Solution

ALTERNATING CURRENT IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. The reatance of the circuit is
1
X = − ωL
ωC

1
=
−1 −6 −1 −3
(100s (100× 10 F))−(100s )×(100× 10 H)

= 100Ω − 10Ω = 90Ω

The resistance is R = 120 Ω

The impedance is
−−−−−−−
2 2
Z = √R + X
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 ∘
= √(120Ω) + (90Ω) = 150Ω

The peak current is

ε0 30V
i0 =
Z
=
150Ω
= 0.2 A
The resonant frequency of the circuit is
−−
−
1 1
v = √
2π LC
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1 1
= √
2π −3 −6
(100× 10 H)(100× 10 F)

= 50 Hz
2. Here, L = 2H,
I0 ​= 0.25A,
f = 60Hz
Ve ff
Inductive reactance, X L =
Ie ff

I0
∴ Vef f = XL ⋅ Ief f = 2πf L ⋅
√2

0.25
= 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 2 × V = 133.2 V
1.414

3. As ac voltage can be represented by V=V0 sin wt.

i. from the equation V = 70 sin 100 πt

2πν = 100π

ν = 50 Hz

ii. Peak voltage = 70 V

peak current = 70/25 = 2.8 A
rms Current =0.707 × peak current = 0.707 × 2.8 = 1.98 A

4. For unity power factor, XL= Xc

′
ωL = 1/ωC

′ 1 1 −5
C = = = 10 F = 10μF
2 2 −3
ω L (1000) ×100× 10

′ ′′
∵ C = C + C

′′ ′
C = C − C = 10 − 2 = 8μF

So, the required capacitance should be 8μF which will be added in parallel with the given capacitor.
5. Here, C = 50μF = 50 × 10−6F, L = 0.05H
R = 48Ω , E = 310 sin 314t, E0 = 310 V,
Ω = 314 rad/s
XL = ω = 314 × 0.05 = 15.7Ω
1 1
XC = = = 63.7Ω
ωC −6
314×50×10

Reactance of the circuit = XC − XL = XC - XL

= 63.7 − 15.7 = 48Ω = 63.7 - 15.7 = 48Ω
It is capacitive in nature.
If Ω angle by which current in RLC circuit

1 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 leads the applied e.m.f., then
XC = XL 48 ∘
tan ϕ = = = 1, ϕ = 45
R 48
4
6. Here, R = 100Ω , L = 2
H , Ev = 200 V,
π

v = 50Hz, C = ?, Iv = ?
When current is in phase with the voltage,
XC = XL i.e., = ωL, C =
1

ωC
1

2
ω L
1 1
C = =
2 2 2 2 2
4π v L 4π (50) ×4/π

1
=
16×2500

= 0.25 × 10−4F = 25 × 10−6F = 25μF

Ev Ev 200
Iv = = = = 2A
Z R 100

7. i. Impedence for RC circuit,

−−−−−− −
Z = √R + X 2 2
c

VR
R= IR
= 90

3
= 30 Ω
Vc 120
Xc = Ic
= 3
= 40 Ω
−−−−−−−−−−
Therefore, Z = √(30) + (40) = 50 Ω 2 2

ii. At unity power factor, XL = Xc

ωL = 40
40 40 40
Thus, L = ω
= 2πf
= 2×50π
= 5π
2
= 0.13 H
8. i. To draw maximum current from a series L-C-R circuit, the circuit should have the lowest impedance that means XL = XC
1
⇒ ωL =
ωC

2 1
⇒ ω =
LC
1
⇒ ω =
√LC

1
⇒ 2πf =
LC

⇒ f =
1
=
1

−6
= 39.8 Hz
2π √LC 2×3.14√8×2×10

This frequency is known as the series resonance frequency.

ii. I = =
0 = 2A
V

R
200

100

9. Here fr =800 Hz, f1 = 745 Hz, f2 = 855 Hz

f
i. Q = f −f
r
=
855−745
800
=
800

110
= 7.27
2 1

ii. Bandwidth = f2 - f1 = 855 - 745 = 110 Hz

10. Here C = 1 μF = 10-6 F, ε = 250 V, co = 100 n rad s-1 0

The instantaneous current through the circuit,

π ξ π
I = I0 sin(ωt + ) = ωC sin(ωt + )
2 0 2

−6 π
= 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 10 × 250 sin(100πt + )
2
π
= 0.0786 sin(100πt + )
2

Reading of the a.c. ammeter is

Irms = 0.707I0 = 0.707 × 0.0786 ≃ 0.06 A
11. i. Flux linked with each turn of primary,
ϕ = BA cos ωt = ϕ0 cos ωt

Here ϕ = BA = maximum value of flux linked with each turn

0

dϕ d
∴ ε1 = − N1 = − N1 (ϕ0 cos ωt)
dt dt

= ω N ϕ sin ωt 1 0

Peak value of ε 1
ε0
= ε0 = ω N1 ϕ0 or ϕ 0 =
ωN1

Given ε 1 = 600 sin 314t = ε0 sin ωt

∴ ε0 = 600 V, ω = 314 rads-1

600
Hence, ϕ 0 =
314×20
= 0.0955 Wb

2 / 17
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 0
ε N2
ii. 2

0
=
N1
ε
1

∴ Maximum value of secondary voltage is

N2 100
ε
0
2
=
N1
⋅ ε
0
1
=
20
× 600 = 3000 V
12. The major differences between Alternating Current and Direct Current are given in the table below:
Alternating Current Direct Current

AC is safe to transfer longer distance even between two cities, and maintain DC cannot travel for a very long distance. It loses
the electric power. electric power.

The steady magnetism makes DC flow in a single

The rotating magnets cause the change in direction of electric flow.
direction.

The frequency of AC is depended upon the country. But, generally, the

DC has no frequency of zero frequency.
frequency is 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

In AC the flow of current changes its direction backwards periodically. It flows in a single direction steadily.

Electrons only move in one direction – that is

Electrons in AC keep changing its directions – backward and forward
forward.
13. Given, current flowing through the inductor, I = 15 cos(300t)
Comparing with I = I cos ωt 0

Here, peak value of current, I0 = 15A

i. For complete cycle, rms value of current,
I0 15
Irms = = A
√2 √2

ii. For complete cycle, average value of current is zero. Because we know that the integration value of cos ωt dt for limits 0 to
T(over complete cycle) is always zero.
i.e. I = 0 av

14. Impedance of the circuit is

−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−
Z = √R 2
+ (XL − XC )
2
= √45 2
+ (4 − 4)
2
= 45Ω

εrms
Reading of the ammeter = I rms =
Z
=
90

45
= 2A
Reading of the voltmeter = (X L
− XC ) Irms = (4 − 4) × 2 =0
15. Here R = 30 Ω , C = 0.25 × 10-6F,
Vrms = 100 V, ω = 10,000 rad s-1
XC = 1

ωC
=
4
1

−6
= 400Ω
10 ×0.25× 10
−−−−−−−
Z = √R 2
+ X
2

−−− −−−−−− −−−−−−

2 2
= √30 + 400 = √160900 = 401.1Ω
Vrms 100
Irms = = ≃ 0.25 A
Z 401.1

R
Vrms = Irms ⋅ R = 0.25 × 30= 7.5 V
= 0.25 × 400 = 100 V
C
Vrms = I ⋅ X rms C

Yes, the algebraic sum of the voltages across R and C is more than the source voltage of 100 V. This is due to the fact that these
voltages are not in the same phase.
16. i. For d.c. circuit, V = 200 V, I = 2 A
∴ Resistance, R =
V 200
= = 100Ω
I 2

ii. For a.c. circuit, ε = 200 V, I = 1.0 A, f = 50 Hz

eff eff
εe ff
∴ Impedance, Z =
200
= = 200Ω
Ie ff 1.0

iii. Let L be the inductance of the coil. Then

−−− −−−− −−
ω L
2 2
= Z
2
− R
2
= 200
2
− 100
2
= 30,000 [∵ Z = √R 2 2 2
+ ω L ]

–
or ωL = 100√3Ω
100√3 100√3
∴ L= =
ω 2πf

100√3
=
2×3.14×50
= 0.55 H

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17. XL = XC ⇒ ωL =
ωC
1

1 1 1
⇒ L= = =
2 2 2 2
ω C (2πf ) C 4π f C

Given f = 50 Hz, C = 100μF = 100 × 10 −6

F = 10
−4
F

H = 0.10 H
1
∴ L=
2 2 −4
4×(3⋅14) ×(50) × 10

V0
Currrent amplitude, I 0 =
Z

At resonance, Z = R
V0 200√2 –
∴ I0 = = = 20√2A
R 10

= 20 × 1.414 A
= 28.3 A
18. i. The circuit element Y is a capacitor.
ii. Phase angle ϕ = π

But cos ϕ = R

Z
π 100Ω
∴ cos =
4 Z
–
or Z = 100

1
= 100√2

√2

= 100 × 1.414 = 141.4 Ω

Vrms 141 V
Irms =
Z
=
141.4Ω
≃ 1A
19. i. When the DC voltage is applied the hindrance offered by the coil is purely due to the resistance of the coil but when the AC
voltage is applied the overall hindrance is due to the resistance and the inductance both whose value is more than the
resistance and hence the value of current in the circuit is less than the earlier case.
ii. Vac = 100 V, f = 50 Hz, Iac = 1.0 A
Vac 100
Now, the resistance of the circuit is given by the expression XL = Iac
= 1
= 100 ohm.
XL 100
XL = 2πf L or L = 2πf
= 2×3.14×50
= 0.318 H
20. The metal detector works on the principle of resonance in ac circuits. When you walk through a metal detector, you are, in fact,
walking through a coil of many turns. The coil is connected to a capacitor tuned so that the circuit is in resonance. When you walk
through with metal in your pocket, the impedance of the circuit changes - resulting in a significant change in current in the circuit.
This change in current is detected and the electronic circuitry causes a sound to be emitted as an alarm and the person is caught
having metal in the pocket.
21. a. 1 MW power is transmitted through the power station that is 10 km away from the town.
Length of pair of Cu wires used, L = 20 km = 20000 m.
Resistance of Cu wires, R = ρ = ρ cu
L L

2
A πr
−8 4
1.7× 10 ×2× 10
= = 4Ω
−2 2
π(0.5× 10 )

I at 220 V, VI = 106 W; I =
6
10 4
= 0.45 × 10 A
220

RI2= Power loss

> 106 W
Power losses are very large, hence this method is not suitable for transmission.
b. When power P = 106 W is transmitted at 11000 V.
V'I' = 106W = 11000 I'
Current drawn, I ′
=
1

1.1
× 10
2
A
Power loss = I ′2
R=
1

1.21
× 4 × 10
4

4
= 3.3 × 10 W
4
ΔP 3.3×10
Fraction of power loss = P
=
6
= 3.3%
10

22. Between the inductor and capacitor, the capacitor will act short at high frequencies while it will act openly at low frequencies. So
at high frequencies, the capacitor has time to get a very less amount of charge while at low frequencies, there is a lot of time for
the capacitor to collect a considerable amount of charge which shows the presence of large reverse voltage. Hence the sum of the
voltages of capacitor and ac source will be nearly zero which shows current also to be nearly zero.
23. Since, average power consumption in an AC circuit is given by
Pav = Vrms × Irms × cos ϕ

4 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 But in pure capacitive circuit, the ac currect leads the ac voltage by a phase difference given by,
ϕ = π/2
π
∴ Pav = Vrms × Irms × cos
2
π
⇒ Pav = 0 (∵ cos = 0)
2

Thus, no power is consumed in a pure capacitive AC circuit. That's why the ac current flowing through a pure capacitive circuit is
known as 'wattless current'.
24. a. In the given question, Peak voltage of the ac supply, V0 is = 300 V
rms voltage is given as:
V0
V =
√2

=
300
= 212.1 V
√2

b. The rms value of current is given as:

I = 10 A
Now, peak current is given as:
–
I0 = √2I
–
= 10√2 = 14.1 A
25. Current in phase with voltage means the angle between emf and current is 0. Thus at resonance condition , inductive reactance =
capacitive reactance.
⇒ X(L) = X(C)

ωL = (here ω is omega)
1

ωc

So, C = 1

2
ω L

Sustitute value of L (given) and ω = 2π f = 2π × 50

You get C = farad30000
1

Impedance of reasonating circuit = resistance = 100 ohm

2 2

Power = Vl = V

R
= 200

100
= 400 watt
26. a. We are given P = 100 W and V = 220 V. The resistance of the bulb is
2 2
V (220V)
R= = = 484Ω
P 100W

b. The peak voltage of the source is

–
vm = √2V = 311V

c. Since, P = lV thus rms cureent is given by,

I =
P
=
V
= 0.454 A
100W

220V

27. Here L = 200 m H = 0.2H, ε 0 = 210 V , f = 50 Hz

Peak current,
ε0 ε0
I0 = =
XL 2πf L

=
210

2×3.14×50×0.2
= 3.3 A
As in an inductive a.c. circuit, current lags behind the emf by π

2
, so the voltage is zero when the current is at its peak value.
28. i. V = V sin ωt 0

From diagram, by parallelogram law of vector addition, VR + VC = V

Using pythagorean theorem, we get

V
2
= V
2
R
+ V
C
2
= (I R)
2
+ (I XC )
2
⇒ V
2
= I
2 2
(R + X
2
C
) ,
where XC and R being the capacitive reactance and resistance of the resistor respectively.
−−−−−−−
∴ I = V /√R
2
+ X
2

C
= V /Z (say)

5 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 −−−−−−− −−− −−−−−− −−
Thus, Z = √R 2
+ X
2
C
2
= √R + 1/ω C
2 2

where Z = impedance of the circuit.

ii. The phase angle ϕ between resultant voltage and current is given by
tan-1(
VC IXC XC 1/ωC
tan ϕ =
VR
=
IR
=
R
=
R
=
ωRC
1
⇒ ϕ =
1

ωRC
)

29. Height of water pressure head, h = 300 m

Volume of water flow per second, V = 100 m3/s
Efficiency of turbine generator is given by, η = 60% = 60/100=0.6
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
Density of water, ρ = 103 kg/m3
Electric power available from the plant = η × hgV ρ
= 0.6 × 300 × 103 × 9.8 × 100
= 176.4 × 106 W
= 176.4 MW
30. i. The resonance frequency is given by
−
−−
1 1
ν = √
2π LC

L = 80× 10-3 H
C = 40 × 10-6 F
−−−−−−−−−−−−
1 1
so ν = 2π
√ −3 −6
= 90 Hz
80× 10 ×40× 10

Xc
ii. Quality factor, Q = R
=
1

CωR
=
1

C×2πν×R
1
Q = = 0.73
−6
40× 10 ×2π×90×60

31. When AC source is connected, the capacitor offers capacitive reactance, X C

=
1

ωC
=
1

2πf C
. The current flows in the circuit and
the lamp glows.
i. By reducing the capacitance, the capacitive reactance will increase. So the bulb brightness will decrease.
ii. On reducing frequency, XC increases, so current in the circuit decrease. Therefore, the brightness of the bulb decrease.

32. Here leff = 4 A, f = 50 Hz, Veff = 100 V, P = 240 W

2
P = I R
ef f

∴ 240 = 16 R
Ve ff
or R = 240

16
= 15Ω ;Z= I
=
100

4
= 25Ω
e ff
−−− −−−− −−
But 2
Z = √R + ω L
2 2
or Z 2
= R
2 2
+ ω L
2

√Z 2 − R2 √252 − 152

∴ L= =
ω 2π×50
20 1
= = H [∵ ω = 2πf ]
100π 5π

33. i. ω 0 =
1

√LC

1
=
−3 −6 1/2
(200× 10 ×400× 40 )

1
= rad/s
√8×10−5

3
10
= rad/s
√80

= 111 rad/s
I =
V

R
=
50

10
= 5A
−
−
ii. Q = 1

R
√
L

C
−−−−−−−
1 200×10
−3 –
= √ = √5
10 −6
400×10

34. Here, R = 10ohm, C = 0.1 μF = 10-7F,

Ev = 100V, v = 50Hz, Iv = ?
1 1 1
XC = = =
ωC 2πνC −7
2π×50×10
5
10 4
= = 3.18 × 10 Ω
π

6 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 −−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
Z = √R 2
+ X
2
C
= √10
2
+ (3.18 × 10 )
4

= 3.18 × 104
Ev
Iv =
2
=
100

4
= 3.14 mA
3.18×10

35. i. impedance of the circuit

−− −−− − −−− −−−−−−−−−−−
Z = √R + ω L = √R + 4π f L
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
or Z = √400 + 4 × 9.88 × 2500 × (2 × 10 −3
) Ω

= 20.01 Ω
ii. rms current in the circuit
Vrms 100
Irms = = A ≈ 5A
Z 20.01

36. There are many advantages and disadvantages of AC system over DC system. Advantages:
i. The generation of AC is cheaper than that of DC.
ii. When AC is supplied at higher voltages, the transmission losses are small compared to DC transmission.
iii. AC can easily be converted into DC with the help of rectifiers.
37. The time constant of the RC circuit indicates how fast or how slow will be the charging and discharging of a capacitor through a
resistor. A small value of t = RC represents faster charging and discharging, whereas a large value of t = RC, indicates slower
charging and discharging of the capacitor.
For a given circuit, a time constant is fixed. We can optimise the value of the time constant by choosing suitable values of R and
C.
38. Vp = 2200V, Ip = 5A, Np = 4000
Vs = 220 V, Ns = ? ls = ?
We know that,
Vs Ip Ns
= =
Vp Is Np

So,
220 5 1 5
= ⇒ = ⇒ Is = 50A
2200 Is 10 Is

Also,
Ip Ns
=
Is Np

Ns
5

50
=
4000
⇒ Ns = 400 turns
39. i. Here L = 1 H, XL = 3142 Ω
∴ Frequency,
XL 3142
f = = = 500 Hz [∵ XL = 2πf L]
2πL 2×3.142×1

ii. XC = XL = 3142 Ω
But X C =
1

2πf C

1 1
∴ C = =
2πf XC 2×3.142×500×3142

−6
= 0.11 × 10 F = 0.11μF

40. A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction, i.e. whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes,
an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil. This changing flux sets up an induced emf in the secondary coil, also self-induced emf
in primary coil.
Electric power is transmitted over long distances at high voltage. So, step-up transformers are used at power stations to increase
the voltage whereas a series of step-down transformers at customer end are used to decrease the voltage upto 220 V.
Section B
41. a. For a.c. voltage,
V = V0 sin(ωt − ϕ)

The peak value,

–
V0 = 220√2 = 311V

The rms value of voltage,

V0
Vrms = ; Vrms = 220V
√2

b. Average voltage in full cycle is zero.

Average voltage in half cycle is,

7 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 2 2
Vav = V0 = × 311 = 198.17V
π π

c. As, ω = 2πf , 2πf = 314

i.e. f = = 50 Hz
314

2×π

42. To decrease the XC Capacitor must be connected in parallel. The current leads the voltage in phase.
Hence, XC > XL
For resonance, we must have
New value of XC = XL
We, therefore, need to decrease XC = ( 1

ωC
)

This requires an increase in the value of C. Hence, capacitor C0 should be connected in parallel across C.
The diagram of the modified circuit is as shown

V = V0 sin ωt
For resonance, we have
1
= ωL
ω(C+ C0 )

1
∴ C0 = [ − C]
2
ω L

43. Root mean square (r.m.s.) of a.c.: It is that steady current, which when passed through a resistance for a given time will produce
the same amount of heat as the alternating current does in the same resistance and in the same time. It is denoted by Irms or IV.
Derivation of r.m.s value of current:
The instantaneous value of a.c. passing through a resistance R is given by
I = I0 sin ωt

The alternating current changes continuously with time. Suppose that the current through the resistance remains constant for an
infinitesimally small time dt.
Then, small amount of heat produced the resistance R in time dt is given by
dH = I2R dt = (I sin ωt) R dt = I R sin ωtdt
0
2 2
0
2

The amount of heat produced in the resistance in time T/2 is

T /2 T /2

2 1−cos 2ωt
2 2
H = ∫ I Rsin ωt dt = I R ∫ dt
0 0 2
0 0

2 T /2
I R
or H = 0

2
[t −
sin ωt

2ω
]
0
T
2 sin 2ωt⋅
I R

or H = 0

2
[
T

2
−
2ω
2
− 0]

2π T
2 sin 2⋅ ⋅
I R
or H = 0

2
[
T

2
−
T

2ω
2
]

2
I R
or H = 0

2
[
T

2
−
sin 2π

2ω
]

2
I R

or H = 0

2
⋅
T

2
[∵ sin 2π = 0]

If Irms be the r.m.s. value of a.c., then by definition,

2 T
H = Irms R
2

where
2
I
2 0
Irms =
2
I0
or I rms = = 0.707 I0
√2

8 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
44. An electrical device draws 2kW power from AC mains so P =2kW= 2000 W Current lags the voltage so
V2 = 50,000V XC > XL
−3
tan ϕ =
4

Im = I0
2
V
P =
Z
50,000
2000 =
Z
50,000
Z = = 25Ω
2000
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
Z = √R + (Xc − XL )

R2 + (XC- XL)2= 252 ...... (i)

2 2
R + (XC − XL ) = 625
−3
tan ϕ =
4
X − XL −3
C
=
R 4
−3
XC − XL = R
4

(XC − XL )
2
=
9

16
R
2
..... (ii)
Put the value of (XC - XL)2 in (i)
2 9 2
R + R = 625
16

2
R = 16 × 25

R = 4 × 5 = 20Ω
Xc − X −3
L
=
R 4
−3
Xc − XL = × 20
4

XC − XL = −15Ω
V 223
Irms = = ≅9A
Z 25
– –
I0 = √2Irms = √2 × 9

I0 = 12.6 A
As
XL − XC
a. R, XC, XL all are double tan ϕ = R
will remain same,
b. Z will become double then I = v

Z
become half as value of V does not change.
c. As I become half p = VI will become again half as voltage remains same.
45. i. From given parameter VR = 200 V, VL = 250 and VC = 250 V
Veff should be given as Veff = VR + VL + VC
Veff = 200 V + 250 V + 250 V = 700 V

However, Veff = 200V of the AC source. This paradox can be solved by resultant:

−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
(Veff ) = √V + (VL − VC )
R

Since, VL = VC
So, Veff = VR = 200 V

9 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 ii. Given, R = 40Ω
XL = XC or Z = R

So, current in the L-C-R circuit,

V e ll. 200
l eff = = = 5A
R 40

46. As P av = Vef f ⋅ Ief f cos ϕ

Pav 550 25
∴ Ief f = = = A
Veff cos ϕ 220×0.8 8

Pav 550×8×8 22×64 2

R= = = Ω [∵ Pav = I R]
2 25×25 25 ef f
I
ff

2
√1−(0.8)
sin ϕ 0.6 3
tan ϕ = = = =
cos ϕ 0.8 0.8 4

XL
But tan ϕ = R
3 22×64
XL = tan ϕ. R = × ≃ 42Ω
4 25

For power factor to be unity.

X L = X or ωL = C
1

ωC
1 1 1 1 1 1
or C = 2
=
ωXL
=
2πf
⋅
XL
=
100π
⋅
42
[∵ ωL = X ] L
ω L

or C = 1

42π
× 10
−2
F

47. Work done against the induced emf in building up the current O to I in
dl
W = ∫ dw = ∫ Eldt = ∫ L . ldt
dt
I 1 2
⇒ ∫ LI dI = LI
0 2

This is magnetic energy stored in the solenoid.

UB = W =
1

2
LI
2
=
1

2
L(
μ0 n
B
) [∴ B = μ nI] 0

2
1 2 B 2
UB = μ0 n Al( ) [∵ L = μ0 n Al]
2 μ n
0

UB 2

So, magnetic energy density U B = ⇒ UB ⇒

B

2μ
Al 0

48. i. Here, R = Z
Thus, Power factor,
R
cos ϕ = = 1
Z
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2

Impedance, Z = R = √R 2
+ (ωL −
1

ωC
)

2
2 2 1
R = R + (ωL − )
ωC

1
ωL =
ωC

ω
2
=
LC
1
or ω = 1

√LC

Thus, ω o = ω =
1

√200× 10−6 ×500× 10−6

−3 −1
= 3.16 × 10 rad s

ii. The current amplitude at this frequency, I 0 =

V

R
=
100

10
= 10A

XL ω0 L
iii. The Q-factor, Q = R
=
R
−3 −6
3.16× 10 ×200× 10 −8
= = 6.32 × 10
10

49. i. Instantaneous voltage and current are in same phase in a pure resistor
V = V sin ωt and I = I sin ωt
0 0

Instantaneous power, P = VI = V I sin ωt 0 0

2

Variation of instantaneous power with ωt in a resistive a.c. circuit.

Instantaneous power is +ve at every instant except when both V and I are zero.
ii. In a pure inductor, current lags behind voltage by a phase angle of π

V = V0 sin ωt

10 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 and I = I sin(ωt − π/2) = −I
0 0 cos ωt

Instantaneous power,
V0 I0
P = V I = − V0 I0 sin ωt cos ωt = − sin 2ωt
2

Variation of instantaneous power with ωt in an inductive a.c. circuit.

iii. In a pure capacitor, voltage lags behind the current by a phase angle of π

2
.
V = V0 sin ωt , and I = I0 sin(ω t + π

2
) = I0 cosω t
Instantaneous power,
V0 I0
P = VI = V 0 I0 sin ωt cos ωt =
2
sin 2ωt

Variation of instantaneous power with ωt in a capacitive a.c. circuit.

50. i. N1 = 400, N2 = 2000, ε = 1100 V 2

N1 400
ε1 = ε2 ⋅
N2
= 1100 ×
2000
= 220V
ii. Resistance of primary, = 0.2 Ω
Output power = ε I = 12.1 kW = 12100 W 2 2

∴ Current in the secondary,

ε2 I2 12100
I2 = = = 11 A
ε2 1100

Output power
As Efficiency = Input power

90 12100 W
=
100 Input power

or Input power,
12100×100 3
ε1 I1 = = 13.44 × 10 W
90

Current in the primary,

ε1 I1 3
13.44×10
I1 = = = 61.1 A
ε1 220

Power loss in the primary

= I
2
1
R1 = (61.1) = 746.61 W 2
× 0.2

Power loss in the secondary

= I R = (11) × 2.0 = 242 W
2 2
2 2

51. Given, L = 100mH = 100 × 10 −3

H

−6
C = 2μF = 2 × 10 F, ω = 1000 and R = 400Ω

1
(ωL− )

i. tan ϕ =
ωC

−3
∵ ω = 1000 ⇒ ωL = 1000 × 100 × 10 = 100Ω
1 1 1
= = = 500Ω
ωC −6 −3
1000×2×10 2×10
100−500 −400
⇒ tan ϕ = = = −1
400 400

−1 ∘
⇒ ϕ = tan (−1) ⇒ ϕ = − 45

Since, ωL < 1

ωC
or XL < XC , therefore, current is leading in phase with voltage by a phase angle 450
ii. For unit power factor, cos ϕ = 1
R
⇒ = 1
2
2 1
√R + (ωL− )
′
ωC

Where, C' is the total capacitance.

2
2 1 2
⇒ R + (ωL − ) = R
′
ωC

1 1
⇒ ωL = ′
⇒ 100 = ′
ωC 1000C

11 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 ′ 1 −5
C = = 10 F = 10μF
5
10

So, capacitance required in parallel = C ′

− C = 10μF − 2μF = 8μF

52. i. Here, L = 2.0 H, C = 32μF = 32 × 10

−6
F , R = 10 Ohm
3

ωr =
1
=
1
=
10

8
= 125 rad/s
√LC √2.0×32×10−6

ii.
−
− −−−−−−
Q =
1

R
√
L

C
=
1

10
√
2

−6
= 25
32×10

53. Comparing the equation:

ε = 140 sin 300 t
t

with the standard equation : ε = ε 0 sin ωt , we get

i. Peak voltage, ε = 140 V 0

ii. rms value of voltage,

ε0 140
ε =rms = = 100 V 1.4
√2

iii. Angular frequency, ω = 300

∴ Frequency, f = = 50 Hz
ω 300
=
2π 2×3

54. Here ε rms = 200 V , L = 5 H, C = 80 μF, R = 40 Ω

i. Resonant angular frequency,
= 50 rads-1
1 1
ωr = =
√LC √5×80×10−6

ii. At resonance, Z = R = 40 Ω
The current amplitude at resonance,
ε0 √2εrms
I0 =
R
=
R
=
1.414×200

40
= 7.07 A
iii. Power dissipated in the circuit
2 2
εrms (200)
=
R
=
40
= 1000 W
55. Here, p = 20 watt, V = 50 volt
Ev = 250V,C = ?, v = 50Hz
I= = P

V
= 0.4 A20

50
V 50
R= I
=
0.4
= 125 ohm
Ev Ev
Z= Iv
=
I
=
250

0.4
= 625 ohm
−−− −−−− −−−−−−−−− –
XC = 2 2
√Z 2 − R2 = √625 − 125 = 250√6

–
As X C =
1

ωC
=
2πνC
1
= 250√6

1
∴ C =
2πν×250√6

= 1
farad
2×3.14×50×250√6

C = 0.052 × 10 −4
F = 5.2μF

56. i. When the number of turns of the inductor is reduced, its reactance XL decreases. The current in the circuit increases and hence
the brightness of the bulb decreases.
ii. When an iron rod is inserted, it increases the inductive reactance, which in turn decreases the current and hence the brightness
of the bulb.
iii. When XL = XC, the circuit i.e., the impedance becomes minimum and maximum current flows. This makes the bulb glow
more.
57. i. R is not affected by frequency. So current does not change on increasing f.
ii. Inductive reactance, X = 2πf L . When the frequency f is increased, XL increases and hence current in the circuit decreases.
L

1
iii. Capacitance reactance, X C =
2πf C
. As the frequency f is increased, XC decreases and hence current increases.
58. i. Since, resonant angular frequency ω is same for both graphs, ∘

i.e. (ω ) = (ω ) ,
∘ 1 ∘ 2

We know that, ω = ∘
1

√LC

∴ L1 C1 = L2 C2

ii. a. In graph (I), current is greater than graph (II),

i.e. Im > Im ⇒ R1 < R2
1 2

12 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 Thus, Power factor of circuit represented by graph (I) has high power factor as cos ϕ ∝ 1

R
.
−
−
b. ∵ Q =
1

R
√
L

i.e. Q ∝ 1

As, R 1 < R2

∴ Q1 > Q2

Thus, Quality factor of circuit represented by graph (I) has a high quality factor.
59. a. Potential difference across resistance,
VR = iR = 5 × 16 = 80 volt

Potential difference across inductance,

VL = i × (ωL) = 5 × 24 = 120 volt

Potential difference across condenser,

1
VC = i × ( ) = 5 × 12 = 60 volt
ωC

b. The impedance of the circuit is given as,

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
1
2
Z = √[R + (ωL − ) ]
ωC

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
= √[ (16) + (24 − 12) ] = 20 ohm

c. The voltage of a.c. supply is given by

V = i Z = 5 × 20 = 100 volt

d. Phase angle,
1
ωL−( )
−1 ωC
ϕ = tan [ ]
R

24−12
= tan −1
[
16
]

−1 o
= tan (0.75) = 36.87

60. i. As P = V I
av cos ϕ
rms rms

In an ideal inductor, rms current Irms lags behind the applied rms voltage Vrms by π

π
∴ ϕ =
2
π
Pav = Vrms Irms cos
2

or P av = Vrms Irms × 0

or P = 0
av

ii. The brightness of the lamp decreases. It is because when iron rod is inserted inside the inductor, its inductance L increases(as
inductance depends directly on the permeability of the material inside it i.e., L ∝ μ , thereby increasing its inductive reactance
XL as permeability of iron rod is greater than that of free space or air and hence impedance Z of the circuit. As Irms = Vrms/Z,
so, this decreases the current Irms in the circuit and hence decreases the brightness of lamp.

61. Here leff = 5 A, f = 50 Hz

– –
i. I0 = √2Ief f = √2 × 5 = 7.07 A
ii. Im =
2

π
I0 = 0.637 × 7.07 = 4.5 A

iii. At t = 1/300 s,
I=I 0 sin 2πf t = 7.07 sin(2π × 50 ×
1

300
)

√3
= 7.07 sin π

3
= 7.07 ×
2
= 6.12 A
62. i. In R-L series combination, voltage leads the current by phase ϕ = π

4
which means element X is an inductor.
In R-C series combination, voltage lags behind the current by phase ϕ = π

4
. So, element Y is a
capacitor.
ii. If both elements X and Y are connected in series with R, then power dissipation in the combination can be given as

P = Vrms ⋅ Irms ⋅ cos ϕ

13 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 R R
cos ϕ = =
Z 2 2
√R + ( XL − X )
C

Here, X = X , So cos ϕ = 1
L C

Hence, Pmax = Vrms Irms

63. Let us consider a capacitor C connected to an AC source as shown below:

Let the AC voltage applied by

V = V sin ωt ....(i)
m
q
Now, V =
C

Applying Kirchhoff's loop rule, we have

q
Vm sin ωt = ⇒ q = C Vm sin ωt
C
dq
Also, i = dt
⇒ i =
d

dt
C (Vm sin ωt)

i = ωC Vm cos ωt ...(ii)
We know that cos ωt = sin(ωt + π/2)
In the equation (i)
Vm = im XC = im
1

ωC
, where XC being capacitive reactance of the circuit
⇒ im = Vm ωC ...(iii), where im is the peak value of the current.
Substituting the values of Eqs. (iii) in Eq. (ii), we get
) ....(iv)
π
i = i msin(ωt +
2

From equations (i) and (iv) it is clear that the phase difference between voltage and current is π/2.
The phase diagram which shows the current lead the voltage in phase by 900 is given below

64. i. Let an alternating voltage, V = V0 sin ωt ....(a)

is applied across a capacitor of capacitance C. At any instant, the potential difference across the capacitor is equal to this
applied ac voltage.

q
V = Potential difference across the capacitor = C

⇒ q = C V or q = C V0 sin ωt
dq V0
Again we know that, the current I = dt
= ωC V0 cos ωt or I = cos ωt , 1

ωC
is the capacitive reactance offered by the
(1/ωC)

capacitor.
or I = I sin(ωt +
0
π

2
) ....(b)
V0 V0
where, I 0 = =
XC
(1/ωC)

Thus, Capacitive reactance, X c =

1

ωC

ii. From the equations (a) and (b), current leads the voltage by phase π/2 .
65. Let a pure inductance L connected across a source of alternating emf given by
E = E0 sin ωt

14 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 The rate of change of current in the circuit is dI

dt
where I is the current through the circuit.
∴ Instantaneous induced emf across inductance = −L dI

dt
(By Kirchhoff's law)
∴ The net emf is
dI
E − L = 0
dt
dI
E = L
dt

E E0
or dI = L
dt =
L
sin ωt dt

E0
or ∫ dI =
L
∫ sin ωt dt

E0
or I = − ωL
cos ωt = − I0 cos ωt

E0
where I 0 =
ωL
⇒ Peak value of alternating current.
Here ωL has the units of resistance and it is called inductive reactance. It is denoted by XL.
π
I = − I0 cos ωt = I0 sin(ωt − )
2

66. i. ε rms =220 V, R = 40 Ω

εrms 220
∴ Irms = = = 5.5 A
R 40

ii. Maximum instantaneous current,

–
I = √2I
0 = 1.414 × 5.5 = 7.8 A
rms

iii. Let the alternating current be given by

I = I0 sin ωt

Let the a.c. take its maximum and rms values at instants t1 and t2 respectively. Then
I0 = I0 sin ω t1 ,
I0
which implies ω t 1 =
π

2
and I rms = = I0 sin ω t2 ,
√2

which implies ω t 2 =
π

2
+
π

4
π π
∴ t2 − t1 = =
4ω 4×2πf

=
π

4×2π×50
=
400
1
s = 2.5 ms
67. Average power associated with a capacitor: When an a.c. is applied to a capacitor, the current leads the voltage in phase by π

radian. So we write the expressions for instantaneous voltage and current as follows:
V = V0 sin ωt

and I = I 0 sin(ωt +
π

2
) = I0 cos ωt

Work done in the circuit in small time dt will be

dW = Pdt = VIdt = V0I0 sin ω t cos ω t dt
V0 I0
= sin 2ωtdt
2

The average power dissipated per cycle in the capacitor is

W T V0 I0 T
Pav = T
=
1

T
∫
0
dW =
2T
∫
0
sin 2ωtdt

T
V0 I0 cos 2ωt
= [− ]
2T 2ω
0
T
V0 I0 4π
= − [cos t]
4T ω T
0
V0 I0
= − [cos 4π − cos 0]
4T ω
V0 I0
= − [1 − 1] = 0
4T ω

Thus the average power dissipated per cycle in a capacitor is zero.

68. a. We know that Power is the product of voltage and current (Power = P = VI) So, the curve of power will be having the
maximum amplitude, equals to the product of amplitudes of voltage (V) and current (I) curve. Frequencies, of B and C are-
equal, therefore they represent V and I curves. So, the curve A represents power consumption over a full cycle.
b. The full cycle of the graph (as shown by the shaded area in the diagram) consists of one positive and one negative symmetrical
area.

15 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 Hence, average power consumption over a cycle is zero.
c. Here phase difference between V and I is π / 2 therefore, the device 'X' may be an inductor (L) or capacitor (C) or the series
combination of L and C.
69. i. Given: V P = 2.5 × 10 V
3
, Input current, I P = 20A
Np
Also, Ns
=
10

90
Output Power = 100
3
× (2.5 × 10 ) × (20) = 4.5 × 10 W
4

Vs Ns Ns
ii. Vp
=
Np
⇒ Vs =
Np
× Vp

Voltage, V S =
1

10
× 2.5 × 10
3
= 250V

iii. V s Is = 4.5 × 10 W
4

4 4

Current, I S =
4.5×10

VS
=
4.5×10

250

⇒ IS = 180A

70. Given ε = 200 sin 300 t

Comparing with equation, ε = ε 0 sin ωt , we find that
−1
ε0 = 200 V, ω = 300rad s

i. Impedance,
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
−−− −−−− −− 2
2 2 2 2 2 −3
Z = √R + ω L = √10 + (300) × (800 × 10 )

= 240.2 Ω
ε0
ii. Peak value of current, I 0 =
Z
=
200

2402
= 0.832 A
iii. Power factor, cos ϕ = R

Z
=
2402
10
= 0.041
71. i. C is increases; Xc decreases ⇒ XL > XC; As the circuit becomes inductive Therefore current lags the voltage
ii. V & I are not in same phase
iii.

72. i. ω < ω ; X > X

o c L

As circuit will become capacitive, current leads the voltage

ii. No change in magnetic flux for d.c. voltage, resulting no mutual induction.
iii. Resonance in a.c. circuit.
73. Let an alternating voltage, V = V0 sin ωt
V0 being peak value of the AC voltage is applied across pure inductor of inductance L. The magnitude of induced emf is given by
e = LdI /dt

16 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500
 where L and dI/dt are the inductance of the inductor and time rate of change of the current respectively.
For the circuit,
Magnitude of induced emf = Applied voltage
dI V0
i.e. L dt
= V0 sin ωt or dI =
L
sin ωtdt

On integrating both sides, we get

V0
I = ∫ sin ωtdt
L
V0 − cos ωt
= ( )
L ω

V0
or I = − ωL
cos ωt

V0 π
= − sin( − ωt)
ωL 2
V0 π
∴ I = sin(ωt − )
XL 2

π
∴ I = Io sin(ωt − )
2

where, I0 = peak value of current of AC

V0
i. Considering equation, I = XL
sin(ωt −
π

2
)

XL = ωL = inductive reactance of the given circuit.​

ii. Now, V = V sin ωt and I = I sin(ωt −
0 ) o
π

Thus, AC current lags behind the voltage by phase π/2 .

74. The current required by the lamp,
5
I = =
P

V
= 0.25 amp
20

The resistance of the lamp,

R= =
V

I
= 80 ohm0.25
20

In order to run the lamp on 200 V - 50 Hz a.c. mains, a capacitor of capacitance C must be connected in series to increase the
effective resistance so that current through the lamp does not exceed 0.25 A. Then
−−−−−−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−− 2 2

Z = √R 2
+ X
C
2
=√R 2
+ (
1

2πf C
) = √80
2
+ (
1

314C
)

εrms
As I rms =
Z
200
∴ 0.25 =
2
2 1
√80 + ( )
314C

or 80 2
+
1

2
= (
200

0.25
) = 800
2

(314C)

or 1

2
= 800
2
− 80
2
= 880 × 720
(314C)

−−−−−− −−
or 1
= √880 × 720 = 796
314C
1 −6
∴ C = = 4.0 × 10 F = 4.0μF
314×796

75. V = Vm sin ωt
i = im sin (ωt + ϕ)
Power at any instant
P = Vi = Vmim sin ωt Sin (ωt + ϕ)
Vm im
P= 2
[cos ϕ - cos (2ωt + ϕ)]
The average of the second term in the above expression is zero over a full cycle.
Vm im
∴ power dissipated in a series LCR circuit is given by = P¯ = 2
cos ϕ

Vm im
¯
P = × cos ϕ
√2 √2

¯
∴ P = Vnms Irms cos ϕ

Wattles's current is that which flows in the circuit but no power dissipation occurs.
±π
It is realized only when the circuit is purely inductive or capacitive, i.e., when cos ϕ = 0 or ϕ = 2

17 / 17
RADIIANTT ACADEMY, +91-9650615500