48 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs

1.4 Exercises
VOCABULARY CHECK: Fill in the blanks.
1. A relation that assigns to each element x from a set of inputs, or ________, exactly one element y in a set
of outputs, or ________, is called a ________.
2. Functions are commonly represented in four different ways, ________, ________, ________, and ________.
3. For an equation that represents y as a function of x, the set of all values taken on by the ________ variable x is
the domain, and the set of all values taken on by the ________ variable y is the range.
4. The function given by

f x  2xx  4,1,

2
x < 0
x ≥ 0
is an example of a ________ function.
5. If the domain of the function f is not given, then the set of values of the independent variable for which the
expression is defined is called the ________ ________.
f x  h  f x
6. In calculus, one of the basic definitions is that of a ________ ________, given by , h  0.
h
PREREQUISITE SKILLS REVIEW: Practice and review algebra skills needed for this section at www.Eduspace.com.

In Exercises 1– 4, is the relationship a function? 6.

Input value 0 1 2 1 0
1. Domain Range 2. Domain Range
Output value 4 2 0 2 4
−2 5 −2 3
−1 6 −1 4
7. Input value 10 7 4 7 10
0 7 0 5
1 8 1 Output value 3 6 9 12 15
2 2
8.
3. Domain Range 4. Domain Range Input value 0 3 9 12 15
(Year) (Number of
Cubs Output value 3 3 3 3 3
National North Atlantic
League Pirates
tropical storms
Dodgers and hurricanes) In Exercises 9 and 10, which sets of ordered pairs represent
1994 7 functions from A to B? Explain.
1995 8
American
Orioles 9. A 
0, 1, 2, 3 and B 
2, 1, 0, 1, 2
1996 12
League Yankees (a)
0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 3, 2
1997 13
Twins
1998 14 (b)
0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1
1999 15 (c)
0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0
2000 19
2001 (d)
0, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1
2002 10. A 
a, b, c and B 
0, 1, 2, 3
(a)
a, 1, c, 2, c, 3, b, 3
In Exercises 5–8, does the table describe a function? (b)
a, 1, b, 2, c, 3
Explain your reasoning. (c)
1, a, 0, a, 2, c, 3, b
5. (d)
c, 0, b, 0, a, 3
Input value 2 1 0 1 2
Output value 8 1 0 1 8
 Section 1.4 Functions 49

Circulation of Newspapers In Exercises 11 and 12, use the 1

31. qx 
graph, which shows the circulation (in millions) of daily x2  9
newspapers in the United States. (Source: Editor & (a) q0 (b) q3 (c) q y  3
Publisher Company)
2t 2  3
32. qt 
t2
50
(a) q2 (b) q0 (c) qx
Circulation (in millions)

40
33. f x 
x 
Morning x
30 Evening (a) f 2 (b) f 2 (c) f x  1
20 
34. f x  x  4
(a) f 2 (b) f 2 (c) f x2
10
35. f x  2x2x  1,2, x < 0
x ≥ 0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
(a) f 1 (b) f 0 (c) f 2
Year

11. Is the circulation of morning newspapers a function of the

36. f x  2x 2,2,
x2
2
x ≤ 1
x > 1
year? Is the circulation of evening newspapers a function (a) f 2 (b) f 1 (c) f 2
of the year? Explain.


3x  1, x < 1
12. Let f x represent the circulation of evening newspapers in 37. f x  4, 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
year x. Find f 1998.
x2, x > 1
(a) f 2 (b) f  2  (c) f 3
1
In Exercises 13–24, determine whether the equation repre-


sents y as a function of x. 4  5x, x ≤ 2
38. f x  0, 2 < x < 2
13. x 2  y 2  4 14. x  y 2 x2  1, x > 2
15. x  y  4 2 16. x  y2 4 (a) f 3 (b) f 4 (c) f 1
17. 2x  3y  4 18. x  22  y 2  4
19. y 2  x 2  1 20. y  x  5 In Exercises 39 –44, complete the table.
21. y  4  x   
22. y  4  x 39. f x  x 2  3
23. x  14 24. y  75
x 2 1 0 1 2
In Exercises 25–38, evaluate the function at each specified f x
value of the independent variable and simplify.
25. f x  2x  3 40. gx  x  3
(a) f 1 (b) f 3 (c) f x  1
x 3 4 5 6 7
26. g y  7  3y
(a) g0 (b) g 3 
7
(c) gs  2 gx

27. Vr  3 r 3
4

(a) V3 (b) V  2 

3
(c) V 2r

41. ht  2 t  3
1

28. ht  t 2  2t t 5 4 3 2 1
(a) h2 (b) h1.5 (c) hx  2 ht
29. f  y  3  y
(a) f 4 (b) f 0.25 (c) f 4x 2
42. f s 
s  2
30. f x  x  8  2 s2
(a) f 8 (b) f 1 (c) f x  8 s 0 1
3 5
4
2 2
f s
50 Chapter 1 Functions and Their Graphs


73. f x  x  2 74. f x  x  1  
x  2 ,
 12x  4, x ≤ 0
43. f x  2 x > 0
Exploration In Exercises 75–78, match the data with one
x 2 1 0 1 2 of the following functions
c
f x f x
cx, g x
cx 2, h x
c x , and r x

x
and determine the value of the constant c that will make
9x  3,x ,
2
x < 3
44. f x  the function fit the data in the table.
x ≥ 3
75.
x 4 1 0 1 4
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 32 2 0 2 32
f x

76.
x 4 1 0 1 4
In Exercises 45–52, find all real values of x such that
f x
0. y 1  14 0 1
4 1
45. f x  15  3x 46. f x  5x  1
3x  4 77.
12  x2 x 4 1 0 1 4
47. f x  48. f x 
5 5
y 8 32 Undef. 32 8
49. f x  x 2  9 50. f x  x 2  8x  15
51. f x  x 3  x 52. f x  x3  x 2  4x  4
78.
x 4 1 0 1 4
In Exercises 53–56, find the value(s) of x for which y 6 3 0 3 6
f x
g x.
53. f x  x 2  2x  1, gx  3x  3
In Exercises 79–86, find the difference quotient and
54. f x  x 4  2x 2, gx  2x 2
simplify your answer.
55. f x  3x  1, gx  x  1
f 2  h  f 2
56. f x  x  4, gx  2  x 79. f x  x 2  x  1, ,h0
h
In Exercises 57–70, find the domain of the function. f 5  h  f 5
80. f x  5x  x 2, ,h0
h
57. f x  5x 2  2x  1 58. gx  1  2x 2
f x  h  f x
4 3y 81. f x  x 3  3x, ,h0
59. ht  60. s y  h
t y5
f x  h  f x
61. g y  y  10 62. f t  
3
t4 82. f x  4x2  2x, ,h0
h
63. f x  
4 1  x2
64. f x  
4 x 2  3x
1 gx  g3
1 3 10 83. g x  , ,x3
65. gx   66. hx  x2 x3
x x2 x 2  2x
1 f t  f 1
s  1 x  6 84. f t  , ,t1
67. f s  68. f x  t2 t1
s4 6x
f x  f 5
x4 x5 85. f x  5x, ,x5
69. f x  70. f x  x5
x x2  9
f x  f 8
86. f x  x23  1, ,x8
x8
In Exercises 71–74, assume that the domain of f is
the set A
{2, 1, 0, 1, 2}. Determine the set of ordered 87. Geometry Write the area A of a square as a function of
pairs that represents the function f. its perimeter P.
71. f x  x 2 72. f x  x2  3 88. Geometry Write the area A of a circle as a function of its
circumference C.
The symbol indicates an example or exercise that highlights algebraic techniques specifically used
in calculus.
A82 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Tests

104. d; The slope is 100, which represents the decrease in the 139. Answers will vary.
value of the word processor each year. The y-intercept is
0, 750 which represents the initial purchase price of the Section 1.4 (page 48)
computer.
105. y
0.4825t  2.2325; y18  $6.45; y20  $7.42 Vocabulary Check (page 48)
107. V
175t  875 1. domain; range; function
109. (a) yt
179.5t  40,571 2. verbally; numerically; graphically; algebraically
(b) y8
42,007; y10
42,366 (c) m
179.5 3. independent; dependent 4. piecewise-defined
111. S
0.85L 5. implied domain 6. difference quotient
113. (a) C
16.75t  36,500 (b) R
27t
(c) P
10.25t  36,500 (d) t  3561 hours 1. Yes 3. No
115. (a) (b) y
8x  50 5. Yes, each input value has exactly one output value.
7. No, the input values of 7 and 10 each have two different
10 m output values.
9. (a) Function
x (b) Not a function, because the element 1 in A corre-
15 m
x
sponds to two elements, 2 and 1, in B.
(c) Function
(c) 150 (d) m
8, 8 meters (d) Not a function, because not every element in A is
matched with an element in B.
11. Each is a function. For each year there corresponds one
and only one circulation.
0 10
0
13. Not a function 15. Function 17. Function
19. Not a function 21. Function 23. Not a function
117. C
0.38x  120
y
25. (a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 2x  5
119. (a) and (b)
27. (a) 36 (b) 92 (c) 32
3 r
3
Cellular phone subscribers

150
125
29. (a) 1 (b) 2.5 (c) 3  2 x
(in millions)

1 1
100
31. (a)  (b) Undefined (c) 2
75 9 y  6y
50
33. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c)
x1


25 x1
2 4 6 8 10 12
x
35. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 6
Year (0 ↔ 1990) 37. (a) 7 (b) 4 (c) 9
(c) Answers will vary. Sample answer: 39.
x 2 1 0 1 2
y
11.72x  14.1
(d) Answers will vary. Sample answer: The y-intercept f x 1 2 3 2 1
indicates that initially there were 14.1 million
41.
subscribers which doesn’t make sense in the context t 5 4 3 2 1
of this problem. Each year, the number of cellular
h t  1 1
phone subscribers increases by 11.72 million. 1 2 0 2 1
(e) The model is accurate.
43.
(f) Answers will vary. Sample answer: 196.9 million x 2 1 0 1 2
121. False. The slope with the greatest magnitude corresponds f x 5
9
4 1 0
2
to the steepest line.
123. Find the distance between each two points and use the
45. 5 47. 43 49. ± 3 51. 0, ± 1 53. 2, 1
Pythagorean Theorem.
55. 3, 0 57. All real numbers
125. No. The slope cannot be determined without knowing the
59. All real numbers t except t
0
scale on the y-axis. The slopes could be the same.
61. All real numbers y such that y ≥ 0
127. V -intercept: initial cost; Slope: annual depreciation
63. All real numbers x such that 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
129. d 130. c 131. a 132. b
65. All real numbers x except x
0, 2
133. 1 135. 72, 7 137. No solution
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Tests A83

67. All real numbers s such that s ≥ 1 except s  4 101. (a)

69. All real numbers x such that x > 0
71.

2, 4, 
1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 4
73.

2, 4, 
1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4
75. gx  cx2; c 
2 76. f x  cx; c  14 d
h
c
77. rx  ; c  32
x
78. hx  c x ; c  3 
79. 3  h, h  0 81. 3x 2  3xh  h2  3, h  0 3000 ft

x3 5x
5 P2
83.
2 ,x  3
85. 87. A  (b) h  d2
30002, d ≥ 3000
9x x
5 16
103. False. The range is 
1, .
89. (a) The maximum volume is 1024 cubic centimeters.
105. The domain is the set of inputs of the function, and the
(b) V
range is the set of outputs.
1200
107. (a) Yes. The amount you pay in sales tax will increase as
1000
the price of the item purchased increases.
800
Volume

600
(b) No. The length of time that you study will not neces-
400
sarily determine how well you do on an exam.
200 109. 15
8 111.
15 113. 2x
3y
11  0
x 115. 10x  9y  15  0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Height
Section 1.5 (page 61)
Yes, V is a function of x.
(c) V  x24
2x2, 0 < x < 12
Vocabulary Check (page 61)
x2

CHAPTER 1
91. A ,x > 2
2x
2 1. ordered pairs 2. Vertical Line Test
93. Yes, the ball will be at a height of 6 feet. 3. zeros 4. decreasing
95. 1990: $27,300 97. (a) C  12.30x  98,000 5. maximum 6. average rate of change; secant
1991: $28,052 (b) R  17.98x 7. odd 8. even
1992: $29,168 (c) P  5.68x
98,000
1993: $30,648 1. Domain: 
,
1 , 1,  3. Domain: 
4, 4
1994: $32,492 Range: 0,  Range: 0, 4
1995: $34,700 5. (a) 0 (b)
1 (c) 0 (d)
2
1996: $37,272 7. (a)
3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d)
3 9. Function
1997: $40,208 11. Not a function 13. Function 15.
52, 6
1998: $41,300 17. 0 19. 0, ± 2 21. ± 12, 6 23. 12
1999: $43,800 25. 6 27. 5

2000: $46,300
2001: $48,800 −9 9

2002: $51,300 −6 3

240n
n2 −6 −1
99. (a) R  , n ≥ 80
20

53
11
2
(b)
29. 2 31. Increasing on 
, 
n 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
−3 3
Rn $675 $700 $715 $720 $715 $700 $675

The revenue is maximum when 120 people take the trip. −2

1
3
33. Increasing on 
, 0 and 2, 
Decreasing on 0, 2