Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives.

As babies learn "mom,"

"dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a
foreign language.

Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.

1)I have three (child, children).

2)There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3)(Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4)I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.
5)A few men wear (watch, watches).
6)I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.
7)I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
8)There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.

Memorize the personal pronouns:

Third
First Second
Male Female Neutral
Singular Subject I you he she it
Singular Object me you him her it
Singular Reflexive myself yourself himself herself itself
Plural Subject we you they
Plural Object us you them
Plural Reflexive ourselves yourselves themselves

Write the correct pronoun in each blank.

1)I ate an apple. was delicious.

2)You look tired. should rest.
3)She is a teacher. I gave a book.
4)They are my friends. I like very much.
5)He saw the movie. was fun.

Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs.
Action verbs need s at the end with third-person, singular subjects.

 He eats bread.
 She walks to the station.
 It floats on the sea.
 Remember the variations of action verbs:

Affirmative
Negative Sentence Interrogative Sentence
Sentence
I sing a song. I do not (don't) sing a song. Do I sing a song?
You sing a song. You do not (don't) sing a song. Do you sing a song?
He (she) does not (doesn't) sing a Does he (she) sing a
He (she) sings a song.
song. song?
We sing a song. We do not (don't) sing a song. Do we sing a song?
They sang a song. They did not (didn't) sing a song. Did they sing a song?
Correct the verb errors in the sentences below. Some sentences may be correct as is.

1)I runs a marathon.

2)You look sleepy.
3)She do not dance.
4)Does you leave today?
5)We don't stay here.
6)It come with rice.

Adjectives describe or modify nouns.

I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that has unrealistic characters in
a fantastic background. It makes me forget about the real world and refreshes
my tired mind.

Underline all adjectives in the following sentences.

In the spring, red roses blossom in my cute small garden. The beautiful birds also sing in
the big oak tree.

Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence.

 The fire engine runs fast.

 Listen to his speech carefully.
 I browse the web frequently.
 It rained hard.

Choose the correct word form in the following sentences.

1)I spoke to you (careful, carefully) last time.

2)We talked about it (clear, clearly).
3)I sat on the (comfortable, comfortably) sofa.
4)My dog runs very (fast, faster).
5)Let’s install the new program (quick, quickly).

Verb tense tells you when the action happens. There are three main verb tenses:
present, past, and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect,
and perfect progressive tenses.

Present Past Future

Simple finish finished will finish
Progressive am/is/are finishing was/were finishing will be finishing
Perfect have/has finished had finished will have finished
Perfect Progressive have/has been finishing had been finishing will have been finishing

Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms.

1)I a song at the concert yesterday.

2)He a letter to his girlfriend tomorrow.
3)I to the library to borrow some books this weekend.
Active Voice and Passive Voice
Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb
relationship is straightforward: the subject is a do-er. In the passive voice, the
subject of the sentence is not a do-er. It is shown with by + do-er or is not shown in
the sentence.

Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important
(or not known) who does the action.
You can easily rewrite an active sentence to a passive sentence. The object in the active
sentence becomes a subject in the passive sentence. The verb is changed to a “be” verb
+ past participle. The subject of the active sentence follows by or is omitted.

 Sam wrote a letter to Jamie.

 A letter was written to Jamie by Sam.
 The government built a new bridge.
 A new bridge was built by the government.
 I recommend that you apply for this position.
 It is recommended that you apply for this position.

Choose the sentences written incorrectly in the passive voice.

1)I was eaten an ice cream.

2)The song was sung by a singer.
3)I was deceived by the TV program.
4)The concert was finished at 12 p.m.
5)He was written a novel.
6)The tennis match was aired on TV.
7)He was treated kindly.
8)I have been managed a company since 2004.

Answer key

1) children 4) Does -> Do

2) men, woman 6) come -> comes
3) Babies
red, cute, small, beautiful, big, oak
4) potatoes
5) watches 1) carefully
6) memo 2) clearly
7) mouse 3) comfortable
8) buses 4) fast
5) quickly
1) it
2) you 1) sang
3) her 2) will write
4) them 3) will go
5) it
1) I ate an ice cream.
1) runs -> run 5) He wrote a novel.
3) do -> does 8) I have managed a company since
2004.
Family (Conversation) Q and A

How many people are there in your family?

There are 5 people in my family: my father, mother, brother, sister, and me.

Does your family live in a house or an apartment?

We live in a house in the countryside.

What does your father do?

My father is a doctor. He works at the local hospital.

How old is your mother?

She is 40 years old, 1 year younger than my father.

Do you have any siblings? What’s his/her name?

Yes, I do. I have 1 elder brother, David, and 1 younger sister, Mary.

Are you the oldest amongst your brothers and sisters?

No, I’m not. I’m the second child in my family.

What does your mother/father like?

My father likes playing football and my mother likes cooking.

Do your parents let you stay out late?

Of course not. They always ask me to get home before 10 pm each night.

Do you stay with your parents?

Right now, no, but I used to.

Restaurant (Conversation) Q and A

Does your family usually have dinner together?

Yes, we do. My mom always prepares delicious meals for us.
How often do you eat out? Who do you go with?
I often eat out on weekends, when I hang out with my friends.

What restaurant do you usually visit?

Well, there are not many restaurants in my neighborhood, so my best choice is the deli in
convenient stores like the Circle K, Mini-Stop, B-smart.

What type of food do you enjoy to eat? Western or Asian?

I’m interested in Asian food, Western food is not my thing.

How much do you usually pay when you eat out?

It’s not very expensive, just around $5 for each meal.

Do you enjoy spicy food?

Yes, I do, especially on cold days.

Are the servers there friendly to you?

Yes, they are. Most of them are really helpful.
Have you ever tried Italian food?
Yes, at least once, when I was in my friend’s wedding party.

Are you concerned about calories when eating out?

Yes, I am. I’m on diet now, so this really matters to me.

Are fast food restaurants like KFC or McDonald’s famous in your country?
Yes, they are. The youth in my country are big fans of fast food.

Do you often drink alcohol when eating out?

No, not often. Just when I have parties with my friends.
Travel (Conversation) Q and A
How many places have you traveled to?
I’ve visited all the provinces throughout my country.

Who do you usually go with?

I often go with my family, sometimes with my best friends.

What’s your favorite tourist attraction?

That would be Venice city in Italy. I love riding the gondola along the canals while watching
Italian people live their daily lives.

Have you ever been abroad?

Yes, I have. I came to Italy last year for a business trip.

What language do you use when traveling?

English, but sometimes I have to use body language since not all people are good at
English.

What do you usually do during your trip?

I often go sightseeing, take pictures, mingle with the local people and sample the local
cuisine.

What do you do to prepare for your trip?

Before the trip, I search for information about the location, weather, famous tourist
attractions, transportation, local cuisine and prices on the internet.

What do you usually bring when you travel?

I usually pack my suitcase with some necessary items such as clothes, medicine, food, a
map, and a camera.

Do you prefer traveling by car, train or plane?

I prefer planes although it can be a little expensive. Planes are much faster than any other
mode of transport.

Do you prefer traveling alone or joining a guided tour?

I love backpacking with my friends who share the same interests as me.