PWB401 Structural Design of Highway Pavement - Lecture 1 (No Voice)

10/14/2020
PBW 401: Highway and Airports

Engineering I
Part B: Structural Design of Highway
Pavement (lecture I)
By Fall 2020
Dr. Eng. Elhashemi Ali Academic Year (2020 –2021)
Teaching Staff
and Course
Outlines
2 DR. ELHASHEMI ALI
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Teaching Staff and Course Outlines

Instructor: Dr. Elhashemi Ali (Assistant Professor)
Office: Building No. 3, 3rd Floor
Office Hours: Thursday from 10:30am to 12:00pm
Teaching Assistants:
- Eng. Alaa Akram
- Eng. Mohamed Saber
Sections and Assignments:
Four Assignments - One section each two weeks
DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 3
Course Introduction
DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 4
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Course Introduction
1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design
2. Soil Engineering for Highway Design
3. Bituminous Materials
4. Asphalt Mix Design
➢ These topics will be covered over 6 lectures
➢ All lectures will be recorded and available online
DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 5
Course Introduction… Cont.
Soil and Bituminous

Materials & Asphalt
Mix Design
Stress and Deflection

Analysis
Pavement Design
DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 6
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Course Introduction… Cont.

➢ The main objective of this part is to introduce students to
principles and concepts of highway structural design
➢ Structural Design of Highway will be covered by introducing the

Highway materials, loading systems, pavement stresses, and
pavement thickness design methods
DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 7
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

➢ Highway system classification
➢ Design control elements
➢ Highway geometric design (Horizontal and vertical alignments
and cross-section elements)
➢ Intersection Design and Grade Separation
➢ Soil classification and highway materials √ S-Part A
➢ Asphalt mix design concepts and methods √ S-Part A
➢ Stress-Strain analysis in pavement systems √ S-Part B
➢ Pavement design concepts and methods √ S-Part B
DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 8
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Main References…. Egyptian Code
DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 9
Main References…. Egyptian Code
DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 10
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Other Reference
➢ Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction,
Second Edition, 1996 (Book)
➢ Traffic and Highway Engineering 4th edition (Book)
➢ https://pavementinteractive.org/
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➢ Basic Concepts for Highway Pavement Design
- Pavements are designed to last 10 to 30 years
- The amount of traffic is a significant concern in determining
pavement thickness
- Most of the pavement design is based on empirical evidence
that is over 50 years old (based on road tests from the late
1950s)
13

➢ Basic Concepts for Highway Pavement Design
- Most of the pavement damage is caused by trucks
- Pavement structures have several layers of materials that
contribute to the pavement’s overall strength
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❑ Roadway Failure
Operational
Failure
(congestion
issues)
Safety Failure
(accident due
to inadequate Structural Failure
road geometry) (Excessive deflections
causing rutting)
15

❑ Why We Need Highway Pavement?
➢ Typical soil-bearing capacities ≤ 50 lb/in2 (345 kPa) and in
some cases ≤ 2 to 3 lb/in2 (14 to 21 kPa)!
➢ Typical car weighs approximately 2700 lb (12 kN), with tire
pressures of 35 lb/in2 (241 kPa)
➢ Typical tractor semi-trailer truck that can weigh up to 80,000 lb
(355.8 kN), on five axles with tire pressures of 100 lb/in2 (690
kPa) or higher
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Item Highway pavement

Design Wheel Load 21,000 – 45,000 lbs
Tire Pressure 30 – 90 psi
Load Location Lane Edges
Load Repetition High Load Repetition (ESAL)
Thickness Uniform
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Common Types of Road Construction:
A. Flexible Pavement
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Common Types of Road Construction:
B. Rigid Pavement
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Flexible Pavement vs Rigid Pavement
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Flexible Pavement Layers:
1. Wearing Surface
2. Base
Cost
3. Subbase
Strength Thickness
4. Subgrade
Stress
Environmental
Impact
21

Seal Coat a final coat of
Flexible Pavement Layers bituminous material applied
during construction to seal
the surface of the pavement
Tack Coat (sprayed Asphalt

for adhesive bond of Binder
Wearing surface surface)
Binder Application Rate = 0.5 kg/m2
Base course Prime Coat (sprayed Asphalt

for waterproofing (of the
ground water) and adhesive
bond for the base course
Subbase course surface)
Application Rate = 1.5 kg/m2
Subgrade
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Flexible Pavement Layers
Layer Description Function
The natural material located
Serves as a foundation of
Subgrade along the horizontal
the pavement structure
alignment of the pavement
- A layer of granular materials - Reduces the stresses
- Can be omitted if the quality applied on the subgrade
of the subgrade material - Serves in water
Subbase meets the requirements drainage
- Specifications are in terms of - Protects the base
plasticity, gradation, and course against volume
strength changes of the subgrade
23

• Acts as a foundation to
• Usually granular materials.
the surface course
• Strict specifications for
• Distributes the stresses
plasticity, gradation, and
on the subbase into a
strength
Base large area
• Can be stabilized using
• Protects the surface
Portland cement, asphalt,
course against volume
or lime when a higher
changes that may take
strength is required.
place in the subgrade
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• With stand High tire pressure.
• The top layer of • Transmits the wheel loads to the
pavement directly underlying layers
in contact with • Resists abrasive forces due to
Wearing traffic traffic
Surface • A mixture of • Provides skid-resistant driving
mineral aggregates surface and reduces tractive
and asphaltic resistance to traffic
materials • Provides water and climatic
protection to underlying layers
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A. Geotechnical Investigation
Geotechnical investigation is carried out to facilitate
pavement design, This includes collecting detailed data
and information about the following:
➢ Soil under the road “Subgrade”
➢ Subgrade strengths and physical properties
➢ Groundwater level
➢ Physical/chemical properties of groundwater
27

A. Geotechnical Investigation … Cont.
❑ The objective of this investigation is to provide
information on the existing soil and groundwater
conditions
❑ These information will be used to derive
recommendations for a suitable foundation for the
design of pavement
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❑ Field tests:
Tests depend on the circumstances:
✓ Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP)
✓ In situ density test
✓ In situ CBR test (California Bearing Test)
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❑ Lab tests: are carried out on samples extracted from
the site include the following:
✓ Sieve analysis and Atterberg limits
✓ Unconfined compressive strength
✓ Specific gravity
✓ Chemical tests on soil and water (sulfate, chloride
content)
✓ Moisture content-dry density relationship
✓ CBR or MR
✓ Direct shear box
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B. Aggregate
❑ Sources
❑ Types
❑ Shapes
❑ Size ….. Graduation and Sieve Analysis
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❑ Aggregate Sources
➢ Aggregates can come from either natural or
manufactured sources
➢ Natural aggregates come from rock, of which there are
three broad geological classifications (Roberts, et al.,
1996): Igneous rock, Sedimentary rocks, and
Metamorphic rock
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❑ Aggregate Types
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❑ Aggregate Shape
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❑ Aggregate Size (Gradation and Sieve Analysis)
©CU Lab by Dr. Hossam Abelgawad
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❑ Aggregate Size (Gradation and Sieve Analysis)
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37
Dense Gradation
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Dense Gradation
Open Gradation
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Dense Gradation
Uniform Gradation
Open Gradation
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Dense Gradation
Gap Gradation
Uniform Gradation
Open Gradation
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❑ Aggregate Size (Graduation and Sieve Analysis)
Dense (well) Graded Unifrom (poor) Graded Gap Graded
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Atterberg Limits
The water content levels at which the soil changes from one state to the
other: Shrinkage Limit (SL), Plastic Limit (PL), and Liquid Limit (LL)
• A fine-gained soil can exist in any of several states; which state

depends on the amount of water in the soil system
• When water is added to a dry soil, each particle is covered with a

film of adsorbed water. If the addition of water is continued, the
thickness of the water film on a particle increases. Increasing the
thickness of the water films permits the particles to slide past one
another more easily. The behavior of the soil, therefore, is related to
the amount of water in the system
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Atterberg Limits
Plasticity Index (PI)=LL-PL
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Atterberg Limits
Limit Definition
Shrinkage Limit (SL) When a soil is slowly dried, the volume shrinks. When continuous
drying of the soil will not result in additional shrinkage, this water
content at this state is the SL.
Plastic Limit (PL) The water context at which the soil crumbles when it is rolled
down to a diameter of 1/8 In (~3 mm).
Liquid Limit (LL) The water content at which the soil will flow and close a groove of
½ in (~ 11 mm) within it after the standard LL Casagrande Liquid
Limit Apparatus dropped 25 times
Plasticity Index (PI) The range of the moisture content over which the soil is in the
plastic state = the difference between the LL and PL (known as PI)
PI = LL – PL
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Casagrande Liquid Limit Apparatus
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❑ Soil Classification:
➢AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials)
Classification system to determine the relative quality of soils for
use in embankments, subgrades, subbase and base
➢FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)

Classification system developed for Airfield pavements
➢Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

Developed during WW II for use in airfield construction
47

❑ Soil Classification: AASHTO A-#-#(#)
Can be used as subgrade or subbase if Will require a layer of subbase material if

properly drained and compacted used as a subgrade. Special attention will be
needed if used as embankment
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❑ Soil Classification: GI range is between (0 – 20)
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❑ Soil Classification:
➢ For A-4 → A-7

Use Figure 2-2
PI, LL
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❑ Soil Classification: Example 1
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❑ Soil Classification: Example 2
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❑ Aggregate Blending
Agg.
Agg. A Agg. B Mix
❑ Mathematical Method
❑ Graphical Method
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1. Mathematical Method
Agg.
Agg. A Agg. B Mix
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2. Graphical Method
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10/14/2020

PBW 401: Highway and Airports

2 DR. ELHASHEMI ALI

Teaching Staff and Course Outlines

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 3

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 4

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 5

Course Introduction… Cont.

Soil and Bituminous

Stress and Deflection

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 6

Course Introduction… Cont.

➢ Structural Design of Highway will be covered by introducing the

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 7

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 8

Main References…. Egyptian Code

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 9

Main References…. Egyptian Code

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 10

➢ Traffic and Highway Engineering 4th edition (Book)

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 11

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 12

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

- The amount of traffic is a significant concern in determining

- Most of the pavement design is based on empirical evidence

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 13

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

- Pavement structures have several layers of materials that

contribute to the pavement’s overall strength

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 14

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 15

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 16

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

Item Highway pavement

Load Repetition High Load Repetition (ESAL)

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 17

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 18

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 19

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 20

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 21

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

Tack Coat (sprayed Asphalt

Base course Prime Coat (sprayed Asphalt

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 22

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 23

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 24

1. Overview of Highway Pavement Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 25

2. Soil Engineering for Highway Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 26

2. Soil Engineering for Highway Design

2. Soil Engineering for Highway Design

DR. ELHASHEMI ALI 28

2. Soil Engineering for Highway Design