Lesson 11:

Multiperspectivity

Karen Miguel
Owen mckelly
James Fernandez
Geann Rose
 Key Concepts
• Multiperspectivity - A way of viewing and predisposition to view historical
events, personalities, developments, cultures, and societies from different
perspectives through drawing on procedures and processes which are
fundamental to history as discipline.

• Mutiny - An open rebellion againts the proper authorities especially by

soldiers and sailors againts their officers.

• Polos y Servicios - A system of forced labor that evolved from the

encomienda system.

• Insurrection - A violent uprising againts an authority or government.

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lesson introduction

• Multiperspectivity is a way of looking historical events,

personalities, developments, cultures, and societies from
different perspectives.

• This definition tells us that there are a multitude of ways by

which we can view the world, and each could be equally valid
and partial as well.

• Historians decide on what source to use, what interpretation to

make more apparent, depending on what their agenda is.

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Three cases in this lesson that are essential events
in philippine history:

• The Cavite Mutiny in 1872 paved the way for the Philippine Revolution.
• The Cry of the Rebellion in 1896 marked the revolutionary events that
led to Philippine independence in 1898.
• The Philippine-American War from 1899 to 1902 is the continuation of
the revolution against Spain, now focused against the United States.

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 1.
The cavite mutiny
The cavite mutiny

✣ The year 1872 is a historic year of two events: the

Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdom of the three
priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora, later on immortalized as GOMBURZA.

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The cavite mutiny

✣ Spanish historian Jose Montero y Vidal centered on

how the event was an attempt to overthrow the
Spanish government in the Philippines.

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The cavite mutiny

✣ Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo implicated the

native clergy, who were active in the secularization
movement.These two accounts corroborated each
other.

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 Experts from Montero’s
Account of the City Mutiny

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Excerpts from Montero’s Account
of the City Mutiny

The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal

of exemption from the tribute was, according to some, the cause of the
insurrection. There were, however, other causes.

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Excerpts from Montero’s Account
of the City Mutiny

The Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne; the

propaganda carried on by an unbridled press against monarchical
principles, attentatory [sic] of the most sacred respects towards the
dethroned majesty; the democratic and rebulican books and pamphlets;
the speeches preachings of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain; the
outbursts of the American publicists and the criminal policy of the
senseless Governor whom the Revolutionary government sent to govern
the Philippines, and who put into practice these ideas were the
determining circumstances which gave rise, among certain Filipinos, to
the idea of the attaining their independence. It was towards this goal that
they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain section of
the native clergy, who, out of spite toward friars, made common cause
with the enemies of the mother country.

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Excerpts from Montero’s Account
of the City Mutiny

At various times but especially in the beginning of the year 1872, the
authorities received anonymous communications with the information
that a great uprising would break out against the Spaniards, the minute
the fleet at Cavite left for the South, and that all would be assassinated,
including the friars. But nobody gave importance to these notices. The
conspiracy had been going on since the days of La Torre with utmost
secrecy. At times, the principal leaders met either in the house of Filipino
Spaniard, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera or in that of the native priest,
Jacinto Zamora, and these meetings were usually attended by the curate
of Bacoor, the soul of the movement, whose energetic character and
immense wealth enabled him to exercise a strong influence.

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• These two accounts underscore the reason for the “revolution”: the
abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such as
exemption from payment of tribute and being employed in Polos y
Servicious, or forced labor.

• Izquierdo, in a biased report, highlighted that attempt to overthrow the

Spanish government in the Philippines, to install a new “hari” in the
persons of Fathers Burgos and Zamora.
• In Spanish accounts. the event of 1872 was planned and is part

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Excerpts from the Official
Report of Governor Rafael
Izquierdo on the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872

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Excerpts from the Official Report of Governor
Rafael Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

The event of 1872 was planned and is part of big conspiracy among
educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and residents of Manila and Cavite.
They allegdly plan to liquidate high-Excerpts from the Official Report of
Governor Rafael Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 ranking
Spanish officers, then kill the friars. The signal they identify among these
conspirators of Manila and Cavite was the rockets fired from Intramuros.

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Excerpts from the Official Report of Governor
Rafael Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

On January 20, 1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the
Virgin of Loreto and came wit it were some firework displays. The
Cavitenos allegedly mistoOn January 20, 1872, the district of Sampaloc
celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto and came wit it were some
firework displays. The Cavitenos allegedly mistook this as a signal to
commence with the attack.ok this as a signal to commence with the
attack.

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Excerpts from the Official Report of Governor
Rafael Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

Leaders of the plot were killed while Father Gomez, Burgos, and
Zamora were tried to court-martial and sentenced to be executed.

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Excerpts from the Official Report of Governor
Rafael Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872

February 17, 1872, the GOMBURZA were executed to serve as a

threat to Filipinos nwver attemp to fight the Spaniards again.

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Excerpts from Pardo de
Tavera’s Account of the
Cavite Mutiny

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 Excerpts from Plauchut’s
Account of the Cavite Mutiny

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 Summary of the reforms they considered
necessary to introduce:
1.Changes in tariff rates at customs, and the methods of collection
2.Removal of subcharges on foreign importations
3.Reduction of Export fees
4.Permission for foreigners to reside in the Philippines, buy real state, enjoy
freedom of worship, and operate commercial transports flying the spanish
flag
5.Establish of an advisory council to inform the minister of Overseas Affair
in Madrid on the necessary reforms to be implemented
6.Changes in primary and secondary education
7.Establishment of an Institute of Civil Administration in the Philippines,
rendering unnecessary the sending home of short-term civil officials every
time there is a change of ministry
8.Study of direct-tax system
9.Abbolition of the tobacco monopoly
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The Arrival in Manila of
General Izquierdo

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 2.
The cry of rebellion
The cry of rebellion

✣ Journalists of the time referred to the phrase El Grito de Rebelion or

Cry of Rebelion to mark the start of these revolutionary events,
idenfying the places where it happened.

✣ Prominent Filipino historian Teodoro Agoncillo emphasized the

event when Bonifacio tore the cedula or tax receipt before the
Katipuneros, who also did the same.

✣ The first military event with the Spaniards as the moment of the Cry,
for which Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned an “Himno de
Balintawak” to inspire the renewed struggle after the Pact of the
Biak-na-Bato failed.

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The cry of rebellion

✣ A monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in

what is now the intersection of Epifanio de los
Santos (EDSA) Avenue and Andres Bonifacio Drive-
North Diversion road.

✣ In 1962, the Cry of Balintawak was celebrated every

26 August.

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 Varrious accounts gave
different dates and places:

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Accounts of the cry

Guillermo Masangkay’s Account of the Cry

• August 26th, a big meeting was held in Balintawak, at the

house of Apolonio Samson, then the cabeza of that barrio of
Caloocan.
• Present were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario,
Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio
Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon
• The meeting was opened by Bonifacio at nine o’clock in the
morning of August 26, while Emilio Jacinto act as secretary
with agenda of when the uprising would take place.

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Accounts of the cry

Guillermo Masangkay’s Account of the Cry

“You remember the fate of our countrymen who were shot in
Bagumbayan. Should we return now to the towns, the Spniards
will only shoot us. Our organization has been dscovered and we
are all marked men. If we don’t start the uprising, the Spaniards
will get us anyway. What then, do you say?”
“The people responded shouting: Revolt!”
Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge that they were to
revolt and told them that the sign of slavery of the Filipinos were
the cedula.
“If it is true that you are ready to revolt... I want to see you destroy
your cedulas. It will be a sgn that all of us have declared our
severance from the Spaniards.”
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Accounts of the cry

Pio Valenzuela’s Account of the Cry

August 19, 1896

Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata,
Aguedo del Rosario arrived at Balintawak

August 20, 1896

Pio Valenzuela arrived on that place

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Accounts of the cry

Pio Valenzuela’s Account of the Cry

August 22, 1896
The first place where some 500 members of the Katipunan met
was the house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Also
present were Bricio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo,
Apolonio Samson and others.

August 23, 1896

It was at Pugad Lawin, the house, store-house, and yard of Juan
Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000 members of
Katipuneros met and carried out considerable debate to whether
the revolution starts on August 29, 1896.

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Accounts of the cry

Pio Valenzuela’s Account of the Cry

After the tumuluous meeting, many of those present tore their

cedula certificates and showed

“Long live the Philippines! Long live the Philippines!”

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Accounts of the cry

Santiago Alvares Account of the Cry

They started their trek to Kangkong at about eleven that

night. It was nearly two in the morning, when they reached
the house of Brother Apolonio Samson in Kangkong.

In Saturday, August 22, 1896, the Supremo began assigning

guards at five o’clock the following morning. Less than 300
men assembled at the bidding of the Supremo Andres
Bonifacio.

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Accounts of the cry

Santiago Alvares Account of the Cry

At 10 o’clock , Sunday Morning, August 23, 1896, they

arrived at Bahay Toro. The member had grown more than
500 and the house, yard, and warehouse of Cabesang
Melchora was getting crowded with Katipuneros.

Monday, August 24, 1896, more Katipuneros came and

increased the number to more than a thousand. Also,
Bonifacio called a meeting at 10 o’clock, morning inside
Cabesang Melchora barn.

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Accounts of the cry

Santiago Alvares Account of the Cry

An uprising to defend the people’s freedom was to be started

at midnight of 29, August 1896.

The uprising could be started earlier than the agreed time at

midnight od 29 August 1896 should be a favorable
opportuniy arise at that date

The immdiate objective was the capture of Manila

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Accounts of the cry

Santiago Alvares Account of the Cry

After the adjourment of the meeting at twelve noon, there

were tumultuous shouts of

“Long live the Sons of the People!”

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 3.
Philippine-american war or
insurrection?
 Philppine-american war or
Insurrection?
The Philippine American war continue the struggle for
independence of Filipino revolutionaries against Spain.
this time, it was against a new colonizer, the united states.
In April 1898, the united states went to war with Spain,
and on May 1, the Americans destroyed the Spanish fleet
in manila bay. The Filipino revolutionary leaders, exiled
in Hongkong, returned to the Philippines, and General
Emilio Aguinaldo established a government and gained
control of much of Luzon by June 1898.During this time,
the U.S. Government under president William McKinley
was interested in the Philippines and its commercial
potential. Spain ceded the Philippines to the united states
in the Treaty of Paris in December 1898, and fighting
broke out between Aguinaldo’s Forces and the U.S. troops
in Manila. The Filipinos were adamant in their desires to
resist the U.S. Takeover.
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Philppine-american war or
Insurrection?
McKinley’s Decision on the Philippines

#1
That we could not give them back to Spain that would
be currently and dishonorable

#2
what we could not turn them over to France or
Germany our commercial rivals in the Orient that
would be bad business and discreditable

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Philppine-american war or
Insurrection?
McKinley’s Decision on the Philippines

#3
that we could not leave them to themselves they were
unfit for self-government and they would soon have
anarchy and misruled worse than Spain was

#4
and that there was nothing left for us to do but to take
them all and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and
civilize and Christianize them and by God's grace do
that do the very best we could by them, as our fellow
men for whom Christ also died
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Philppine-american war or
Insurrection?

THE WAR HAD TWO FACES

the first phase was dominated by Aguinaldo’s failed

conventional warfare against the better trained and
equipped U.S. troops lasting from February to November
1899

the second phase was marked by the Filipinos shift to

guerillas welfare which lasted from November 1899 until
1902 when U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt declared the
conflict over.

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 Philppine-american war or
Insurrection?
Historians have disagreed on what to call the war between the
United States and the Philippines. historically, The US
government has referred to it as the Philippine insurrection.
insurrection is defined as ‘’a violent uprising against an authority
are government. ’Scholars, especially Filipinos, referrers to the
conflict as ‘’the Philippine American as war is defined as a state of
armed conflict between nation, states or different groups within
nations state.’’

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 Philppine-american war or
Insurrection?
Why did the united states see the conflict as an insurrection? For
them, the Philippines was already a territory of the United States of
America under the Treaty of Paris in 1899.The United States did not
recognize Aguinaldo’s government and deemed any challenge made
by Filipinos an insurgency ,an insurrection. Filipino historians in the
1950s saw the conflict with the united states as that of a young nation
asserting its identity and denied the legalistic interpretation. In the
same breath, would the United States allow the American
Revolutionary War to be referred to as the American Insurrection
against Britain?

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 Philppine-american war or
Insurrection?

Excerpts of ‘’ Aguinaldo’s Case Against The united States by A Filipino’’

The article made a critical point; The Philippines is a young

country ,no different from the United States who fought for its
independence against British, that the U.S. colonies were also seen
as a rebels and that while the United States is manifesting its
military might in its conquest of the Philippines ,the Filipinos have
never assimilated with its former oppressors, and that they are not
likely to assimilate with the United States as well.

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Philppine-american war or
Insurrection?

The Philippine-American War, the continuation of the of

the struggle for independence is not an insurgency. To
refer to it as the Philippine insurrection is to demote the
memory of the Philippine revolution, the struggle for
independence and the creation of Filipino nation.

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THank you!