Review Exam 1

Clauses that start with as if / as though describe an unreal or improbable situation if

they are followed by an unreal tense (the past subjunctive or the past perfect
subjunctive). Otherwise, they express that the statement is true.

The past subjunctive after as if / as though indicates an unreal situation in the

present. However, if the situation is true, we use a real tense to express present time:

 He looks as if he  knew  the answer. (He gives the impression that he knows the
answer, but he (probably) doesn't know, or we don't know whether he knows
or not)
 He looks as if he  knows  the answer.  (He knows the answer)

If we put the verb preceding as if / as though into the past tense, the present
simple knows changes into past simple, whereas the past subjunctive knew stays the
same. Therefore, both sentences will read as follows:

 He  looked  as if he  knew  the answer.

Consequently, the meaning of this sentence (whether he knew the answer or not) can
only be deduced from the context.

The past perfect subjunctive after as if / as though is used to refer to an unreal past
situation. If the situation is true, we use a real tense to express past time:

 He seems as if he  hadn't slept  for days.  (It seems that he hasn't slept for
days, but he (probably) has, or we don't know whether he has or not)
 He seems as if he  hasn't slept  for days. (He hasn't slept for days)

If the preceding verb is put into the past tense, the present perfect hasn't
slept changes into past perfect, while the past perfect subjunctive hadn't slept stays
the same:

 He  seemed  as if he  hadn't slept  for days.

 Exercise 1

1. Jill's eyes are red. She ---- she has cried.

a. looks as if
b. looks as
we are deriving the information from how she looks. This is present tense + present
tense -> she looks as if/ as though/ like she has cried.
We can see that her eyes are red. We can see that she looks tired.
2. Ben ---- he is very smart for his age. Actually, he can be considered to be mature.
a. looks as
b. seems like
3. It ---- rain, so let's not go anywhere but stay indoors.
a. looks like
b. looks to
4. The surface of the table ---- it has been hit with something hard.
a. feels as if
b. feels as though like
5. You ---- something is bothering you, my dear. Is there a problem? .
a. look as if
b. look
6. The soup ---- horrible, but Molly was too polite to refuse to eat it.
a. tasted
b. tasted as though
7. Your perfume makes me ---- hungry because it ---- vanilla.
a. feel, feel as though
b. smells like, smells as if
c. feel, smells like
8. The noise coming from outside ---- a UFO that we know from science fiction films.
a. sounded as though
b. sounded as
9. It ---- strange that there is no one to serve us in the shop.
a. seems
b. seems like
10. This room ---- so hot. Don't you think we should open the windows?
a. Feels
b. feels as if
 Feels, looks, seems, acts, behaves, smells, Feels, looks, seems, acts, behaves, smells,
sounds, talks. sounds, talks + as if/ as though/ like
It seems strange. It seems as if something strange is going on.
It looks good. It looks like it is a wonderful day.
It feels terrible. It feels like a terrible mistake has been made.
He acts weird.
The dog behaves well.
The food smells great.
The news sounds horrible.
He talks weirdly

These verbs are called linking verbs. We can

use adverbs or adjectives to describe the
manner or describe the noun.
Subject + verb + adverb/adjective Sub + verbs + as if/ as though/ like + a
clause (this clause is your derivation)

Unreal situations or past situations with some exaggeration

He ran as though he was late.
He ran as though he was on a race.

Exercise 2

As = the way when we as is used for comparions.

As = being
Like = pretending
As is a conjunction, like is a preposition
As if/ as though/ like – present for real situations and past for unreal situations.

Complete the sentences using as/ as if/ as though/ like/ the way

1. I am sorry, I behaved …… a fool

2. Kimberly like to do things exactly …… she wants.
3. Do you know the song “I like …… she talks”?
4. She treats him …… her slave.
5. She treats him …… he was her slave.
6. She sings very well just …… her mum did.
 7. She sings very well, …… does her sister.
8. She sings …… an angel.
9. They reacted …… they had seen a ghost.
10. I don’t like people who scream … he does.
11. He screamed so loudly, … did his brother.
12. He screamed so loudly …… an elephant.
13. He screamed so loudly …… he was an elephant.

Exercise 3

Rewrite the sentences without errors.

1. As if you know, I spent the weekend studying.

2. How does our language shape like we speak?
3. She cooks the turkey as though her grandmother did.
4. She treats me as if I am her best friend. (really, I am her friend)
5. She looks as she hasn’t been getting enough sleep.

Exercise 4

Join the sentences.

1. They look unhappy. I think they’ve got bad news. (as if)
2. He looks drunk. He’s going to get into trouble. (as though)
3. Her mother looked after the children. She looks after her nephews too. (the way)
4. They finished their class. They look as if they …… the material. They look happy.
(understand)
5. They finished their class. They look as if they …… the material. They look confused.
(understand)

In defining relative clauses, when the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause or it shows
possession, the relative pronoun is required. When it is the object, it is usually optional.
Subject of clause (relative pronoun that, which, or who required)
 People who / that are concerned with the effect of pesticides on the environment are
 buying organic produce.
 Alternative therapies that / which help fight stress are on the rise.
Showing possession (relative pronoun whose required)
 More professionals whose managers allow it are opting to “telecommute,” or work from
home.
Object of clause (relative pronouns that, which, who, or whom optional)
 Hybrid cars are an option (that / which)more people are choosing.
 Coffee shops are everywhere, charging higher and higher prices to the caffeine-addicted
customers(who / whom / that)they serve.

Exercise 5

Which of these relative pronouns are optional?

1. That was the place where I'd seen you.

2. Hannah went to get the book which I'd lent her the day before.
a. It was raining again. The rain always reminded her of the city where they went
for their honeymoon.
3. Maxine was furious. "Tell that brother of yours, who I never want to see again,
that it's over, finished!"
4. Tell me the song which makes you feel happiest.
5. The conference will take place in Geneva. Please e-mail a list of all the lectures
that you want to attend.
6. Which is the colour that you would like for the kitchen? Cream?.
7. The man fell over in the street and it was his own sister who found him there.

Preposition + whom/which

Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

1. The jungle in that the tribe lived was full of strange and unusual animals.
2. The tree under whom they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
3. He liked the people with who he lived.
4. The person with who he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company.
5. Does he know the girl to who John is talking?

Whose = cuyo/a