MODULE 1

MODULE
The Self in
1
MODULE 1

THETHE
SELF IN IN
SELF
VARIOUS
VARIOUS
Various
Perspectives
PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVES
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
 TOPICS
TOPICS
TOPICS

0101 02
02 03
03 04
04
Overview
Overview of
Philosophical
Philosophical Sociological
Sociological Anthropological
Anthropological
of the the
SelfSelf Perspective
Perspective Perspective
Perspective Perspective
Perspective

Concept and Nature of The Philosophical The Self as a Social The Self and the
the Self: Who am I? Framework for Construction Person in
Understanding the Contemporary
Self Anthropology
 Intented Learning Outcomes
At the end, you should be able to:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
INTENDED  articulate the fundamental concept and principles of the self;
LEARNING
● articulate the fundamental concept and principles of the self;
● clarify how classical and modern philosophical models defined
 discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self
OUTCOMESME
the self; from various disciplinal perspectives;
● describe and discuss the different notions of the self from the

S ● points-of-view of the various philosophers;

 compare
discuss the different representations and
and
and contrast how the self has been represented across different
conceptualizations
disciplines and perspectives; of
the self from various disciplinal perspectives;
● compare and contrast how  the self how
clarify has been represented
classical across
and modern philosophical models defined the self;
different disciplines and perspectives;
● examine the different influences,
 examine factors,
the and forces
different that shapefactors, and forces that shape the self;
influences,
the self; and
● demonstrate critical and reflective thoughtcritical
 demonstrate in analyzing the
and reflective thought in analyzing the development
development of one’s self and identity by developing a theory of
of one’s self and identity by developing a theory of the Self.
the Self.
 Introduction
INTRODUCTION
'Understanding the Self' is a fundamental course in the General Education Curriculum for tertiary education. It is
'Understanding the Self' is a fundamental course in the General Education
designed to help the students understand the nature of identity including factors that influence and
Curriculum for tertiary education. It is designed to help the students
shape personal identity. Our courseunderstand
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'Understanding the Self'. personal identity. Our course code, by the way, is GEC 001 and the course
name is 'Understanding the Self'.
Each modular Group will be divided into three periods, namely, Prelim, Midterm, and Final. If you
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course. My schedule and contact information are posted on the "About your Instructor' button.
me if you have problems or difficulties with the course. My schedule and
contact information are posted on the "About your Instructor' button.
To obtain deeper knowledge about the school, the course, and the policy, please feel free to explore
all the links and buttons available. Let's
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learning experience to all of us. I know that everyone is undergoing labor
experience.
pains with online tasks, but with concerted cooperation, I am sure we'll all
get through this exciting online experience.

Let's get started then. Let's get started then.

 Spectacles

Mercure
Mercure est la planète la
plus petite du système
solaire. Elle n’est qu’un peu
plus grande que la Lune
Vénus
Vénus a un beau nom et est
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 01 01
OVERVIEW OF
THE SELF OVERVIEW
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF OF THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
 The Self in Various Perspectives
Understanding the self is essential in every person's life. For you to better understand
yourself, you must allow yourself to experience self-discovery and self-awareness.

Self-discovery is the process of learning, understanding, or knowing more about

yourself and who you are, becoming aware of one's true potential, character, motives,
and the like.

Self-awareness is your knowledge of yourself and your worth as a person. An example

of awareness is what you hope to gain from meditating. Self-awareness is a result of
doing self-discovery.

Knowing oneself is critical to being an effective team member as well as being

successful in life, work, and relationships. Your personal identity influences everything
you do, and it changes and evolves over time.

This module will help us deepen our understanding and appreciation for who we are as
a person, giving us the opportunity of exploring how we see ourselves through the
lenses of our personal identity, skills and talents, roles, values, personal core, and how
you meet your psychological needs. You will also be guided on how to respond to the
pressures of changes and transitions in your life.
 Issues of the Self
Self-understanding is a journey. There will always be new things to discover
about yourself—and new paths to success as a result of that understanding. Let's
start with a basic definition of some of the key issue that altogether mold us into
what we are right now:

A. Nature vs. Nurture

The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest philosophical issues within
psychology. The one says genes determine an individual while the other claims
the environment is the linchpin for development.

Nature is often defined as genetic or hormone-based behaviors, traits, and

dispositions. It refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who
we are—from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics.

Nurture refers to all the environmental variables that impact who we are,
including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social
relationships, and our surrounding culture. While arguments about the
predominance of either nature or nurture are still unresolved, we could settle for
an eclectic standpoint of the issue:

We can safely assume that the Self is BOTH a product of Nature and Nurture.
issues
 Self vs. Identity
Self and Identity are topics that remain popular not only among
psychologists but also among other social scientists like
sociologists, cultural anthropologists, economists, among others.

Noticeably, the terms self and identity in various kinds of literature

have been loosely interchanged by many authors. For many, there
is a very thin conceptual and functional distinction between the two
concepts and many people perceive them as synonymous.

Self: Based on the lexical definition, “the person that someone

normally or truly is… or the entire person of an individual”.

Identity: Based on the lexical definition, refers to “the qualities,

beliefs, etc., that make a particular person or group different from
others… or the distinguishing character or personality of an
individual”
 02 02
THE SELF IN
The Self in
PHILOSOPHICAL
Philosophical
PERSPECTIVE
Perspective
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

 What is Philosophy?
Philosophy is often called the mother of all disciplines simply because all fields of
study began as philosophical discourses. It originated is from the Greek
words Philo- (loving) and Sophia (knowledge, wisdom). At its simplest, philosophy
means “loving knowledge” or “loving wisdom.”

Philosophy is the study of acquiring knowledge through rational thinking and

inquiries that involves answering questions regarding the nature and existence of
man and the world we live in. As such, it is imperative to look into the various
explanations from different philosophers their notion of what the “Self” its nature
and how it is formed in order to have a better picture of how people develop their
behaviors, attitude, and actions and to be able to identify and understand who we
are and how we came to be.

The term philosophy as originally used by the Greeks meant “the pursuit of
knowledge for its own sake.” The need to understand the “self” did not escape the
philosopher’s curious mind. Hence, here are the most relevant philosophical views
that will give us a historical framework in your quest of understanding yourself.
 What Philosophy Says About the Self
The Self has been defined as “as a unified being, essentially connected to
consciousness, awareness, and agency (or, at least, with the faculty of
rational choice) “. Different philosophers who have come up with more
specific characteristics of the Self, and over time, have transformed from
pure abstractions to explanations that hold scientific evidences.

The Philosophy of the self has been defined through distinct philosophical
lenses:

• Empiricism - derives explanations of the self from sensory and bodily

responses. We know things because we have experienced them
through our bodily senses.
• Rationalism - there is innate knowledge; they differ in that they choose
different objects of innate knowledge. Rationalism explains self from
the standpoint of what is “ideal” and the “truth”, not rooted in what is
felt by the senses nor our body.
• Dualism - In the modern world “dualism” most often refers to “mind-
body dualism,” or the idea that the mind is separate from the body.
The Philosophical Framework for Understanding the Self
The framework was first introduced by the ancient great Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Likewise, the different views of other prominent philosophers regarding the nature of the self were discussed in this
module. Noticeably, they were one in saying that self-knowledge is actually the prerequisite to a happy and
meaningful life. Philosophical musings have produced some of the most important original ideas over the
centuries. Naturally, the need to understand the “self” did not escape the philosopher’s curious mind. Hence, here
are the most relevant philosophical views that will give you a historical framework in understanding yourself:

The Classical Antiquity

Know Thyself
Socrates, known as the “Father of Western Philosophy" was believed to be the first
thinker to focus on the full power of reason on the human self - our existence in the
universe, who we are, who we should be, and who we will become. For Socrates, the self
exists in two parts: the physical body and the soul.

The physical body is a tangible aspect of us. It is mortal (it dies), constantly changing,
imperfect, transforming, disappearing.
Our soul, which Socrates believed to be immortal, is eternal, perfect, or ideal.
SOCRATES
“The unexamined life is not Socrates believed that there was a soul first before a man's body. The soul has all the
worth living."
knowledge that is stored in his mind. However, once he came to the material world or the
world of senses, he forgot most of what he knew. This resulted in a lack of knowledge or
ignorance, which causes problems for men.
 Plato is a dualist; there is both an immaterial mind (soul) and a material body, and it is the
soul that represents the self. Plato believed the soul exists before birth and after death. For
him, one should care about his soul rather than his body. The soul (mind) is divided into
three parts:
Reason - our divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices and
achieve a true understanding of eternal;
Physical Appetite - our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual; and,
Will or Spirit - is our basic emotion or passion, such as empathy, aggressiveness, love,
anger.

The three elements of our “self” are in a dynamic relationship with one another. Sometimes,
PLATO they work in concert, sometimes in conflict. Plato believed that true and genuine happiness
“The first and the best victory is to could only be achieved if we consistently make sure that our reason is in control of our
conquer self.” Spirits and Appetites.

While Plato emphasized the separation of ideal and phenomenal existence (or being),
Aristotle suggested that the ideal is subsumed in the phenomena. Aristotle called the
ideal as “essence” and the phenomena as “matter”. He also emphasized that the two co-
exist and are co-dependent, the essence provides meaning and purpose to the matter, and
the matter provides substance and solidity to essence.

Plato is sure that the true self is the soul, not the body. To be specific, the true self for
Plato is the rational soul which is separable from the body. Aristotle’s concept of the self is
quite the opposite. Aristotle’s concept of the self is more complicated. However, there is
one main theme in Aristotle’s narrative of the soul that guides us in understanding his
ARISTOTLE concept of the self, that is, the human person is a “rational animal”. In other words, for
“Knowing yourself is the beginning
Aristotle, the human person is simply an animal that thinks.
of all wisdom.”
 The Middle Ages
ST. AUGUSTINE
“Accepting God is the path to know thyself.”
Augustine believes that man is created in the image and
likeness of God, and he is essentially a soul whose goal is to
be with God. St. Augustine's sense of self is his relation to
God, both in his recognition of God's love, and his response to
it. It is achieved through self-presentation then self-realization.
Augustine believed one could not achieve inner peace without
finding God's love and through faith and reason, our self seeks
to be united with God. Augustine believes that God is
transcendent, and everything created by God, who is all good,
is good.
St. Augustine's sense of self is his relation to God, both in his
recognition of God's love and his response to it—achieved
through self-presentation, then self-realization. Augustine
believed one could not achieve inner peace without finding
God's love.
 The Renaissance
René Descartes is the “Founder of Modern Philosophy." Descartes' principle, cogito ergo sum
(Latin), is the keystone of his concept of self. For Descartes, this is the essence of self— you are a
"thinking thing" (I exist because I think: I think, therefore I exist). The mind is what matters. But
what about your body? Descartes believes that our physical body is secondary to our personal
identity.

Descartes declares that the essential self, or the self as a thinking entity, is radically different from
the self as a physical body. The thinking self—or soul—is a non-material, immortal, conscious
being, independent of the physical laws of the universe. The physical body is a mortal, non-
RENE DESCARTES thinking material that is fully governed by the physical laws of nature. Further, your soul and your
“Cogito ergo sum (I think; body are independent of one another. Each one can exist and function without the other. This, in a
therefore I am.)”. way, echoes the dualism of Plato.
John Locke is known for his theory that the mind is a tabula rasa, a blank slate. Locke believed
that we are born without thoughts, or our mind was empty and that knowledge is instead
determined only by experience. According to Locke, our memory plays a key role in our definition
of the self. He theorized that we are the same person as we were in the past for as long as we can
remember memories from that past. It is our memory or our consciousness of our past that makes
us that same person as we were in the past.

Thus, to Locke, our conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to
understanding the self. It is our consciousness that makes possible our belief that we are the
JOHN LOCKE
same identity at different times and in different places.
"The Self Is Consciousness.”
 David Hume believed that the source of all genuine knowledge is our direct sense of
experience. He believes in the existence of the mind, and what’s inside the mind is divided
into two: impressions and ideas. Impressions are those things we perceive through our
senses as we experience them. Ideas, on the other hand, are those things that we create in
our minds even though we are no longer experiencing them. For example, even when I’m
already inside my room and can no longer see the sky, I can still think of the idea of the sky,
like it’s a nice day, it’s not likely to rain, maybe I can do the laundry, or maybe I can go out to
the park. Whenever we think of simple ideas, it must have as a basis a simple impression.

Hume's idea of the self follows this philosophical pattern. In his mind, he finds a stream of
impressions and ideas, but no impression that corresponds to a self that endures through
time. For Hume, the self keeps on changing, like how one looks, one feels, one thinks they
constantly change. There is no permanent and unchanging self. A person is a bundle of
perceptions. Thus, we cannot observe any permanent self because we continuously undergo
DAVID HUME change. In conclusion, there is no self.
“There is no self.”

Immanuel Kant refutes Hume’s theory that there is no “self” and argues that it is possible
to find the essence of the self. For Kant, man is a free agent, capable of making a decision
for himself. Man is a free agent, for he is gifted with reason and free will to enable him to
organize the data gathered by the senses. From these data and the way we organize them,
we can build an idea of who we are. According to him, the reason is the final authority of
morality.

Every human being has his inner self and outer self; · The inner self includes rational
reasoning and psychological state while the outer self includes the body and physical mind,
IMMANUEL KANT where representation occurs.
 Sigmund Freud is not a philosopher, but his views on the nature of the
self have had a far-reaching impact on philosophical thinking. He is a
great influence in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis, the
theory he founded.

Freud believes that there are two levels of human functioning: the
conscious and the unconscious. In his psychoanalytic theory, the
conscious refers to all mental processes of which we are aware; the
unconscious refers to mental processes that are not easily accessible to
our awareness. Freud believes that even if the conscious self plays an
important role in our lives, it is the unconscious self that has the
dominant influence on our personalities.

The unconscious contains basic instinctual drives that include

aggressiveness, sexuality, and self-destruction; traumatic memories;
childhood fantasies and unfulfilled wishes; thoughts and feelings that
would be considered socially taboo. This unconscious level is
characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and
functioning. Our most basic instinctual drives in the unconscious level
SIGMUND FREUD seek immediate gratification or discharge. The impulses at this level are
“'There Are Two Selves: One Conscious,
governed solely by the “pleasure principle.” Our unconscious self exists
One Unconscious.” and influences us throughout our journey to life.
 The Modern Ages
GILBERT RYLE
"The Self Is How You Behave".
PAUL CHURCHLAND
"The Self is An Embodied Subjectivity"
Gilbert Ryle simply focused on observable behavior in defining the self. No more inner
selves, immortal soul, states of consciousness, or unconscious self: instead, the self is
defined in terms of the behavior that is presented to the world. From Ryle's point of view,
the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, a person’s tendency or disposition to
behave in a certain way in certain circumstances. In short, the self is defined by the
observable behaviors we project to the world around us.
He contends that every human being has both a physical body and a non-physical mind
which are ordinarily “harnessed together” while we are alive. However, after the death of
the body, our minds may continue to exist and function. According to him, “The self is the
way people behave”. The self is basically our behavior. This concept provided the
philosophical principle, “I act, therefore, I am”. In short, the concept means the self is
the brain
When it comes to learning of human experience, the concept of dualism is that the mind
and the body are separate. In other words, we do have a single brain and have a
separate mind, too. Paul Churchland disagrees with the concept of dualism. Churchland
asserts that since the mind cannot be experienced by the senses, it does not exist. It is
the physical brain, not the imaginary mind, that gives us our sense of self.
To Churchland, the self is the brain. He focused on the brain states rather than the
mental states. Neuroscience is at the fore of understanding the self. When people want to
ask what is going on with themselves, they might go for an MRI scan or CT scan to
understand the condition of the brain and how it works. Churchland believes that the term
“mind,” our moods, emotions, actions, consciousness are deeply affected by the state of
our brain that altered our actions, and physical state when they are manipulated,
 03
03
THE
The Sociological
SOCIOLOGICAL
Perspective
PERSPECTIVE OF
THE of
SELF
the Self
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
What is Sociology?
Sociology is the study of the role of society in shaping behavior. The
sociological perspective of the self looks into self as a social construction,
which means that who you are as a person all through your lifetime is
developed under the influence of people, meaning, the self is shaped through
interaction with other people in a society. Through socialization, we develop
our personalities and potentialities with the influence of our culture and
society. Socialization takes place through the interaction with various agents of
socialization, like peer groups and families, plus both formal and informal
social institutions, like schools and clubs.

While we were born with a genetic makeup and biological traits, who we are
as human beings, however, develops through social interaction. Sociology is
the study of the role of society in shaping behavior. It focuses on how different
aspects of society contribute to an individual’s relationship with his world. It
tends to look outward (social institutions, cultural norms, interactions with
others) to understand human behavior. This part of the module will be focused
on the self as perceived by sociologists. We will look into the role of society in
how we were shaped as to who we are today.
 The Self as a Social Construction
Social construction means that individuals develop a sense of self based on how
they think other people see and judge them. They see themselves and construct a
sense of identity, by interpreting what they think they see reflected about themselves
in others' opinions and reactions. They incorporate these ideas into their sense of
self. Our self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped through our
interaction with other people. The sociological theories of the self try to explain how
social processes such as socialization influence the development of the self.

Socialization is the process of learning one’s culture and how to live within it. In other
words, it is the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group and behave
in a way that is approved by the group. Through socialization, we develop our
personalities and potentialities with the influence of our culture and society. As with
socialization in general, we are not passive participants in this process but rather,
have a powerful influence over how this process develops and its circumstances. The
person can also be an agent of socialization. The self is constructed based on social
roles through socialization agents (family, school, community, etc.). How people
understand their sense of selves is closely tied to how they understand the world
around them or their relationship with others.
 The Self and the Social Agencies
Our development is largely influenced by the membership to crucial social groups that shape various aspects
of our self; from our beliefs system, values orientation, and manifest behavior. Indeed, we are born into a
family and toward the end of our lives, we evaluate our self in the context of our contribution to society, the
quality of our social relationships.

Family - it is the most pervading, influential social that group that impacts ourselves in the entire course of
development. The conceptions we hold about our world, the values we uphold in making choices and
decisions, and our habits and persistent behavior have been formed in the context of our families.

Schools - form a significant part of our social self. Our world perspectives go bigger as we get exposed to
more people and a formal set of standards; but this time, we are expected to meet certain criteria of
achievement and oftentimes, in collaborative learning conditions. We harness the knowledge that we get from
our mentors and apply the socialization skills we got from our families in developing relationships with our
school peers..

Communities - also shape our social self to a large extent. From an anthropological and sociological
perspective, our cultural beliefs and practices are influenced by what our communities and societies dictate.
Values such as faith in God, respect for the elderly, task persistence & dedication, and love for our country
are often the products of communal settings we belong to and societal expectations imposed on us.
Mead: The "I" and "Me" Self Theory
George Herbert Mead is an American sociologist, and he is considered as the Father of American
pragmatism, and one of the pioneers in the field of social psychology because of his contributions to the
development of the person relating to various social factors. Mead is a well-known sociologist for his theory of
the social self. It is based on the perspective that the self emerges from social interactions, such as observing
and interacting with others, responding to others’ opinions about oneself, and internalizing them together with
one’s feelings about oneself.

For Mead, our self is not there at birth, but it is developed over time from social experiences and activities.

The social aspect of self is an important distinction because other sociologists and psychologists of Mead's
time felt that the self was based on biological factors and inherited traits. According to Mead, the self is not
there from birth, but it is developed over time from social experiences and activities.

Two Sides of the Self

The “Me” are the characteristics, behavior, and or actions done by a person that follows the “generalized
others” that person interacts with. The “Me” is the attitudes, and behavior of the person with reference to
their social environment

The “I” is the reaction of the individual to the attitude of others, as well as the manifestation of the
individuality of the person. The “I” is one’s response to the established attitude and behavior that a person
assumes in reference to their social interactions.
 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self Theory
When it comes to understanding ourselves, social interaction plays a more
important role than many of us realize. According to sociologist Charles Horton
Cooley, individuals develop their concept of self by observing how they are
perceived by others, a concept Cooley coined as the “looking-glass self.” This
process, particularly when applied to the digital age, raises questions about the
nature of identity, socialization, and the changing landscape of self. The looking-
glass self describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on
how they believe others view them. Using social interaction as a type of
“mirror,” people use the judgments they receive from others to measure their
own worth, values, and behavior.

Cooley’s theory is notable because it suggests that self-concept is built not in

solitude, but rather within social settings. In this way, society and individuals are
not separate, but rather two complementary aspects of the same phenomenon.
As one of the pioneer contributors to sociological perspectives, he asserted that
people’s self-understanding is constructed, in part, by their perception of how
others view them—a process termed “the looking glass self.” For Cooley, we
gradually figure out who we are as we grow up. We figure out what we look
like by looking in a mirror, but you figured out who you are through social
interactions.
The Self as Embedded in Culture
Culture influences what affects you emotionally, as well as how you express yourself or
showing your feelings in public or keeping it private. Anthropologists believe that culture is
the full range of learned behavior patterns. Sir Edward B. Taylor, founder of cultural
anthropology, defined culture as 'a complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs,
morals, law, customs, arts, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a human as a
member of society.

Culture is everything that makes up the way how a group of people lives. It includes their
beliefs, values, and traditions. The experiences we go through in life are facilitated by the
culture we live in because culture provides the environment which allows all these
experiences to take place.

There are two components of culture that are essential in understanding how the self is
being influenced by it:

Material culture consists of human technology - all the things that people make and use.
These are the physical manifestations of culture. The goods and products we buy and the
products we use are also included here.

Non-material culture includes intangible human creations like beliefs, values, norms,
morals, rules, language, and organizations. This also helps shape our perspective of the
society of ourselves, and even of the material world.
 04
04 4

The Self in the

THE SELF IN THE
Anthropological
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
Perspective
PERSPECTIVE
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
What is Anthropology?
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human
behavior, human biology, cultures, societies and linguistics, in both the present
and past, including past human species. It is a relative newcomer to the debate
on selfhood as it was only in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries
that anthropology threw off its intimate links with the national and religious
organizations it had been serving.

Anthropology is the study of what makes us human. It takes a broad approach to

understanding the many different aspects of the human experiences, which we
call holism. They consider the past to see how human groups lived hundreds or
thousands of years ago and what was important to them.

Anthropology does express a unique view on the issue of selfhood: the

anthropological approach both starts and finishes with the group. The self needs
to be seen as a socially defined phenomenon, created by both the impression of
the group upon the individual and the expression of the individual upon the
group.
Humans have a unique relationship with other members of their species, both
communicatively and socially. Anthropology, therefore, has an important voice in
the discussion of selfhood.
 The Self and the Person in Contemporary Anthropology
Anthropology and Sociology are two distinct disciplines, even if they are very
much related if not intertwined. Anthropology is the study of people and cultures
in the past and the present. How did people live a few decades ago, or
thousands of years ago? How have societies and cultures changed over time?
How have humans evolved? These are the questions that anthropologists ask to
understand the “big picture” of what it means to be human.

There are four branches of Anthropology:

• Archeology – is the study of how people lived in the past. Archaeologists
learn from things people leave behind or artifacts like pottery, tools, relics,
ceramics, weapons, or anything made or used by humans.
• Physical Anthropology – is the study of human biology, including how
people adapt to where they live and how bodies changed over time (human
evolution). Physical anthropologists also study non-human
• Linguistic Anthropology – is the study of how people speak and the words
they use and how their language developed and evolved. Linguistic
anthropology also studies the evolution of language and how it changed
what people think and how people change their language.
• Cultural anthropology – is the study of how people live their lives in the
present and how they may have lived in the past, including the tools they
used and the food they produced and consumed. It is also related to
sociology and social science.
Thanks.

THANK
YOU.
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