Srayee Report

Heritage Institute of Technology
(An Autonomous Institute)
Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
PROJECT REPORT TITLE: Satellite Image Processing for

detection of Environmental Change Pattern
Affiliated
to
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
(Formerly WBUT), 2023
Name : Srayee Banik-12619003160 (Reg No: 029788)

Hriddha Bhowmik-12619003055 (Reg No: 030003)
Rashi Sharraf-12619003109 (Reg No: 030919)
Olivea Roy-12619003090 (Reg No:030922)
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Department of
This is to certify that the project report
Satellite Image Processing for detection of Environmental

Change Pattern
Has been successfully completed by
Name : Srayee Banik-12619003160 (Reg No: 029788)

Hriddha Bhowmik-12619003055 (Reg No: 030003)
Rashi Sharraf-12619003109 (Reg No: 030919)
Olivea Roy-12619003090 (Reg No:030922)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree in

Bachelor of Technology
In
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
(Formerly WBUT), 2023
Under the Supervision of

Prof. (Dr.) Anindya Sen
Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering

Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700107.
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Certificate of Recommendation
This is to certify that the Thesis entitled “Satellite Image Processing for the
detection of Environmental change pattern” submitted by Srayee Banik
under the supervision of Prof. (Dr.) Anindya Sen (Professor, Dept. of ECE,
HITK), has been prepared according to the regulations of B.Tech. Degree in
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, awarded by
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (Formerly WBUT) and
he/she has fulfilled the requirements for submission of thesis report and that
neither his/her thesis report has been submitted for any degree/diploma or any
other academic award anywhere before.
…………………………………………………….………
Prof. (Dr.) Anindya Sen
(Designation, Dept of ECE, HITK)
Project Supervisor
.………………………………
Prof. Prabir Banerjee
(HOD, Dept of ECE, HITK)
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Affiliated to
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology
(Formerly WBUT)
Certificate of Approval*
The foregoing thesis report is hereby approved as a creditable study of an
engineering subject carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to
warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite to the degree for which it has been
submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned don’t
necessarily endorse or approve any statement made opinion expressed or
conclusion drawn therein but approve the project report only for the purpose
for which it is submitted.
Signature of the Examiners:
1…………………………………………….
2…………………………………………….
3…………………………………………….
*Only in the case the thesis report is approved
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Satellite Image Processing for the detection of
Environmental change pattern
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Abstract
Climate change is one of the important issues that face the world in this technological
era. The best proof of this situation is the historical temperature change. In this project
we have used data collected from the publicly available GISTEMP data, the Global
Surface Temperature Change data distributed by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA-GISS). The data consisted
of the mean surface temperature change with respect to baseline climatology
corresponding to the period 1951-1980. The data covers the time period of 1961 -2019.
Based on the collected data regression models of temperature change over the years in
different months were made for countries like Greenland, India and Antarctica. The
standard deviation of the regression models from the original plots were calculated. The
mean, standard deviation, slope, intercept, standard errors, maximum value and
minimum value of the regression models of different months were all denoted and
written in a table for each country. We studied the change in temperature in these
countries using the regression models. All the regression graphs were plotted using
python coding. Spyder software was used for python coding in this project. From the
regression models we observed significant rise in temperature in different countries all
over the world . Cause of this rise in temperature is global warming. These regression
models will help us to predict the change in temperature in the future.
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Contents
Chapter No. Topics Page No.

1 Motivation 8
2 Satellite temperature measurements 10
3 Distribution of temperature over the entire 12
world
3.1 Greenland 12
3.2 India 17
3.3 Antarctica 21
4 Conclusion 24
4.1 Future Prediction 27
Acknowledgement 28
Bibliography 29
Appendix 30
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CH-1: Motivation
We know that satellites are important for Earth surveillance and research, provides a base
map for reference, space data collection and research, communications, monitoring climate
change and many more. These satellites are launched into orbits with the help of rockets.
Various organizations like NASA, NOAA and ESA use the data to monitor greenhouse
gases concentration, weather patterns, melting of glaciers and polar ice, etc.
Technological innovations are leading to miniaturization of sensors, high-speed data transfer,

upgraded storage capacity, etc. Countries which have advanced in Satellite Technology are
US, Russia, China, France, India, UK and Japan.
Satellite Image Processing is an important field in research and development and consists
of the images of earth and satellites taken by the means of artificial satellites. Firstly, the
photographs are taken in digital form and later are processed by the computers to extract the
information. Statistical methods are applied to the digital images and after processing the
various discrete surfaces are identified by analyzing the pixel values.
The satellite imagery is widely used to plan the infrastructures or to monitor the
environmental conditions or to detect the responses of upcoming disasters.
In broader terms we can say that the Satellite Image Processing is a kind of remote sensing
which works on pixel resolutions to collect coherent information about the earth surface.
Satellites capture data by assigning a digital value to each pixel based on the reflectance of
the corresponding area on the ground (and above the atmosphere) within a predetermined
band within the light spectrum captured by the sensor. When presented as an image, a high
reflectance means a high value, and a low reflectance means a low value. Thus, satellite data
is in black and white before processing.
Satellites also capture information in the non-visible spectrum of light. In each band,
different features are reflected differently, such as rock, bare soil, vegetation, burned ground,
snow, sediment-rich water, etc. This is called a 'spectral signature'.
False-colour composite images are created by substituting one or more of the RGB bands
for others, such as infrared or near-infrared, which are not visible to the human eye.
A snowy mountain top, for example, will appear white in all light spectrum images, as snow
reflects all visible light. However, it will appear darker in infrared images since the snow
has less reflectance in infrared.
Majorly there are four kinds of resolutions associated with satellite imagery. These are:
a. Spatial resolution –It is determined by the sensors Instantaneous Field of View (IFoV)
and is defined as the pixel size of an image that is visible to the human eye being measured
on the ground. Since it has high resolving power or the ability to separate and hence is
termed as Spatial Resolution.
b. Spectral resolution –This resolution measures the wavelength internal size and determines
the number of wavelength intervals that the sensor measures.
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c. Temporal resolution –The word temporal is associated with time or days and is defined
as the time that passes between various imagery cloud periods.
d. Radiometric resolution –This resolution provides the actual characteristics of the image
and is generally expressed in bits size. It gives the effective bit depth and records the various
levels of brightness of imaging system.
The different environmental change patterns are:
a. Global warming and change in temperature

b. Ozone layer depletion
c. Melting of icecaps
d. Rise in sea level
e. Natural disasters
f. change in forest cover
In the current scenario, we see that the greenhouse gases are responsible for global warming
which are in turn responsible for several disasters taking place.
Here we are trying to verify that most of the climate changes and natural disasters are
occurring due to global warming and also we are studying the effects of this phenomenon.
We are also trying to predict our future climatic conditions by plotting graphs.
So we have the case studies of certain places to study more about them. These places are
chosen based on the different climatic conditions to know more on how and to what extent
the places are getting affected due to global warming.
Fig 1: NOAA 19 satellite used for tropospheric temperature measurement
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CH-2: Satellite temperature measurements
Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of

the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained
from radiometric measurements by satellites. These measurements can be used to
locate weather fronts, monitor the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, determine the strength
of tropical cyclones, study urban heat islands and monitor the global
climate. Wildfires, volcanos, and industrial hot spots can also be found via thermal imaging
from weather satellites.
Fig 2: Comparison of ground-based measurements of near-surface temperature (blue) and satellite based
records of mid-tropospheric temperature (red: UAH; green: RSS) from 1979 to 2010. Trends plotted 1982-
2010.
Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly. They measure radiances in

various wavelength bands. Since 1978 microwave sounding units (MSUs) on National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites have measured the
intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen, which is related to
the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere. Measurements
of infrared radiation pertaining to sea surface temperature have been collected since 1967.
Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the troposphere has warmed and
the stratosphere has cooled. Both of these trends are consistent with the influence of
increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
The different ways of measuring temperature are:
◼ Infrared measurements:
a. Surface measurements - Satellites used to retrieve surface temperatures via

measurement of thermal infrared radiation in general require cloud-free conditions.
Some of the instruments include the Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (AVHRR), Along Track Scanning Radiometers (AASTR), Visible
Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS),
and the ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) on the Canadian SCISAT-
1 satellite. Weather satellites have been available to infer sea surface temperature (SST)
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information since 1967, with the first global composites occurring during 1970. Since
1982, satellites have been increasingly utilized to measure SST and have allowed
its spatial and temporal variation to be viewed more fully. For example, changes in SST
monitored via satellite have been used to document the progression of the El Niño-
Southern Oscillation since the 1970s.Over land the retrieval of temperature from
radiances is harder, because of inhomogeneities in the surface. Studies have been
conducted on the urban heat island effect via satellite imagery. Use of advanced very
high resolution infrared satellite imagery can be used, in the absence of cloudiness, to
detect density discontinuities (weather fronts) such as cold fronts at ground level. Using
the Dvorak technique, infrared satellite imagery can be used to determine the
temperature difference between the eye and the cloud top temperature of the central
dense overcast of mature tropical cyclones to estimate their maximum sustained
winds and their minimum central pressures. Along Track Scanning Radiometers aboard
weather satellites are able to detect wildfires, which show up at night as pixels with a
greater temperature than 308 K (35 °C; 95 °F). The Moderate-Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer aboard the Terra satellite can detect thermal hot spots associated
with wildfires, volcanoes, and industrial hot spots. The Atmospheric Infrared
Sounder on the Aqua satellite, launched in 2002, uses infrared detection to measure
near-surface temperature.
b. Stratosphere measurements - Stratospheric temperature measurements are made from

the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) instruments, which are three-channel infrared
(IR) radiometers. Since this measures infrared emission from carbon dioxide, the
atmospheric opacity is higher and hence the temperature is measured at a higher altitude
(stratosphere) than microwave measurements. Since 1979 the Stratospheric sounding
units (SSUs) on the NOAA operational satellites have provided near global
stratospheric temperature data above the lower stratosphere. The SSU is a far-
infrared spectrometer employing a pressure modulation technique to make
measurement in three channels in the 15 μm carbon dioxide absorption band.
◼ Microwave (tropospheric and stratospheric) measurements:
a. Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) measurements - From 1979 to 2005

the microwave sounding units (MSUs) and since 1998 the Advanced Microwave
Sounding Units on NOAA polar orbiting weather satellites have measured the intensity
of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen. The intensity is
proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere. Upwelling
radiance is measured at different frequencies; these different frequency bands sample a
different weighted range of the atmosphere.
b. Other microwave measurements - A different technique is used by

the Aura spacecraft, the Microwave Limb Sounder, which measure microwave
emission horizontally, rather than aiming at the nadir. Temperature measurements are
also made by occultation of GPS signals. This technique measures the refraction of the
radio signals from GPS satellites by the Earth's atmosphere, thus allowing vertical
temperature and moisture profiles to be measured.
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CH-3: Distribution of temperature over the entire world
The temperature is not evenly distributed over all the areas of the world. Here we have the
case studies of 3 different regions - Greenland, India and Antarctica. We decided to study
the temperature change in these places as global warming and its effects are most prominent
in these places. These places are chosen to study the polar regions and a region in the tropical
zone of the Earth.
CH-3.1: GREENLAND (North Pole):
Greenland is the world's largest non-continental island. It is between latitudes 59° and 83°N,
and longitudes 11° and 74°W.
The glaciers of Greenland are contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was
previously believed. Between 1991 and 2004, monitoring of the weather at one location
(Swiss Camp) showed that the average winter temperature had risen almost 6 °C (11 °F).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
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(g) (h)
(i) (j)
(k) (l)
Fig 3(a-l): Change in ice cover over the years in Greenland(1980-2009). Darker red colors indicate areas with
the highest number of melt days. The darkest red corresponding to places where there was melting ice during
more than 75 days. Areas that had three or less days of melting ice are not colored.
From the above figures it can be said that from 1987-1989 there was a change but it
recovered in 1992. Again decay in 1995-1999 to recover in 2002. decay in 2007 and
recover in 2009.
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Material And Methods : We have collected data from the publicly available GISTEMP
data about the Global Surface Temperature Change data distributed by the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA-
GISS)[1]. The data consisted of the mean surface temperature change with respect to
baseline climatology corresponding to the period 1951-1980. The data covers the time
period of 1961-2019. We have studied the data collected over the years and plotted them on
a monthly basis. So for every month we have studied the data over the years. Based on the
collected data regression models of temperature change over the years in different months
were made for Greenland, India and Antarctica. The standard deviation of the regression
models from the original plots were calculated. The mean, standard deviation, slope,
intercept, standard errors, maximum value and minimum value of the regression models of
different months were all denoted and written in a table for each country. All the regression
graphs were plotted using python coding (Refer Appendix). Spyder software was used for
python coding in this project.
Experiment Done: We read the data from the downloaded CSV (comma-separated values)
file and stored it in a dataframe. We eliminated the unnecessary columns and reduced the
dataframe to a suitable form to plot the data. Using loop we plotted the scatter graphs on
temperature change over the years for each month and also performed regression using the
linregress() function. The regression function in python returned the values of the slope,
intercept and standard errors for the regression models. The maximum and minimum values
for each regression models were noted and standard deviation and mean for each regression
graph was calculated using stdev() function and mean() in python. All the values were
noted ,stored in a dataframe and are shown in a table format.
Results for Greenland:
Output Plots:
(a) (b)
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(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
15
(i) (j)
(k) (l)
Fig 4(a-l): Plots for regression graphs which are the best fit graphs for the collected data for temperature change
over the years in different months in Greenland. In the above plots, the X-axis signifies Year(1961-2019) and Y-
axis signifies Temperature Change(degree C). Each graph corresponds to temperature change over the years in a
month from January (4a) to December (4l).
Table 1: Output table for regression graphs of Greenland containing the mean, standard deviation, slope, intercept,
standard errors, maximum value and minimum value of the regression models of different months. Each row in the
table corresponds to a month graph of Fig 4(a-l) (for example the first row contain the values of the regression graph
of Greenland for the month of January(Fig 4a)).
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CH-3.2 : INDIA :
It is the seventh-largest country by area and the second-most populous country. India lies to the
north of the equator between 6° 44′ and 35° 30′ north latitude and 68° 7′ and 97° 25′ east longitude.
Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive
the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter monsoons. The Himalayas prevent
cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent
warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting
the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide
the majority of India's rainfall. Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical
wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane. Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C
(1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018.
Fig 5: Change in temperature of India over the years
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Results for India:
Output Plots:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
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(g) (h)
(i) (j)
(k) (l)
Fig 6(a-l): Plots for regression graphs which are the best fit graphs for the collected data for temperature change over
the years in different months in India. In the above plots, the X-axis signifies Year(1961-2019) and Y-axis signifies
Temperature Change(degree C). Each graph corresponds to temperature change over the years in a month from
January (6a) to December (6l).
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Table 2: Output table for regression graphs of India containing the mean, standard deviation, slope, intercept,
of India for the month of January(Fig 6a)).
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CH-3.3 : ANTARCTICA (South Pole):
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south
of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic
Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent. Antarctica
holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). The coastal
regions can reach temperatures over 10 °C (50 °F) in summer.
Fig 7: Change in ice cover over the years in Antarctica
Results for Antarctica:
Output Plots:
(a) (b)
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(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
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(i) (j)
(k) (l)
Fig 8(a-l): Plots for regression graphs which are the best fit graphs for the collected data for temperature change over
the years in different months in Antarctica. In the above plots, the X-axis signifies Year(1961-2019) and Y-axis
signifies Temperature Change(degree C). Each graph corresponds to temperature change over the years in a month
from January (8a) to December (8l).
Table 3: Output table for regression graphs of Antarctica containing the mean, standard deviation, slope, intercept,
of Antarctica for the month of January(Fig 8a)).
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CH-4: Conclusion
From the observation table (Table 1) and graphs (Fig 4(a-l)) for Greenland we can
conclude that the country’s massive ice sheets are melting twice as fast as they were just
a decade ago, according to a new study published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. Greenland has lost 4,976 gigatons of water since 1972. The
Greenland ice sheet is losing an average of around 250 billion metric tons of ice per
year[6]. NASA used two satellites. called Grace and Grace Follow-On, which have
been observing Greenland since 2002, to measure the loss. Lower-elevation and coastal
areas around Greenland experienced over 5 metres of ice mass loss and the largest mass
decreases occurred along the West Greenland coast, according to NASA[14].
Greenland has been shrinking during the summer months for decades, but according to
various reports the country hasn’t developed any new mass since 1998, suggesting that
even the cold season has become too warm. Between 2000 and 2001, Northern
Greenland's Petermann glacier lost 85 square kilometres (33 sq mi) of floating ice, and
a 28-square-kilometre (11 sq mi) piece of Petermann suddenly broke away in
2008. Sermeq Kujalleq broke up by 2005, losing 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) due
to rise in temperature [12].
There has been rise in sea level due melting of Greenland ice sheets.
Global mean sea level has risen approximately 210–240 millimeters (mm) since 1880,
with about a third coming in just the last two and a half decades. Melting Greenland ice
increases global sea level by at least 0.5 millimeters each year, though recent studies
suggest this rate may be increasing. The melt zone, where summer warmth turns snow
and ice into slush and melt ponds of meltwater, has been expanding at an accelerating
rate in recent years. We can expect the ocean to rise between 10 and 30 inches (26 to
77 centimeters) by 2100 with temperatures warming 1.5°C, if current trends continue
according to a recent special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [14].
From the observation table (Table 2) and the graphs (Fig 6(a-l)) for India we can
conclude that India’s average temperature has risen by around 0.7°C during 1901–2018.
This rise in temperature is largely on account of Greenhouse Gas-induced warming,
partially offset by forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols. By the end of the twenty-first
century, average temperature over India is projected to rise by approximately 4.4°C
relative to the recent past (1976–2005 average). In the recent 30-year period (1986–
2015), temperatures of the warmest day and the coldest night of the year have risen by
about 0.63°C and 0.4°C, respectively. The frequency of summer (April–June) heat
waves over India is projected to be 3 to 4 times higher by the end of the twenty-first
century, as compared to the 1976–2005 baseline period. The average duration of heat
wave events is also projected to approximately double. Both the frequency and spatial
extent of droughts have increased significantly during 1951–2016 due to rise in
temperature and decrease in rainfall in India. In particular, areas over central India,
southwest coast, southern peninsula and north-eastern India have experienced more
than 2 droughts per decade, on average, during this period. The area affected by drought
has also increased by 1.3% per decade over the same period [8].
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The Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) experienced a temperature rise of about 1.3°C
during 1951–2014. Several areas of HKH have experienced a declining trend in
snowfall and also retreat of glaciers in recent decades. By the end of the twenty-first
century, the annual mean surface temperature over HKH is projected to increase by
about 5.2°C [10].
Fig 9: Hindu Kush Range
Glaciers across the Hindu Kush Himalayas have lost mass since the 1970s. In the near
term, by 2030, glaciers in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region are expected to lose
between 10-30% of their mass. By 2050, this figure is expected to increase to 25-35%.
In the long term, by 2080-2100, glacial mass loss is predicted to reach 35% in the
Karakoram, 45% in the Pamir mountains, and as high as 60-95% in the eastern
Himalayas[10]. NASA Landsat satellite imagery shows that the sea level has risen in
the Sundarbans by an average of 3 centimeters (1.2 inches) a year over the past two
decades, and the area has lost almost 12 percent of its shoreline in the last four decades.
Due to sea level rise between 1975 and 1990, islands like the Lohachara and Bedford
Islands disappeared from their original location. Satellite images show that in 1975
Ghoramara had a total area of 8.51 s km, which shrunk to just 4.43 sq km in 2012.
In 2020 and 2021, cyclones Amphan, Tauktae, Yaas, Nisarga and Nivar—all arising in
either the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea—made landfall, causing immense
destruction because the overheated waters of the northern Indian Ocean have become a
breeding ground for cyclones. In the Arabian Sea, Sea Surface Temperatures have been
1.2-1.4 degree Celsius higher than normal due to which in the past 20 years, there has
been a 52% increase in the number of cyclones [8].
Fig 10: Lohachara island under water Fig 11: Location of Ghoramara Island
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Fig 12: Change in area of Ghoramara Island from 1999-2019
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report of 2007,

observations over the past 20 years show that the increasing intensity and spread
of forest fires in India were largely related to rises in temperature and declines in
precipitation, in combination with an increasing intensity of land use.
From the observation table(Table 3) and graphs (Fig 8(a-l)) for Antarctica we can
conclude that temperature has also increased over the years in Antarctica.
Over the second half of the 20th century, the Antarctic Peninsula was the fastest-
warming place on Earth, closely followed by West Antarctica, but temperatures rose
less rapidly during the early 21st century. Conversely, the South Pole, located in East
Antarctica, barely warmed during much of the 20th century, but temperatures rose three
times the global average between 1990 and 2020. In February 2020, the continent
recorded its highest temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), which was 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) higher
than the previous record attained in March 2015 [7].
Antarctica contains about 90% of the world's ice. A 2018 systematic review study
estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatonnes (Gt) per year on
average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but accelerated to an average of 220 Gt
per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017. Most of the ice loss has taken place
on the Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica. Melt ponds are found on glacial ice
and ice shelves in Antarctica which are pools of open water that form on sea ice in the
warmer months of spring and summer. These are also the indications of increase in
temperature [13].
The melting of the Antarctic ice sheet contributes to sea level rise. Antarctica's total
contribution to sea level rise has been estimated to be 8 to 14 mm (0.31 to 0.55 in). East
Antarctica ice sheet melting holds an estimated 52m (170ft) of potential sea level rise,
as compared with 3-4m (10-13ft) in the West Antarctic sheet [13].
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CH-4.1: Future Prediction:
As we can see that the graphs of Greenland, India and Antarctica are increasing by
nature, so this indicates that the temperature will keep on increasing.
Increases in average global temperatures are expected to be within the range of 0.5°F
to 8.6°F by 2100. A warming of 0.5 ℃ is likely over all India by the year 2030
(approximately equal to the warming over the 20th century) and a warming of 24℃ by
the end of this century, with the maximum increase over northern India. Global
observations of melting glaciers suggest that climate change is well under way in the
India, with glaciers receding at an average rate of 10–15 meters per year. If the rate
increases, flooding is likely in river valleys fed by these glaciers, followed by
diminished flows, resulting in water scarcity for drinking and irrigation.
According to a NASA study, global sea level rise has been accelerating in recent
decades, driven by increased melting in Greenland and Antarctica. If current trends
continue, by 2100 the world’s seas could have swelled by twice the projected level.
One recent study found that it's now inevitable that at least 3.3 percent of Greenland
will eventually melt away, adding nearly a foot to the ocean's rising levels.
Meltwater from ice sheets contribute about a third of the total global sea level rise. The
IPCC report projected that Greenland would contribute 3.1 to 10.6 inches (8 to 27 cm)
to global sea level rise between 2000-2100 and Antarctica could contribute 1.2 to 11
inches (3 to 28 cm).
Hence, we can conclude from our experiment that there has been a rise in temperature
of the countries over the years especially during the summer months. The slopes of the
graphs are always positive which indicates the same. This has resulted in several
harmful effects on the Earth, the most significant ones include melting of polar ice caps,
rise in sea level, reduction in the span of winter, disappearance of islands, drought, and
many more.
This is due to increase in concentration of greenhouse gases due to vehicular emissions,

burning of fossil fuels, cutting down of trees, setting up of more and more industries,
etc.
This is a matter of grave concern and if we do not take up measures to reduce this then
we would be facing even more problems in our near future. So all the available
resources must be utilized properly and proper care should be taken to reduce the
emissions of greenhouse gases.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to heartily thank the Almighty for giving us luck & faith in our abilities
to complete this project. We are thankful to our college for providing us the opportunity
to be a part of this project and for providing all the necessary resources and expertise
for the same. We would like to convey our gratitude to Prof. Prabir Banerjee (HOD,
Dept of ECE, HITK) and our mentor, Prof. (Dr.) Anindya Sen for sparing their valuable
time with us to discuss and clarify issues connected with this Project report and always
supporting us.
Signature of the Students:
1…………………………………………….
2…………………………………………….
3…………………………………………….
4…………………………………………….
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/sevgisarac/temperature-change
2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurements
3. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/surface-temp-tops-60-c-satellite-
images-show-101651343166998.html
4. https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica
8. https://lifestyle.livemint.com/smart-living/environment/how-climate-change-
is-increasing-the-cyclone-threat-to-india-111645946774115.html
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_pond
10. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/climate/glaciers-himalayas-
melting/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwz6ShBhCMARIsAH9A0qXTXEa8-
r5WlMceT5BBXP7mJlPhi2_8WQHY48rfvxWzqHwKKux9LuIaAjnFEALw_
wcB
11. https://reliefweb.int/report/india/assessment-climate-change-over-indian-
region-report-ministry-earth-sciences-moes
12. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/greenland-melting-
faster/?utm_source=paidsearch&utm_medium=ukgrant&utm_campaign=gene
ricbrandname&gclid=Cj0KCQjwz6ShBhCMARIsAH9A0qWQht3vmv2zMs6
VfBwp8Uk09f3PHCEULzRV3in2sZ_N6vaaLNiAp6UaAgBnEALw_wcB
13. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230309-climate-change-the-sea-level-
rise-locked-in-east-
antarctica#:~:text=It%20holds%20an%20estimated%2052m,sea%20levels%2
0already%20this%20century.
14. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/greenland-melting-ice-climate-
change-
nasa/#:~:text=governments%20can%20take.-,Greenland%20has%20lost%205
%20trillion%20tons%20of%20weight%20since%20the,2002%2C%20to%20
measure%20the%20loss.
15. https://skywatch.com/understanding-how-satellite-images-are-
created/#:~:text=Satellites%20capture%20data%20by%20assigning,spectrum
%20captured%20by%20the%20sensor.
29
APPENDIX
1. Code for Greenland:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scipy.stats
scipy.stats.linregress
import statistics
df3=pd.read_csv("C:/Users/hp/OneDrive/Desktop/project/Environment_Temperature
_change_E_All_Data_NOFLAG.csv",encoding='latin-1')
df5=df3.head(3118)
df6=df5.tail(24)
print(df6)
temp_months=df6
temp_months = temp_months.rename(columns = {'Area Code':'area_code',
'Area':'area', 'Months Code':'months_code','Months':'months','Element
Code':'element_code','Element':'element','Unit':'unit'})
temp_months.drop(temp_months[temp_months.element_code == 6078].index ,
inplace = True)
print(temp_months)
df7=np.transpose(temp_months)
df7=df7.drop('months_code')
df7=df7.drop('area')
df7=df7.drop('area_code')
df7=df7.drop('element_code')
df7=df7.drop('element')
df7=df7.drop('unit')
df7=df7.drop('months')
df7.columns=['January','February','March','April','May','June','July','August','Septembe
r','October','November','December']
print(df7)
d=1961
array=[]
for i in range(59):
array.append(d+i)
df7['Year']=array
df7
df7['Year']=df7['Year'].astype('int')
30
df7.March
print(df7)
rs=[]
sd=[]
m=[]
max1=[]
min1=[]
sl=[]
inter=[]
stderror=[]
i=0
for (columnName, columnData) in df7.iteritems():
if columnName=='Year':
break
columnData.values.astype('float')
print(columnData.values)
print(columnData)
columnData=list(columnData)
slope,intercept,r,p,std_err=scipy.stats.linregress(df7.Year,columnData)
def myfunc(x):
return slope*x+intercept
mymodel=list(map(myfunc,df7.Year))
plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
plt.scatter(df7.Year,columnData)
plt.plot(df7.Year,mymodel,label=columnName)
plt.xlabel('year')
plt.ylabel('Temperature change (degree C)')
plt.title('Temperature Change in Greenland last few decades ')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.show()
mymodel
stderror.append(std_err)
min1.append(min(mymodel))
max1.append(max(mymodel))
sd.append(statistics.stdev(mymodel))
m.append(statistics.mean(mymodel))
fg=max1[i]-min1[i]
fh=fg/abs(min1[i])
rs.append(fh*100)
sl.append(slope)
inter.append(intercept)
i=i+1
month=['January','February','March','April','May','June','July','August','September','Oct
ober','November','December']
df10={'Month':month,'slope':sl,'Standard error':stderror,'intercept':inter,'Percentage
change':rs,'maximum value':max1,'minimum value':min1,'mean':m,'Standard
Deviation':sd}
df10=pd.DataFrame(df10)
31
pd.options.display.max_columns=1000
pd.options.display.max_rows=1000
print(df10)
2. Code for India:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import scipy.stats
import statistics
df5=df3.head(3526)
df6=df5.tail(24)
print(df6)
temp_months=df6
inplace = True)
print(temp_months)
print(df7)
d=1961
array=[]
for i in range(59):
array.append(d+i)
df7['Year']=array
df7
df7.March
print(df7)
rs=[]
sd=[]
m=[]
32
max1=[]
min1=[]
sl=[]
inter=[]
stderror=[]
i=0
break
print(columnData.values)
print(columnData)
def myfunc(x):
plt.xlabel('year')
plt.title('Temperature Change in India last few decades ')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.show()
mymodel
fg=max1[i]-min1[i]
fh=fg/abs(min1[i])
rs.append(fh*100)
sl.append(slope)
i=i+1
Deviation':sd}
print(df10)
33
3. Code for Antarctica:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import scipy.stats
import statistics
df3
df5=df3.head(262)
df6=df5.tail(24)
print(df6)
temp_months=df6
inplace = True)
print(temp_months)
print(df7)
d=1961
array=[]
for i in range(59):
array.append(d+i)
df7['Year']=array
df7
df7.March
print(df7)
rs=[]
34
sd=[]
m=[]
max1=[]
min1=[]
sl=[]
inter=[]
stderror=[]
i=0
break
if columnName=='June':
df8=df7
df8 = df8.iloc[2:,:]
df8['June']=df8['June'].astype('float')
slope,intercept,r,p,std_err=scipy.stats.linregress(df8.Year,df8.June)
def myfunc(x):
plt.scatter(df8.Year,df8.June)
plt.xlabel('year')
plt.title('Temperature Change in Antarctica last few decades ')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.show()
mymodel
fg=max1[i]-min1[i]
fh=fg/abs(min1[i])
rs.append(fh*100)
sl.append(slope)
i=i+1
else:
def myfunc(x):
35
plt.xlabel('year')
plt.title('Temperature Change in Antarctica last few decades ')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.show()
mymodel
fg=max1[i]-min1[i]
fh=fg/abs(min1[i])
rs.append(fh*100)
sl.append(slope)
i=i+1
Deviation':sd}
print(df10)
36

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Heritage Institute of Technology

(An Autonomous Institute)

PROJECT REPORT TITLE: Satellite Image Processing for

Name : Srayee Banik-12619003160 (Reg No: 029788)

This is to certify that the project report

Satellite Image Processing for detection of Environmental

Has been successfully completed by

Name : Srayee Banik-12619003160 (Reg No: 029788)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree in

Under the Supervision of

Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering

Signature of the Examiners:

Chapter No. Topics Page No.

Technological innovations are leading to miniaturization of sensors, high-speed data transfer,

The different environmental change patterns are:

a. Global warming and change in temperature

Fig 1: NOAA 19 satellite used for tropospheric temperature measurement

Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of

Weather satellites do not measure temperature directly. They measure radiances in

The different ways of measuring temperature are:

a. Surface measurements - Satellites used to retrieve surface temperatures via

b. Stratosphere measurements - Stratospheric temperature measurements are made from

◼ Microwave (tropospheric and stratospheric) measurements:

a. Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) measurements - From 1979 to 2005

b. Other microwave measurements - A different technique is used by

CH-3.1: GREENLAND (North Pole):

Results for Greenland:

Fig 5: Change in temperature of India over the years

Fig 7: Change in ice cover over the years in Antarctica

Results for Antarctica:

Fig 9: Hindu Kush Range

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report of 2007,

This is due to increase in concentration of greenhouse gases due to vehicular emissions,

Signature of the Students:

1. Code for Greenland:

2. Code for India:

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