EVERY STUDENT MUST HAVE

MBD LASER AND OPTICS BOOK

P. Calculate intensity and energy density of 0.5 mW laser having diameter of 1 mm.
Sol.
P = 0.5 mW = 0.5  103 W
d = 1 mm
r = 0.5 mm = 0.5  103 m
A = r2 = 3.14(0.5  103)2 = 7.85  107 m2
I = ?
P 0.5  103
I = = = 637 W/m2
A 7.85  107
Energy density () is
Energy E Pt Pt
() = = = =
Volume V V AS
As S = c t
 P  S  P
() =    c  =
A  S  Ac
0.5  10 3
() = = 2.12  10 6 J/m3
7.85  107  3  108
P. Calculate the gap in frequency between two longitudinal modes in a linear cavity
whose optic length is 300 mm.
Sol.
L = 300 mm = 1  103 m
 = ?
c 3  108
 = = = 1.5  1011 Hz
2L 2  1  103
P. What is the rate of repetition of the pulses emitted by a mode locked laser. The
optic length of the cavity is 1 m.
Sol.
2L 21
t = = = 6.0  108 s
c 3  108
t time, repetition of the pulses = 1
1
1 time, repetition of the pulses =
t
1 1
Rate of repetition of pulses = =
t 6.0  108
= 1.5  108 s1
P. A mode locked Laser emits an average power of 1 W. The rate of repetition of the
pulses from this Laser is equal to 100 MHz. Calculate the energy of each pulse.
Sol.
P = 1W
 1
=  = 100 MHz = 100  106 Hz = 108 Hz
t
t = 108 s
E
P =
t
E = P  t = 1  108 J/pulse = 10 nJ/pulse
p. Consider an optical pump at 940 nm for Yb:YAG crystal placed in a laser cavity.
The wavelength of ytterbium is 1030 nm. If all the photons emitted by pump are
absorbed by the crystal and used for the lasing process, calculate the maximum
power output. The pump power is 1 W.
Sol.
Pin = 1 W
p = 940 nm
hc 6.6  1034  3  108
Ep = hp = = = 2.10  1019 J
p 940  109
L = 1030 nm
hc 6.6  1034  3  108
EL = hL = = = 1.92  1019 J
L 1030  109
Pout = ?
Ep energy gives power = Pin
Pin
1 energy gives power =
Ep
Pin
EL energy gives power =  EL
Ep
Pin
Pout =  EL
Ep
1
Pout =  1.92  1019
2.10  1019
Pout = 0.912 W = 912 mW
P. The amplifying medium of He Ne laser has an amplification spectral band equal
to  = 1 GHz at 633 nm. For simplicity, the spectral profile is assumed to be
rectangular. The linear cavity is 30 cm long. Calculate the number of longitudinal
modes that can oscillate in this cavity.
Sol.
LW = 1 GHz = 1  109 Hz
o = 633 nm
L = 30 cm
N = ?
c 3  108
MS = = = 5.0  108 Hz
2L 2  30  102

LW 1  109
N = = =2
MS 5.0  108
P. CO2 has a bandwidth equal to 50 MHz at 10.6 m. For simplicity, the spectral
profile is assumed to be rectangular. The length of the cavity is equal to 1m.
Calculate number of longitudinal modes that can oscillate in this cavity. At what
distance must be the cavity mirror be placed so that at least one of the modes falls
in the amplification band.
Sol.
LW = 50 MHz = 50  106 Hz
o = 633 nm
L = 1.0 m
N = ?
c 3  108
MS = = = 1.5  108 Hz
2L 2  1.0

LW 50  106
N = = = 0.33
MS 1.5  108
For one of the modes falls in the amplification band
LW
N =
MS
N MS = LW
c
1 = 50  106
2L
L =3m
P. A Qswitched laser emits pulses of 10 J of duration 1 ns. The repetition rate of
the pulses is equal to 10 kHz. Calculate the peak power of the pulses and calculate
average output power of the laser.
Sol.
1
Repetition rate = = 10 kHz. = 10  103 s1
t
E(pulse) = 10 J = 10  106 J
tp = 1 ns = 1.0  109 s
E(pulse) 10  106
Ppeak = =
tp 1.0  109
Ppeak = 10  103 W = 10 kW
Average power is given as
Paverage = E(pulse)  Repetition rate
Paverage = 10  106 J  10  103 s1
Paverage = 0.1 W = 100 mW
P. A certain Ruby Laser emits 100 J pulses of light whose wavelength is 6940 A.
What is minimum no. of Cr3+ ions in the Laser.
Sol.
E = 100 J
 = 6940 A = 6940  1010 m
hc = 6.64  1034  3  108 = 2  1025 Jm
n = ?
 nhc
E = n h =

E 100  6940  1010
n = = = 3.48  1020
hc 2  1025
P. A Laser beam of 6328 A can be focused on an area equal to square of its
wavelength. Calculate intensity of focused beam if Laser radiates energy at the rate
of 1 mW.
Sol.
 = 6328 A = 6328  1010 m
A = 2 = 4.0  1013 m
P = 1 mW = 1.0  103 W
P 1.0  103
I = = = 2.5  109 W/m2
A 4.0  1013
P. The fig. shows energy levels of 4level atomic system with Einstein A coefficient
as A43 = 2  105 s1, A42 = 3.5  105 s1, A41 = 4.5  105 s1, A32 = 1  106 s1,
A31 = 4  106 s1. The life time of level 4 is
Sol.
For energy level  4
A4 = A43 + A42 + A41
A4 = 2  105 + 3.5  105 + 4.5  105
A4 = 10  105
1
= 106
4
4 = 10 6 s
P. The ratio of population of energy level is 1.059  1030. Calculate the wavelength
of light emitted at 300 K.
Sol.
N2
= 1.059  1030
N1
T = 300 K
 = ?
h
N2 
= e kT
N1
N2 h hc
Ln = =
N1 kT kT
2  1025
Ln(1.059  1030) =
(1.38  1023  300)
 = 6.9  107 m
P. The wavelength of emission is 7000 A and the coefficient of spontaneous
emission is 108 s1. Find the coefficient of stimulated emission.
Sol.
 = 7000 A = 7000  1010 = 7  107 m
A21 = 108 s1
B21 = ?
 c3
B21 = A
8h3 21
3
B21 = A21 [  = c]
8h
(7  107)3  108
B21 =
8(6.6  1034)
B21 = 2.06  1021 m/kg

P. Find the temperature at which the rate of stimulated emission is equal to rate of
spontaneous emission. Where  = 6000 A.
Sol.
 = 6000 A = 6000  1010 = 6  107 m
T = ?
Rate of stimulated emission
R = =1
Rate of spontaneous emission
1
R = h / kT
e 1
1
1 = h / kT
e 1
eh/kT
1 = 1
eh/kT = 2
h
= Ln 2
kT
hc 2  1025
T = =
k Ln 2 6  107(1.38  1023) Ln 2
T = 34847 K
P. A 5W pulsed laser emits light of wavelength 694 nm. If the duration of each pulse
is 20 ns, calculate the number of photons emitted per pulse.
Sol.
 = 694  109 m
P = 5W
tp = 20 ns = 20  109 s
n = ?
E hc
P = = n
tp tp 
P tp  5  20  109  694  109
n = =
hc 2  1025
n = 3.47  1011 photons/pulse
P. A Laser operating at 632.8 nm emits 3.182  1016 photons/s. Calculate the output
power of the Laser, if the input power is 100 W. Also find the percentage power
convert into coherent light energy.
Sol.
Pin = 100 W
 = 632.8  109 m
n
= 3.182  1016 photons/s.
t
Pout = ?
E 1  hc  n hc
Pout = = n  =
t t   t 
2  1025
Pout = 3.182  1016  = 0.01 W
632.8  109
If Pin = 100 W, output power = 0.01 W
0.01
If Pin = 1 W, output power =
100
0.01
If Pin = 100 W, output power =  100 = 0.01 %
100
P. Find the ratio of population of two energy levels in a medium at thermal
equilibrium, if the wavelength of light emitted at 291 K is 6928 A.
Sol.
hc
N2 
kT
=e
N1
2  1025
N2 
= e 6928  10  1.38  10 291 = 9.4  1032
10 23

N1
P. A medium in thermal equilibrium at temperature 300 K has two energy levels with
a wavelength separation of 1 m. Find the ratio of population densities of upper
and lower levels.
Sol.
hc
N2 
kT
= e
N1
2  1025
N2 
= e 1  10  1.38  10  300 = 1.36  1021
6 23

N1
P. The ratio of population of two energy levels out of which one corresponds to
metastable state is 1.059  1030. Find wavelength of light emitted at 330 K.
Sol.
hc
N2 
= e kT
N1
2  1025

1.059  1030 = e   1.38  1023  330

 = 6.32  107 m
P. Find the number of modes of standing waves in the resonator cavity of length 1 m
in HeNe Laser operating at wavelength 632.8 nm.
Sol.
 L = 1m
 = 632.8  109 m
m = ?

L = m
2
2L 2(1)
m = = = 3.16  106
 632.8  109
Since modes are whole number in laser
m = 3  106 modes
P. A 200 mW, 405 nm laser beam hits a mirror at normal incidence. Calculate average
force on mirror by beam assuming 100 % reflection. Also calculate intensity of
beam at the mirror if beam covers an area of 105 m2.
Sol.
P = 200 mW = 200  103 W
 = 405 nm = 405  109 m
F = ?
A = 105 m2
I = ?
E 1  hc  n hc
P= = n  =
t t    t 
n P 200  103  405  109
= = = 4.05  1017
t hc 2  1025
Change in momentum of one photon
h  h h 2  6.6  1034
P = Pf  pi =    = 2 =
    405  109
P = 3.25  1027 Ns
Average force on mirror by beam having n photons is
n P
F = = 4.05  1017  3.25  1027
t
F = 13.1  1010 N
Intensity of laser
P 200  103
I = = = 2  104 W/m2
A 105