CRISTOPHER A.

GABONA
Just like followers of
other religions, Hindus
have their own customs
and traditions

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 How do Hindus apply their
doctrines in their everyday lives?

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LEARNING 4
COMPETENCY

Explain that the core teaching of

Hinduism is the attainment of
liberation in the identification of
Atman and Brahman through the
Four Yogas
(HUMSS_WRB12_1/111j_11/Va-
8.3).
 5
• the doctrines of the
Understand
Hindu religion.

• Brahman, Atman, and

Identify
the four yogas.

• the customs and

Discuss traditions of the Hindu
religion.
Unjumble the Words

Unjumble the following words. Write your

answer in your notebook.

ahdrma shkoam anatm aakm agoy

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 7
Guide Questions

 Why is it important for

followers of the Hindu religion
to follow a doctrine?
 8
Guide Questions

How does understanding the

real purpose of life help
Hindus live their lives?
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Guide Questions

Is the Hindu religion strict

when it comes to worshipping
gods? Why or why not?
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The Purpose of Life

 For Hindus, the purpose of life is achieving the four

aims, called Purusharthas. These are dharma, kama,
artha, and moksha. These four aims guide Hindus on
how to act morally and ethically and live a good life.
Therefore, throughout their lives, Hindus strive to
behave so that good karma will come to them in this
life and the next, eventually ending the cycle of
samsara.
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The Doctrines of
the Hindu Religion
Dharma
 Religious and moral law
that tells the individual
how to conduct himself
or herself among the
members of society.
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The Doctrines of
the Hindu Religion

Dharma
 Eternal order that governs the
universe
 Refers to the law of motion,
which is one of the six
substances or drayvas that
make up the reality together
with adharma or rest, ākāśa
or space, jīva or souls,
pudgala or matter, and kala
or time.
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The Doctrines of
the Hindu Religion
Hindu Dharma: FIVE CONSTANT
DUTIES
(Panca Nitya Karmas)

 DHARMA: virtuous living

 UPASANA: daily worship
 UTSAVA: festivals
 TIRTHAYATRAI: pilgrimage
 SAMSKARAS: life-cycle rituals
 The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Dharma
● Types of dharmas
Sadharana dharma
Consists of truthfulness, noninjury, and generosity. It
concerns universal moral norms applicable to all
human beings regardless of religious affiliation and
historical-cultural context: One should not behave toward
others in a way that is disagreeable to oneself (Mahabharata)
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The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Dharma (Sadharana dharma)
The Yoga Sutra of Pantajali identifies ten virtues – five
negative (yamas) and five positive (niyamas).
Negative (yamas) Positive (niyamas)

1. Ahimsa: avoidance of violent thought and action 6. Saucha: purity in body, mind, and speech

2. Satya: avoidance of dishonesty and betrayal 7. Santosha: contentment with one’s possession

3. Asteya: avoidance of theft and covetousness 8. Tapaha: endurance and perseverance

4. Brahmacariya: avoidance of lust, drunkenness 9. Svadhyaya: scriptural study and the quest for
and bad company wisdom
10. Ishvarapranidhana: devotion, worship, and
5. Aparigraha: avoidance of greed and desire
meditation 15
The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Dharma
● Types of dharmas

Svadharma
Observed depending on one’s station or class in life

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The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Dharma
● Types of dharmas

Sanatana dharma
Considered as the eternal dharma which Hindus
follow

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The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Dharma
● Types of dharmas

Varnashrama dharma
Focused on materialistic duties in life

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The Doctrines of
the Hindu Religion
Kama
 Pleasure and what the mind and
physical body desires
 Human desire for passion and
love
 Kama also pertains to the Hindu
god of love and the name of
the well-known and ancient
guide to expressing physical
love, which is the Kama Sutra.
The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion

Kama

Hinduism is a very practical religion, so many Hindus

attempt to achieve it in their lives with their partners.
This sexual aspect of kama is considered a natural part
of human instinct and produces children.

-
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The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Artha
● Pursuit of material advantage and wealth
● One of the purusharthas, which are the four aims of
human life
● The proper way to attain moksha
● Hindus believe that they must not become attached
to this wealth.

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The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Moksha
● Release from samsara, which is endless
reincarnation

● Attained through the self-realization that a person’s

atman or the self is one and the same with the
brahman, which is the pure, absolute reality that
makes up the universe.
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The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Brahman
● Ultimate existence or reality

● Eternal, conscious, irreducible, infinite, omnipresent,

and the spiritual core of the universe and finiteness
and change

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The Doctrines of the Hindu Religion
Atman
● Pertains to the universal self and identified with the
eternal core of one’s personality which moves on to
a new life or attains moksha after one’s death

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 25
The Four Yogas
Yoga
 ancient practice of
meditation by which one
is able to move toward a
reality
 Means “that which
brings you to reality”
The Four Yogas
Yoga
● Jnana yoga or yoga of knowledge
-Leads to attaining knowledge of brahman and atman
-Allows one to use the power of the mind
-Human alienation from the ultimate reality is a result
of ignorance – “not seeing”.

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The Four Yogas
Yoga
● Karma yoga or yoga of work
-Leads one to a dedicated path of work where he or
she thinks of his or her actions as a spiritual offering
than one that is dedicated to gaining material wealth.
-Focusing selflessly on one’s duty and detaching
oneself from the results of one’s action.

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The Four Yogas
Yoga
● Bhakti yoga or yoga of love
-Leads to attaining God through love and the loving
recollection of God
-Recommended for those who are more emotional
than intellectual
-Proposes that one may attain moksha by
passionately surrendering to and embracing one god
with trust and love. 28
The Four Yogas
Yoga
● Raja yoga or yoga of psychological exercises
-Leads to attaining God through love and the loving
recollection of God
-Recommended for those who are more emotional
than intellectual
-Detach the atman from the world and unite it with
Brahman by training the physical body
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Customs and Traditions of the Hindu Religion

● Worship of many gods

● Practice of sacrifice
● Uttering the mantra
● Practice of different forms of worship

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In the Philippine Context…

Many Filipinos practice

yoga because it is not
only a form of
meditation but also a
way of keeping oneself
healthy.

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WRAP UP
● Dharma is the religious and moral law that
tells the individual how to conduct himself or
herself among the members of his or her
society and is also one of the four goals of life.
● Kama is pleasure and refers to what the mind
and physical body desires.

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WRAP UP

● Artha is the pursuit of material advantage

and wealth and is one of the purusharthas
which are the four aims of human life.
● Moksha is the release from samsara, an
endless reincarnation.
● Brahman is the ultimate existence or reality.

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WRAP UP
● Atman pertains to the universal self and
identified with eternal core of one’s personality,
which moves on to a new life or attains
freedom from Moksha.

● Yoga is an ancient practice of meditation by

which one is able to move toward a reality that
can be experienced where one knows the
ultimate reason for one’s existence. 34
WRAP UP
● The four types of yoga are Jnana yoga or yoga
of knowledge, Karma yoga or the yoga of work,
Bhakti yoga or yoga of devotion or love, and
Raja yoga.

● Some of the practices of the Hindu religion are

worshipping many gods and practicing different
ways of worship.
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A. Fill in the blanks. Complete the statements

with the missing letters.

1. Dharma is the religious and moral law which
tells the individual how to conduct himself or
herself among the members of his or her
society and is also one of the f_____ goals of
life.

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 A. Fill in the blanks. Complete the statements

with the missing letters.

3. _____a is known as “the destroyer.”

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 A. Fill in the blanks. Complete the statements

with the missing letters.

3. A m_____ is the sacred prayer, hymn, or word

taken from the sacred text and uttered in a ritual
to communicate with or consecrate a deity, cast
spells or charms, and seek protection against
them.

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 A. Fill in the blanks. Complete the statements

with the missing letters.

4. For Hindus, m_____ _____s is the cause, basis,

and the very purpose of life.

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 A. Fill in the blanks. Complete the statements

with the missing word.

5. Moksha is the release from _____a which is an

endless reincarnation.

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 B. Short Essay. Answer the following questions.

1. Is yoga important in the practice of the Hindu

religion?

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 B. Short Essay. Answer the following questions.

2. Why is making sacrifices a central core of the

Hindu religion?

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 B. Short Essay. Answer the following questions.

3. How does Dharma help one become a good

Hindu?

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Complete the chart below to show the
differences of the doctrines of the Hindu
religion.
Dharma
Dharma Moksha Artha Kama Bhraman Atman
Moksha
Artha
Kama
Brahman
Atman
Hindu community children busy in their religious rituals in the temple during the Hindu community festival Diwali by
Jeetesh Maheshwari is licensed under CC BY SA 4.0 via Wikimedia.
Yoga Namaste Surya Namaskar by Surya Namaskar is licensed under CC BY SA 2.0 via Wikimedia.

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““Artha,” Yoagapedia. Accessed at https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/5385/artha.

“Atman.” Britannica. Accessed at https://www.britannica.com/topic/atman.

“Brahman.” Britannica. Accessed at https://www.britannica.com/topic/brahman-Hindu-concept.

“Dharma.” Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept.

“Hindu Beliefs.” BBC. Accessed at

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zmvhsrd/revision/3#:~:text=Varnashrama%20dharma&text=The%20four

%20main%20classes%20are%20Brahmins%2C%20Kshatriyas%2C%20

Vaishyas%20and%20Shudras.

“Main Beliefs and Practices in Hinduism.” Hinduwebsite.com. Accessed at

https://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_beliefs.asp.

“Moksha.” Berkeley Center. Accessed at https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/moksha.

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“The Four Goals of Hindu Life: Kama, Artha, Dharma & Moksha.” Study. Com. Accessed at

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-four-goals-of-hindu-life-kama-artha-dharma-moksha.html.

“The Four Yogas.” California State University Long Beach. Accessed at https://web.csulb.edu/~wweinste/yogas.html.

“What is Dharma?” Embodied Philosophy. Accessed at https://www.embodiedphilosophy.com/what-is-dharma/.

“What is Yoga?’ Inner Engineering. Accessed at https://isha.sadhguru.org/yoga/new-to-yoga/what-is-yoga/.

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