Lab Report 4

Course Code: EEE 1302

Course Title: Electronics Circuit – I

Lab Experiment No: 04

Experiment Name: Study of Half wave and Full wave rectification

Submitted By:
Name: Nusrat Jannat Tithy
ID: 223014116
Section: 04

Submitted to:
Name: Atik Jawad
Senior Lecturer,
Dept. of EEE.
University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB).

Date of submission: 20-02-2024

 Experiment Name: Study of Half wave and Full wave rectification

Objectives
To observe the characteristics of half wave and full wave rectifier circuits

Apparatus

Name of Apparatus Quantity

1. Step down Transformer (220V, AC, 50Hz) 1

2. Diode 4
3. Resistor (10kΩ) 1
5. CRT Oscilloscope. 1
6. Digital multi-meter. 1
7. Breadboard 1
8. Wires as required 1

Theory:

Half Wave Rectifier:

Half-wave rectifiers are used in single-phase applications to allow either the negative or positive
half of the alternating current to flow while the other half of the alternating current is blocked. As
a result, the output only receives one-half of the alternating current wave. Half-wave rectifiers
have a higher ripple content than full-wave rectifiers, and it takes significantly more filtering to
eliminate the harmonics produced by half-wave rectifier.

Fig. 1: Circuit Diagram of half wave rectifier

In a half wave rectifier, it conducts current only during the positive half of the cycles of input
AC supply.
However, during the negative half of the input AC supply, no current is conducted and hence
no voltage appears across the load. Therefore, current flown in only one direction through the
load during the positive half cycle. The input AC supply is in series with the load resistance
R₁ and supplied through a transformer. The AC voltage changes polarity after every cycle.
During the positive cycle, A becomes positive with respect to B. Thus, the diode is forward
biased and the current flows. During the negative cycle, end B becomes positive with respect
to end A and hence, the diode is reverse biased which makes it stop conducting current. In this
way, a DC output is obtained across R₁ during the positive half cycle.

Fig.2: Working diagram of half wave rectifier circuit

Full Wave rectification

The circuit of the full wave rectifier can be constructed in two ways. The first method uses a Centre
tapped transformer and two diodes. This arrangement is known as a Centre tapped full wave
rectifier. The second method uses a standard transformer with four diodes arranged as a bridge. is
known as a bridge rectifier.

Centre tapped full wave rectifier

Fig.3: Center tapped full wave rectifier circuit

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to de voltage using both half cycles
of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the following figure 4.

Fig4: Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the
diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two
ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input
ac voltage, diodes D1 and D2 conduct, whereas diodes D3 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The
conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows
through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D3 and D4 conduct whereas,
D1 and D2 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D3 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle.
Thus, a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
During negative half-cycle of the input, D3 and D4 are forward-biased and conduct current. D1
and D2 are reverse- biased.

Procedure
1. At first Measured the resistance and setup the circuit for half wave rectifier that shown in
Fig.1.
2. Setup a 10 volts peak-to-peak, 1 kHz sine wave signal from the signal generator and
observe it in channel-1 of the oscilloscope.
3. Gave input to the circuit and observe the output in channel-2 of the oscilloscope.
4. Observe both the input and the output signals in the oscilloscope.
 5. Then, we measure the peak values of the input, V peak, V rms and output signals and
wrote them down.
6. we then, changed the resistance 10 kΩ to 100 Ω and 1 kΩ and noted down all the value in
table 1.
7. For full wave rectifier we constructed the circuit as shown in fig.4 in which R L = 10 kΩ.
8. Then measured the peak value of the output signal and write it down.
9. Used multimeter to measure the DC value of the output signal and write it down.

Experimental circuit:

Half wave circuit

Figure 5: half wave implemented circuit

Figure 6 & 7: wave form of input and output signal for 10 kΩ and 1 kΩ
Full wave rectifier:

Figure 8 & 9: full wave implemented circuit

Figure 10 &11: wave form for 10 kΩ registance

Figure 12 &13: wave form for 100 Ω registance

Figure 14 &15: wave form for 1 kΩ registance

Table:

For Half Wave Rectifier

No. of Load Output Ripple factor Efficiency
Reading Resistance RL Voltage
r=
(kΩ) ( V) 0
η= ×100%
√
V dc V rms

1 10 2.90 4.84 1.336 35.90%

2 0.1 2.45 4.64 1.608 27.88%

27.76%
3 1 2.74 5.2 1.613

Calculation of Ripple factor and Efficiency for Half wave rectifier:

η= ×100% = ×100%

For 10 kΩ,
√
r= η= ×100%

( . ) ( . ) ( . )
r = √( ( . )
) η=( . )
× 100%

=1.336 = 35.90%

For 100 Ω,
√
r= η= ×100%

( . ) ( . ) ( . )
r = √( ( . )
) η=( . )
× 100%

= 1.608 = 27.88%
For 1kΩ,
√
r= η= ×100%

( . ) ( . ) ( . )
r = √( ( . )
) η= ( . )
× 100%

= 1.613 = 27.76%

For Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

No. of Load Output Voltage Ripple factor Efficiency
Reading Resistance RL ( V) 0
√
(kΩ) r= η= ×100%
V dc V rms

1 10 5.84 6.11 0.308 91.36%

2 0.1 4.1 5.12 0.780 64.13%

63.47%
3 1 4.78 6.00 0.758

Calculation of Ripple factor and Efficiency for Half wave rectifier:

For 10 kΩ,
√
r= η= ×100%

( . ) ( . ) ( . )
r = √( ( . )
) η=( . )
× 100%

=0.308 = 91.36%

For 100 Ω,
√
r= η= ×100%

( . ) ( . ) ( . )
r = √( ( . )
) η=( . )
× 100%

= 0.780 = 64.13%
For 1 kΩ,
√
r= η= ×100%

( . ) ( . ) ( . )
r = √( ( . )
) η=( . )
× 100%

= 0.758 = 63.47%

Results and Analysis:

Half wave rectifier:

The output waveform shows significant ripple due to the absence of rectification during the
negative half cycles. The output voltage is approximately half of the input voltage due to the
voltage drop across the diode.

Full wave rectifier:

The output waveform is smoother with reduced ripple compared to the half wave rectifier. The
output voltage is closer to the peak value of the input voltage. The efficiency of the full wave
rectifier is higher compared to the half wave rectifier.

Discussion:
In this experiment, we studied the operation and characteristics of half wave and full wave
rectifiers. We observed that the half wave rectifier produces DC output for the positive half cycle
only and in the negative half cycle the diode remains off and do not produce any output. In
contrast, the full wave rectifier produces a smoother DC output. In full wave rectification we use
bridge rectifier which consist of four diodes. For a positive cycle two diode operate and for the
negative cycle the other two diode operate. These diodes help in converting the AC to pulsating
DC. Full wave rectification is more efficient compared to the half wave rectifier because we are
using both the cycle of input and get a positive cycle output for both positive and negative
cycle. Additionally, the ripple factor of full wave rectifier is less than half wave rectifier which
also contribute to enhance the efficiency. These rectifiers play crucial roles in converting AC to
DC in various electronic devices and power supplies.
Question and Answer:
1. Discuss which outputs of oscilloscope and DC values are finer within these
two rectifiers? And why?

Ans: From the output of the oscilloscope and DC values within this two rectifier full wave rectifier
is better. In half wave rectifier Ripple production is more compared to full wave rectifier.
Additionally the efficiency of rectification is low. In Full-wave rectifier output voltage or output
current production is purely DC. The main advantage of a full-wave rectifier over half-wave
rectifier is that such as the average output voltage is higher in full-wave rectifier, there is less ripple
produced in full-wave rectifier when compared to the half-wave rectifier. Also its efficiency is also
double compared to half wave rectifier. In conclusion, we can say full wave rectifier is better than
half wave rectifier.