MOBILE PHONES, AND OTHER
DIGITAL GADGETS
CONVERGENCE OF MEDIA – refers to the coming together of new media
and traditional media
INFORMATION – refers to the message conveyed by the sender to its
recipient through various channels
- may also be in video, sound, image, graphics, animation, and
other nonverbal forms
MULTIMEDIA – one platform like the computer and internet
INTERACTORS – both sender and recipients of the message
MEDIUM – channel through which the message is coursed
FEEDBACK OR REACTION – response to a message or behavior
TELEGRAPH – revolutionized long distance communication. Transmitting
electrical signals over a wire laid between stations
- developed in 1830s and 1840s by SAMUEL MORSE (1791-
1872)
PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (before 1700) – discovered fire, developed paper
from plants, and forged weapons
 CAVE PAINTINGS (35,000 BC)
 CLAY TABLETS OF MESOPOTAMIA (24OO BC)
 PAPYRUS IN EGYPT (2500 BC)
 ACTA DIURNA IN ROME (130 BC)
 DIBAO IN CHINA (2ND CENTURY)
 CODEX IN MAYAN REGION (5TH CENTURY)
 PRINTING PRESS USING WOOD BLOCKS (220 AD)
INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700S TO 1930S) – used the power of steam, developed
machine tools, established iron production, and manufacturing
  PRINTING PRESS FOR MASS PRODUCTION (1900) INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE – knowledge that unique to a given culture or
 NEWSPAPER – THE LONDON GAZETTE (1740) society
 TYPEWRITER (1800) - local knowledge
 TELEPHONE (1876)
 MOTION PICTURE PHOTOGRAPHY (1890) - owned, controlled, and managed by indigenous
 COMMERCIAL MOTION PICTURES (1923) people
 MOTION PICTURE WITH SOUND (1926) CHARACTERISTICS OF INDEGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
 TELEGRAPH AND PUNCHCARDS
- ORAL TRADITION OF COMMUNICATION
ELECTRONIC AGE (1930S TO 1980S) – invention of the transistor ushered - STORE INFORMATION IN MEMORIES
in the electronic age. Harnessing the power of transistors which led to efficient - INFORMATION EXCHANGE IS FACE TO FACE
long distance communication - INFORMATION IS CONTAINED WITHIN THE
BORDER OF THE COMMUNITY
 TRANSISTOR RADIO
 TELEVISION (1941) INDEGENOUS MEDIA – defined as forms of media expression that were
 LARGE ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous people
 MAINFRAME COMPUTERS – IE. IBM 704 (1960)
FORMES OF INDEGENOUS MEDIA
 OHP, LCD COMPUTERS
- FOLK OR TRADITIONAL MEDIA
NEW/INFORMATION AGE (1900 TO 2000S) – internet paved way for faster
- GATHERING AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
communication and the creation of social networks. Advancing the use of
- DIRECT OBSERVATIONS
microelectronics and a more digitalized era
- RECORDS (WRITTEN, CARVED, ORAL)
 WEB BROWSERS: MOSAIC (1993), INTERNET EXPLORER - ORAL INSTRUCTION
(1995)
LIBRARY – place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials
 BLOGS: BLOGSPOT (1993), WORDPRESS (2003) such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films kept for use but not for sale
 SOCIAL NETWORKS: FRIENDSTER (2002), MULTIPLY (2003),
FB (2004), INSTAGRAM 1. ACADEMIC LIBRARY – serves colleges and universities
 MICROBLOGS: TWITTER (2006), TUMBLR (2007) 2. PUBLIC LIBRARY – serves cities and towns of all types
 VIDEO: YOUTUBE (2005) 3. SCHOOL LIBRARY – serves students from kindergarten to grade 12
 AUGMENTED REALITY/ VIRTUAL REALITY 4. SPECIAL LIBRARY – located in specialized environments such as
 VIDEO CHAT: SKYPE (2003) hospitals
 SEARCH ENGINES: GOOGLE (1996), YAHOO (1995) BOOKS – cover virtually any topic, fact or fiction. Complete background of
 PORTABLE COMPUTERS – LAPTOPS (1980), NETBOOKS an issue or an in-depth analysis of a theory or person
(2008), TABLETS (1993)
 SMART PHONES, WEARABLE TEACHNOLOGY, CLOUD AND REFERENCE BOOKS – include facts, figures, addresses, statistics,
BIG DATA definitions, dates, and etc. useful for finding factual or statistical information
NEWSPAPER (NEWS RESOURCE) – provides very current information
about events, people, or places
MAGAZINES – include articles on diverse topics of popular interest and
current events. Typically written by journalists
ACADEMIC JOURNALS – articles written by and for experts in a particular
field. Has to be peer reviewed and has a narrower focus and more analysis of
the topic. Includes citations
THE INTERNET – electronic communications network that connects
computer networks around the world. Most popular source of information and
the preferred choice for news
EVALUATING INFORMATION

 ACCURACY – grammatically correct, verifiable and cited when

necessary
 RELEVANCE – relevant to your topic or research
 AUTHOR – who created the content, credentials/expertise and contact
information
 CURRENCY – current and updated
 FAIRNESS – balanced, presenting all sides of an issue and multiple
povs

DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP – ability to find, access, use, and create information

PLAGIARISM – using or imitating the language and thoughts of another
effectively; engage with other users and with content in an active, critical,
author without authorization. Author’s work as one’s own and not crediting the
sensitive and ethical manner
original author
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY – creation of mind such as inventions, literary
PLAGIARISM SPECTRUM – guide to help educators, students, academics,
and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and image used to commerce
and writers recognize the various forms of plagiarism

 CLONE – submitting another’s work, word-for-word, as one’s own

COPYRIGHT – rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works
and gives the creator the sole right to publish and sell that work
 CTRL-C – piece that contain significant portions of text from a single
source without any alterations
 FIND-REPLACE – changing key words and phrases but retaining the
essential content
 REMIX – act of paraphrasing from other sources and making them fit
together
 RECYCLE – borrowing generously from one’s own previous work
without citation, self-plagiarize
 HYBRID – combining perfectly cited source with copied passages
  MASHUP – mix of copied material from several different sources  DATA INTERFERENCE
 404 ERROR – citations to non-existent or inaccurate information
 AGGREGATOR – proper citation, but almost no original work COMPUTER VIRUS – a catch all term used to refer to any kind of
 RE-TWEET – proper citation, but relies too closely on the text’s software created to be harmful
original wording or structure IDENTITY THEFT – a crime in which someone steals your personal
FAIR USE – one can use copyrighted work without license for the following information
purposes:
CYBERBULLYING – digital means of communication that could hurt
 Commentary or harass a person
 Criticism FALSE INFORMATION – news, stories, or hoaxes to deliberately
 Reporting misinform or deceive readers
 Research
 Teaching  CLICKBAIT – provocative or sensationalistic headline text that
entices people to lick on a link to an article
PATENT – exclusive right granted to an invention  PROPAGANDA – biased or misleading nature to promote or
TRADEMARK – specific sign associated with a particular brand of publicize particular political cause
goods or services  SATIRE OR PARODY – misinformation created with the
purpose to entertain
 MANIPULATED CONTENT – real information or imagery is
CYBERCRIME – a crime that happens in any cyber space manipulated to deceive, as with a doctored photo or video. False
narrative about something or someone
Onel De Guzman released the “I love you” virus in 2000 and was the  FALSE CONTEXT – content that is genuine but has been
first recorded cybercrime in the Philippines reframed in dangerous ways
CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT OF 2012/ RA 10175 – aims to COMPUTER ADDICTION – overdependence or damaging need to do
address legal issues concerning online interactions and the internet of something on computer or internet
the Philippines
TRIGGERS FOR COMPUTER ADDICTION
SALIENT FEATURES OF RA 10175
 COMPUTER GAMES
 CYBER SQUATING  SOCIAL MEDIA
 CYBERSEX  VIDEO STREAMING
 CHILD PORNOGRAPHY  ONLINE GAMBLING
 IDENTITY THEFT  ONLINE SHOPPING
 ILLEGAL ACCESS TO DATA OR LIBEL
 MISUSE OF DEVICES EFFECTS OF C.A.
 SYSTEM INTERFERENCE  SLEEP DEPRIVATION
  ANXIETY
 DEPRESSION
 RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS
DIGITAL DIVIDE - inequality or disparity between demographic
groups in terms in access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT.
THE DIGITAL NATIVE AND DIGITAL IMMIGRANTS
 DIGITAL NATIVES – people born in the internet and digital
technology age. Synonymously with “millennial” are those that
are immersed in digital technology
 DIGITAL IMMIGRANTS – born before the widespread
adoption of computers and the internet and have to adopt digital
technology later in life
THE DIGITAL RICH AND THE DIGITALLY POOR – differences in
the socioeconomic status of social groups. The financial capacity of an
individual affects its ability to purchase a gadget and reliable internet
access. Where then theses technological advancements are a privilege
THE DIGITAL SKILLED AND DIGITAL UNSKILLED – discrepancy
in terms of digital skills occurs because of the lack of funds and
opportunities. Lack of digital skills may stem from an individual’s
socioeconomic status
LANGUAGE – used as a medium to communication. The system of
words or signs to express thought
MEDIA LANGUAGE – the way in which a text in constructed to create
meaning for a reader/viewer of the text
GENRE – a French word which means “kind” or “class”
CODES – a system of signs that when put together, create meaning
1. TECHNICAL – equipment to tell a story
2. SYMBOLIC – body language, clothing, color
3. WRITTEN – anything that is written
CONVENTION – are generally accepted ways of doing something,
traditions, norms
1. FORM – certain ways we accept types of media codes to
be arranged
2. STORY – common narrative structure that are common
in storytelling media products
3. GENRE – points to common use of tropes, characters,
settings, or theme in a particular type of medium
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA
 PRINT MEDIA – medias printed on paper
 FILM/CINEMA – media that focuses on the aesthetic, cultural,
and social significance that inspire to entertain
 BROADCAST MEDIA – media that both involves vital or
entertaining information such as videos, audios, and textual
content
 VIDEO GAMES – gives players the ability to change and
interact
 INTERNET
HENRY BEECHER – “a library is not a luxury but one of the
necessities of life”