NEW ERA UNIVERSITY

No.9 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City, 1107 Metro Manila
College of Engineering and Architecture

LAB REPORT IN
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT AND DEVICES

Eliver Ivan De Leon

Shan Clynt Bado
Lord Martin Adducol

October 2021
 INTRODUCTION
As time passes, the students gain more knowledge about electronics, specifically the

behavior of a diode. Students can distinguish between Alternating and Direct Current by observing

schematic diagrams and interpreting data outputs from Multisim. Furthermore, the students learned

and comprehended the distinctions between Forward Biased and Reverse, as well as Diode

Clipping and Clamping. Clipping is the removal of a specific peak in a signal, whereas clamping

is the shifting of the output signal to a different level without changing the input signal.

The students will now move on to learning about rectifiers without filters. In this

experiment, data for a half-wave rectifier and a full-wave rectifier will be provided, and the

appropriate questions and conclusions will be formed. The pupils are supposed to understand the

experiment's main goal.

PRE-LABORATORY RESULTS

Half Wave Rectifier Without Filter

Schematic Diagram of Half Wave Rectifier

Input Signal of Half Wave Rectifier (Channel B)

Figure 3:
Output Signal of Half Wave Rectifier (Channel A)
 The VAC and VDC are measured using the second voltage probe in the circuit, which is located

behind the diode, and had values of 5.95 V and 3.74 V, respectively. The ripple factor is calculated

using the values of VAC and VDC. An ideal diode has a ripple factor of 1.21 V in theory, whereas

a practical diode has a ripple factor of 1.24 V. The computation of the ripple factor will be reported

in the paper's results section. Vp-p, Vp, and Frequency are measured using the first probe, which

is positioned before the diode, and the graph in the oscilloscope confirms the following values by

positioning the T1 and T2 lines in the negative and positive peaks of the input signal (See figure

2). Vp-p, Vp, and Frequency are thus 25.4 V, 12.7 V, and 50 Hz, respectively. Vp-p and Frequency

of the output signal are drawn from the 2nd probe placed after the diode, which have values of

12.1 V and 50 Hz, respectively, just like VAC and VDC. Half Wave Rectifiers are unidirectional,

allowing only one direction of conduction. As a result, DC Voltage can only be half positive or

half negative. The information is organized in the table below.

VAC(V) VDC(V) Ripple Input Signal Output Signal

Factor
𝐕𝐀𝐂
= Vm p- Vm peak(v) Frequency Vm p- Frequency
𝐕𝐃𝐂 p(v) (Hz) p(v) (Hz)

5.95V 3.74V 1.24V 25.4V 12.7V 50 Hz 12.1V 50 Hz

The VAC and VDC can be achieved in the second probe after the diodes, similar to a Half Wave

Rectifier without Filter. VAC stands for V(rms), whereas VDC stands for V(dc), with a ripple

factor of 0.51 V and a voltage of 8.42 V for VAC, 7.48 V for VDC. The input and output signal

values are obtained using the first and second probes, respectively, and validated using the

Oscilloscopes depicted in Figures 5 and 6.

 RESULT AND COMPUTATIONS

Half Wave and Full Wave rectifier characteristics are studied.

➢ Ripple factor of Half wave rectifier

Ideal diode = 1.21 V

Real Diode = 1.24 V

𝛾 𝑉

➢ Ripple factor of Full wave rectifier

Ideal diode = 0.48 V

Real Diode = 0.52 V

𝛾 𝑉

 Regulation of Half wave rectifier = 0%

 Regulation of Full wave rectifier = 8.96%

VNL = 8.15; VFL = 7.48

𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∗ 100%
𝑉𝐹𝐿

100%
= 8.96%

➢ Ratio of Rectification of Half Wave Rectifier = 39.5%

𝐼𝐷𝐶 2 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( )
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆

100%

= 39.5%

➢ Ratio of Rectification of Full Wave Rectifier = 78.9%

𝐼𝐷𝐶 2 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( )
 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆

100%

= 78.9%

QUESTIONS

1. What is a rectifier?

The basic idea behind rectifiers is that they convert alternating electricity to direct current.

Rectification is the process of altering the current in a circuit. Half wave rectification and full wave

rectification are the two types of rectification. Only one diode is utilized in half wave rectification. It turns

half of the alternating current input signal (the positive half cycle) into a pulsing direct current output signal

and blocks or loses the remaining half signal (negative half cycle). Full wave rectification, on the other

hand, is a type of rectification that employs two diodes. In contrast to half wave, there is no signal loss. The

resulting waveform clearly shows that the negative peak was simply inserted between two positive peaks.

2. What is a ripple factor?

The ripple factor is a measurement of the rectification quality of an alternating current

current. The ripple factor compares the rms value of the AC component to the DC output value to

determine the depth of the ripples. Ripples occurred because there is no chance of obtaining exact

DC output when rectification occurs via the rectifier circuit. To calculate the ripple factor of a half-

wave and full-wave rectifier, use:

3. What is efficiency?

Rectifier efficiency is defined as the ratio of output DC power to input AC power. A half-
wave rectifier has an efficiency of 40.6 percent while a full-wave rectifier has an efficiency of 81
percent.

4. What is PIV?

When a diode is reversed biased and the circuit acts as an open circuit, the greatest reverse

voltage that it can withstand is known as PIV, or Peak Inverse Voltage. When the supply voltage

is continuously increasing, it puts the diode in jeopardy and exposes it to dangers since it will and

can harm the diode if it exceeds the PIV. The peak inverse voltage of a half wave rectifier is equal

to the greatest value of applied input voltage. In a full wave rectifier, however, it is double the

maximum applied input voltage.

5. What are the applications of rectifier?

A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).

Rectifiers are utilized in polarized voltage welding. It's also employed in train operations as

traction, rolling stock, and three-phase traction. Half Wave Rectifiers are utilized as detectors for

mosquito repellent, soldering irons, AC radios, and signal peaks.

Rectifier circuits are commonly utilized in the design of electrical circuits.

6. What is the efficiency of bridge rectifier?

The percentage is 81.2. The ratio of DC input power to AC input power is known as

rectifier efficiency. It is more efficient, and in comparison to a center tapped transformer, it is

relatively inexpensive, with a maximum efficacy of 81.2 percent.

 SUMMARIZATION

Rectification is the process of converting an alternating current to a direct current. There

are other types of rectifiers, such as single phase and three phase rectifiers, however only half wave

and full wave rectifiers were used in this experiment. The Half Wave Rectifier converts only one

charge, either positive or negative, and it is also unidirectional. The Full Wave Rectifier is

bidirectional and can conduct both positive and negative currents. Divide the VDC by the VAC to

get the Ripple Factor, and the quotient is the answer.

WHAT THE STUDENTS LEARNED?

Through the rectification procedure, the students learnt how to convert AC to DC. They

were also able to understand the differences between a half-wave and a full-wave rectifier, as well

as the formulas required to calculate the precise values under each rectifier, such as the ripple

factor. As a result, the pupils achieve the experiment's goal.