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LR Stericstablization
LR Stericstablization
Steric Stabilization
MSE
Jingyu Shi
The Ohio State University
Group Inorganic Materials Science
2041 College Road, 281 Watts Hall
Columbus OH 43210-1178
USA
September 2001- August 2002
Abstract
Steric stabilization by polymers adsorbed on inorganic particle surfaces is gaining more
and more attention in both industry and academia because it plays an important role in
stabilizing colloidal dispersions. In this review, basic concepts and some related topics
about steric stabilization are introduced. In addition the application of steric stabilization
in dispersing ceramic particles in non-aqueous media is summarized. It is found that
functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine, and ester groups in the molecular
polymer structure generally play an important role in steric stabilization. Polymers
containing carboxyl groups turn out to be the most effective steric stabilizers because
carboxyl groups are supposed to interact strongly with basic sites, often present on the
particle surface. On the other hand, the long chain hydrocarbons in the molecular
structures extend from the surface into nonaqueous solvent and act as good moieties in
nonaqueous media. The longer the hydrocarbon chains, the better the stabilization effect.
It is also shown in the literature that copolymers are usually more effective in steric
stabilization than homopolymers because copolymers consist of more than one type of
repeated unit. One type of repeated unit can act as anchor; the other type can act in the
moieties extending into a nonaqueous solution.
Steric stabilization in the modified emulsion precipitation method to prepare ceramic
nanoparticles is discussed at the end of this review. Poly(octadecyl methacrylate)
(PODMA) is used as the steric stabilizer in that method. It is suggested that the ceramic
nanoparticles are stabilized by a bilayer of polymer (PODMA) and surfactant (DiDAB).
The exact stabilization mechanism still needs further study.
2
Table of contents
Abstract 1
Table of contents 2
1 Introduction 5
1.1 Colloid stability 5
1.2 Methods for stabilizing colloids 5
1.2.1 Electrostatic stabilization 6
1.2.2 Polymeric stabilization 6
2 Steric stabilization 8
2.1 Advantages of steric stabilization 8
2.2 Steric stabilizers 8
2.2.1 Some definitions 8
2.2.2 The best steric stabilizers 10
2.3 Steric stabilization mechanism 11
2.4 Stability of the colloidal particles in steric stabilization 12
2.4.1 The critical flocculation point (CFPT) 12
2.4.2 Factors affecting CFPT 12
2.5 Adsorption of polymers from solution 13
3 Flocculation by bridging 16
References 24
Symbols 42
Distribution list 43
5
1 Introduction
Colloidal systems are dispersed phases finely subdivided in a dispersion medium. This
subdivision results in a very high interfacial surface area which determines largely the
physical properties of the system [1]. In most common colloidal systems, the continuous
phase (dispersion medium) is a liquid. A system exhibits properties of a colloidal
character when the particles (the dispersed phase) have a diameter between 1 and
1000 nm. This review will be concerned primarily with liquid droplets or solid particles
in a liquid.
i
charge number of ions, i, and c is the molar concentration of the ions. For 1:1
electrolytes, the ionic strength is proportional to the concentration. Here we will use the
concentration c to represent ionic strength. At low ionic strengths (electrolyte c=10-3 M),
the thickness of the double layer is about 5-10 nm, which is of the same order as the
VDWL attraction. This explains the observation of charge stabilization in dispersion
media of low ionic strength. The thickness of the double layer is reduced significantly
with increasing the ionic strength. At ionic strengths for electrolyte c>10-1 M, the
thickness of the double layer is less than 1 nm. In that case, the range of double layer
electrostatic repulsion is usually insufficient to counterbalance the VDWL attraction.
This accounts for the fact that most charge-stabilized dispersions coagulate when
increasing the ionic strength of the dispersion medium [3]. Hence, one great disadvantage
of charge stabilization of particles is its great sensitivity to the ionic strength of the
dispersion medium. In addition it only works in polar liquid which can dissolve
electrolytes. However, due to the advantages in simplicity and cost price, charge
stabilization is still widely used in stabilizing dispersions in aqueous media.
Figure 1.1 : Schematics of steric stabilization Figure 1.2 : Schematics of depletion stabilization
1 Introduction 7
Steric stabilization
Steric stabilization of colloidal particles is achieved by attaching (grafting or
chemisorption) macromolecules to the surfaces of the particles (figure 1.1). The
stabilizatio n due to the adsorbed layers on the dispersed particle is generally called steric
stabilization.
Depletion stabilization
Depletion stabilization of colloidal particles is imparted by macromolecules that are free
in solution (figure 1.2). The study of this type of stabilization is still in its initial stage.
Electrostatic and steric stabilization can be combined as electrosteric stabilization. The
origin of the electrostatic component may be a net charge on the particle surface
(figureFigure 1.3a) and/or charges associated with the polymer attached to the surface
(i.e. through an attached polyelectrolyte) (figureFigure 1.3b). It is also possible to have
combinations of depletion stabilization with both steric and/or electrostatic stabilization.
The combination of depletion and steric stabilization is very common when there are high
concentrations of free polymer in the dispersion medium.
Figure 1.3 : Schematics of electrosteric stabilization: (a) charged particles with nonionic polyme rs; (b)
polyelectrolytes attached to uncharged particles.
8
2 Steric stabilization
2.1 Advantages of steric stabilization
Steric stabilization has several distinct advantages over electrostatic stabilization [3]:
• Relative insensitivity to the presence of electrolytes. For instance, for 1:1 electrolytes
( I = z 2c ), a charge-stabilized dispersion will not be stable and coagulate when the
concentration of electrolytes exceeds the 10-1 M limit. The dimensions of polymer
chains display no such dramatic sensitivity and sterically stabilized dispersions are
relatively insensitive to the presence of electrolyte.
• Equal efficacy in both aqueous and nonaqueous dispersion media. Charge
stabilization is less effective in nonaqueous dispersion media than it is in aqueous
media. This is primarily due to the low relative dielectric constant (<10) of most
nonaqueous media. In contrast, steric stabilization is effective in both nonaqueous
media and aqueous media. This explains why steric stabilizion is usually preferred for
nonaqueous dispersion media.
• Equal efficacy at both high and low solids content. In charge stabilization in
nonaqueous media, the thickness of the double layers can be so large, (due to the low
dielectric constant of the dispersion medium), that the mere preparation of high solids
dispersions forces the particles too close together which then leads to coagulation. In
aqueous dispersion media, the preparation of charge-stabilized particles at high solids
dispersions is often difficult because of the gel formation induced by the interactions
between the double layers surrounding each particle.
• Reversibility of flocculation. The coagulation of charge-stabilized particles (induced
by the addition of electrolyte) is usually irreversible by subsequent dilution. In
contrast, flocculation of sterically stabilized dispersions (induced by the addition of a
nonsolvent for the stabilizing moieties) can usually be reversed spontaneously by
mere dilution of the nonsolvent concentration to a suitably low value. This difference
is due to the fact that sterically stabilized dispersions may be thermodynamically
stable while charge stabilized dispersions are only thermodynamically metastable. As
a consequence, for charge stabilized dispersions, the coagulated state represents a
lower energy state and the coagulation can be reversed only after input of work into
the system. Another important consequence of the thermodynamic stability of
sterically stabilized dispersions is that they can redisperse spontaneously after drying.
Random copolymer: In random polymers, the units of one monomer and of the other
have no definite order or arrangement along any given chain and generally composition
or ratio of one monomer to the other may slightly differ between chains [4].
Block copolymer: Block polymers have a long segment or block of one monomer
followed by a block of a second monomer. The result is that different homopolymers
chains are joined in a head-to-tail configuration [4]. So a block polymer is a linear
arrangement of blocks of different monomer composition. A diblock copolymer is poly-
A-block-poly-B, and a triblock copolymer is poly-A-block-poly-B-block-poly-A [1]. If A
is a hydrophilic group and B is hydrophobic group, the result can be regarded as
polymeric surfactant.
Graft copolymer (comb copolymer): A graft polymer is a type of copolymer in which
the chains of one monomer are grafted onto main chains of the other monomer.
10 Steric Stabilization
polymer. Some typical stabilizing moieties and anchor polymers for aqueous and
nonaqueous dispersion media are shown in table 2.1 [3].
Table 2.1: Typical stabilizing moieties and anchor polymers for sterically stabilized dispersions.
segments present in the interaction region lose configurational entropy. That is, the
polymer segments occupy fewer possible configurations in the compressed state than in
the uncompressed state. This reduction in entropy increases ΔG , producing the net effect
of repulsion between the particles and thus preventing the particles from flocculating. In
the entropic stabilization theory, the enthalpic interaction between the adsorbed
molecules and the dispersion medium is neglected so that ΔG = −TΔS [2].
VDWL attractio n between the core particles will be different according to the nature
of the dispersed phase.
• Molecular weight and adsorbed layer thickness effect . The CFPT is found to be
independent of the molecular weight of the stabilizing moieties provided that their
molecular weight is sufficiently high (e.g. at least several thousands). For low
molecular weight stabilizing moieties, limiting stabilities are controlled by the
VDWL attraction between the core particles. A molecular weight dependence of the
flocculation point is then observed. The higher the molecular weight of the stabilizing
moieties, the thicker the adsorbed layer and the further apart are the core particles. As
the VDWL attraction decreases with increasing distance of separation, particles
stabilized by higher molecular weight stabilizers appear to be more stable near the
CFPT.
• Solvent affinity effect . Solvent affinity is a very important factor in steric stabilization.
The better solvent the dispersion medium is for the stabilizing moities, the more
extended the chains become and the bigger their sphere of influence. In a good
solvent, repulsive interactions between colloidal particles occur if the grafting density
is high enough. If the solvent affinity is poor, attractive interactions between particles
can lead to flocculation.
In summary, if the colloidal particles are small in size and fully coated by well-anchored,
high molecular weight stabilizing moieties, the observed CFPT is essentially independent
of the volume fraction and the chemical nature of the disperse phase, the chemical nature
of the anchor polymer, the particle size, and the molecular weight of the stabilizing
moieties. Flocculation at the CFPT is reversible. However, the CFPT is dependent on the
surface coverage by the stabilizing chains. On the other hand, if the stabilizing moieties
are of low molecular weight and the particle size relatively large, stability appears to be
affected by the VDWL dispersion attraction between the core particles. The CFPT
becomes a function of the particle size and larger particles are easier to flocculate. In
addition, the CFPT becomes a function of the particle number concentration and dilute
dispersions are more stable [3].
molecular-weight polymeric molecules having acidic or basic functional groups are used
to stabilize the dispersions, the predominant dispersion mechanism is steric stabilization.
Usually, besides the adsorbate, solvent molecules can also adsorb to the adsorbent. The
competition between adsorbate and solvent adsorption is determined by the chemical
nature of the adsorbent surface. Thus, in addition to the acid-base strength of polymer
functional group and the particles, the solvent also plays an important role. If the
functional group of the polymer is less acidic (or basic) than the solvent, the polymer will
not absorb on the surface of particles, resulting in poor dispersion stability. The
absorption of PMMA (basic) [A.3] in various solvents illustrates the effect of solvents in
dispersions. PMMA is effectively absorbed from CCl4 , a neutral solvent, but is not
absorbed from CHCl3 , an acidic solvent which dissolves the polymer too well for it to be
taken from the completely dissolved state. PMMA is poorly absorbed in silica from
dioxane [A.4] because this basic solvent preempts the acidic surface of silica so
successfully that the basic polymer is excluded [6].
Purely steric stabilization of particles can be obtained by chemically bonding the
dispersant to the particle. Organoethoxysilanes (C 8 , C16 , C18 ) were covalently bonded to
silica in hexane to give improved dispersion stability [7]. The C18 silane gave the best
dispersion stability because of the longer chain. Organomethoxysilanes C18 H37 Si(OCH3 )3
[A.5] and C18 H37 (CH3 )2 Si(OCH3 ) [A.6] showed little difference in their effect on steric
stability. High- molecular-weight polystyrene [A.7] was grafted onto silica to obtain very
good steric stabilization of the powder in toluene, whereas homopolystyrene was
ineffective [8]. These examples suggest that powders in nonaqueous dispersion can be
stabilized by a purely steric mechanism and a wide range of dispersant molecular weights
can be effective.
It is clear that the most effective way to stabilize inorganic powder in a nonaqueous
medium is to chemically bond a polymer soluble in the medium to the particles. Polymers
with relatively strong acid or base groups opposite in polarity to those on the particle
surface generally work well by chemisorption to the particles. However, the effectiveness
of polymers with weaker acidic (or basic) strength depends to a large degree on the acidic
or basic strength of the solvent. Homopolymers without functional groups such as
polystyrene [A.7] are the least effective. Block polymers are more effective when one
block has interacting functiona l groups, but can be effective in some cases without
interacting functional groups with the proper choice of solvent [6].
Since water molecules are always present on the surface of hydrophilic adsorbents even if
they are carefully dried, the presence of water may play an important role in the
adsorption process in a nonaqueous solution. For polymers covalently bonded to the
particle surface, the presence of water may reduce the adsorption process. For example,
in the adsorption of poly(dimethyl siloxane) [A.1] onto iron powder and powdered glass
[9], traces of water in solution significantly reduced the amount of polymer adsorbed.
And, in the adsorption of polystyrene [A.7] onto charcoal [10], traces of water in methyl
ethyl ketone [A.8] caused anomalous delay in the adsorption process. On the other hand,
the presence of water may also assist the interaction of polar groups of polymers with the
acidic or basic sites on the particle surfaces and additional electrostatic stabilization may
result in this case. For example, in the presence of traces of water, the carboxyl groups of
polymers will ionically bound to the particle surfaces and enhance the stabilization.
2 Steric stabilization 15
Alkyl poly(oxyethylene) [A.9] surfactant molecules adsorb on the solid surface by the
ethylene oxide [A.10] (hydrophilic) chain and leave the hydrophobic hydrocarbon (alkyl)
chain in the dispersion medium. This is a typical case of the adsorption of nonionic
surfactants on inorganic pigments in an organic dispersion medium [2]. The general
formula is Cn H2n+1 ⋅(CH2 CH2 O)x⋅OH or Cn Ex. Van der Waarden [11] found that this
stabilizing activity increases with the length of the aliphatic chain (C 8 to C16 ) and with the
number of chains per molecule. It is supposed that the adsorbed molecules are able to
prevent the particles from approaching each other to such a distance where they enter
each other’s sphere of attraction.
16
3 Flocculation by bridging
For a better understanding of stabilization mechanisms and a proper design and use of
stabilizing agents, it is helpful to discuss the behavior of polymeric materials as
flocculants.
Particles that are stabilized by polymers can flocculate by the bridging mechanism in two
ways [12]. One is flocculation by the bridging of two or more particles by one polymer
molecule, as shown in figureFigure 3.1(A); the other is bridging by the interaction of
polymer chains adsorbed onto different particles, as shown in figureFigure 3.1(B).
Figure 3.1 : Bridging flocculation: (A) two particles by one polymer molecule; (B) two particles by two
separately adsorbed polymer molecules.
Thies [26] studied the effect of molecular structure on stabilization by determining the
amount and composition of polymers adsorbed on stabilized and on flocculated silica
particles dispersed in perchlorethylene [A.24]. The polymers used were styrene
[A.7]/butadiene [A.25] copolymers which varied in composition and molecular weight.
Thies found that the copolymer adsorbed on the flocculated silica was richest in styrene.
Copolymer adsorbed on stabilized silica contained less styrene than the original
copolymer blend and the unadsorbed copolymer had the lowest styrene content. These
results indicated the importance of a favorable balance between the anchoring unit
(styrene polymer) and the extending unit (butadiene polymer), to achieve the optimum
stabilizing performance.
Parker et.al. [27] studied the sedimentation behavior of alumina powder in the presence
of poly- vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [A.26] and poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate)
(PVP/VA) [A.27] in thermodynamically “good” (IPA, isopropylalcohol) [A.28] as well
as “poor” solvents (toluene) for the PVP homopolymer. The steric stabilizing efficiency
of PVP in alumina slurries (in IPA) is increased by the incorporation of the VA
comonomer because IPA is a good solvent for PVP but a poor solvent for PVA. NMR
results suggested that the PVP/VA copolymer is anchored to the alumina powder surface
by means of VA (VA is supposed to have strong affinity with the basic groups on Al2 O3
surface), whereas the PVP moieties extend into the continuous phase of the slurry
medium. The effect of stabilization is reduced when a solvent poor for PVP but good for
PVA (such as toluene) is added. This is ascribed to chain contraction of the PVP mietoies
upon the addition of a poor solvent and VA moieties desorbing upon the addition of a
good solvent.
In Armstrong’s study [6] of the stability of alumina dispersions in a 90:10 wt.% toluene-
ethanol mixed solvent it was found that:
• High- molecular-weight sulfonated polystyrene (60,000 D) having a low suphonation
level is an effective stabilizer.
• Low- molecular-weight sulfonated polystyrene (10,000 D), silwet surfactants L-7500
[A.29] (butoxy terminated polypropylene oxide; 3000 D) and L-7604 [A.30]
(hydroxyl terminated polyethyleneoxide; 4000MW) and homo-polystyrene are
ineffective stabilizers.
Discussion
Generally, functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine, and ester groups in
polymer molecular structure play an important role in the steric stabilization. These
functional groups can interact with the particle surface and act as good anchors. Among
all the functional groups, carboxyl groups turn out to be the most effective anchors to the
ceramic particle surface because they are supposed to interact strongly with the basic
sites on the particle surface. Ester groups can interact with the ceramic particle surface by
hydrogen bonding. However, this interaction is less strong than that of carboxyl groups.
Thus, polymers which only contain ester groups are not as good stabilizers as those
including carboxyl groups. The long chain hydrocarbons in the molecular structures may,
on the other hand, extend from the surface into nonaqueous solvent and act as good
moieties in nonaqueous media. Usually, the longer the hydrocarbon chains, the better the
stabilization effect. Sometimes, hydrocarbon chains containing a benzene group are used
20 Steric Stabilization
as such moieties. The selection of polymer moieties depends on the dispersion media
used.
Usually, copolymers are more effective in steric stabilization because they consist of
more than one type of repeated unit. One type of repeated units can act as anchor; the
other type can act in the moieties extending into the nonaqueous solution. However, if a
homopolymer consists of repeated units which contain both the anchor and the moiety
function, it can also stabilize the particles effectively. For example, the repeated units of
polyacrylic acid contain both carboxyl groups and a long chain hydrocarbon.
21
PODMA is a homopolymer whose repeated unit contains an ester group and a C18
hydrocarbon chain. The ester groups –COO– are supposed to bind to the hydroxyl groups
on the particle surface through hydrogen bonding and act as anchors. The hydrocarbon
chains extend into the decane and act as the mioeties.
group for each repeated unit so that they can strongly adsorb to the particle surface. The
long hydrocarbon chain connecting to the carboxyl group can extend into decane and act
as stabilizing moieties.
Polyester is also a good candidate here. The ester groups are supposed to attach to the
particle surfaces by hydrogen bonding and the hydrocarbon chains extend into the decane
as the mioeties to stabilize the nanoparticles. Also, polyesters include one ester group in
each repeated unit so that the polymer will strongly attach to the particles surface with
many anchors. Poly(alkyl methacrylate)s are commonly used to stabilize particles in
nonaquous media. They contain one ester group for each repeated units and the long
hydrocarbon chains connecting to the ester group can extend into decane and act as
stabilizing moieties. Poly(octadecyl methacrylate) [A.18] has (CH2 )17 CH3 connected with
the ester group in each repeated unit and is used as stabilizer in our study. Experimental
results show that the stabilization effect of PODMA is good in our case and it can form
dispersions of nanoparticles in decane which are stable for several years. Other poly(alkyl
methacrylate)s with longer hydrocarbon chain may also be considered. The longer the
chains, the thicker the stabilizing layer outside the particle, possibly resulting in better
stabilization. However, we must also keep in mind that longer chains may lead to
bridging flocculation and increase the effective particle diameter which may lead to
decreased packing densities.
As mentioned before, copolymers are usually more effective steric stabilizers than
homopolymers. So we can also try some copolymers with a carboxyl group or ester group
in one repeated unit and a long hydrocarbon chain in the other repeated unit. For
example, poly(methylmethacrylate-styrene) block polymers, poly(methylmethacrylate-
butadiene) block polymers on poly(vinyl acetate-styrene) block polymers. However,
copolymers are much more expensive than homopolymer. And the selection of the
copolymers will also depend on their availability.
In the study of Segar [28], various polymers were tested as a dispersant for ZnO in
decane and also for their effect on emulsion stability. Most technically applied
dispersants were found to be insoluble in decane and to destabilize the w/o emulsion.
Only PODMA forms dispersions of ZnO in decane which are stable for several days and
can be added to the emulsion before the extraction of water. The experimental results also
show that the addition of PODMA drastically reduces particle aggregation.
5 Steric stabilization in preparing nanoparticles via modified emulsion precipitation 23
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References 25
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Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands, 2001.
26
Si O
n
CH3
A.2 Polyamides
CA Index Name: Polyamides
Other Names: Acids, polyamides; Amide resins; Azelaic acid-
hexamethylenediamine polyamides; Carboxylic acids,
polyamides; Lactams, polyamides; Nylon; Nylon
oligomers; Oligamides; Oligomers polyamides; PA;
Plastics, polyamides; Poly(alkyleneterephthalamides)
polyamides; Poly(phenyleneisophthalamide) polyamides;
Poly[(alkylpentame thylene)terephthalamides] polyamides
A Organic component data 27
Formula: Unspecified
Class Identifier: Polymer
Polymer Class Term: Manual registration
A.3 PMMA
CA Index Name: 2-Propenoic acid, 2- methyl-, methyl ester, homopolymer
(9CI)
Other Names: Methacrylic acid methyl ester, polymers (8CI); 1000L;
1000L (methacrylic polymer); Methyl methacrylate
homopolymer; Methyl methacrylate polymer; Methyl
methacrylate resin; Poly(methyl methacrylate); Polybase IJ;
Polycast; Polycast (acrylic polymer); Pontalite
Formula: (C 5 H8 O2 )n
Class Identifier: Polymer
Polymer Class Term: Polyacrylic
Component Registry #: 80-62-6
CH3
C CH2
n
C O CH3
A.4 Dioxane
CA Index Name: 1,4-Dioxane (9CI)
Other Names: p-Dioxane (8CI); 1,4-Diethylene dioxide; 1,4-
Dioxacyclohexane; 1,4-Dioxan; 1,4-Dioxin, tetrahydro-;
Diethylene dioxide; Diethylene ether; Diethylene oxide;
Dioxan; Dioxane; Dioxyethylene ether; NE 220; p-Dioxan
Formula: C4 H8O2
Class Identifier: Ring Parent
O
28 Steric Stabilization
OCH3
OCH3
CH3
A.7 Styrene
CA Index Name: Benzene, ethenyl- (9CI)
Other Names: Styrene (8CI); Cinnamene; Ethenylbenzene; Phenethylene;
Phenylethene; Phenylethylene; Styrol; Styrole; Styrolene;
Styropol SO; Vinylbenzene; Vinylbenzol
Formula: C8 H8
H 2C CH
H 3C C CH 2 CH3
A.11 Polyacrylate
CA Index Name: 2-Propenoic acid, ion(1-), homopolymer (9CI)
Other Names: Polyacrylate homopolymer
Formula: (C 3 H3 O2 ?)n
30 Steric Stabilization
CH CH2
n
C O
H 3C (CH2)7 CH CH (CH2 )7 C OH
H 3C (CH2 )7 CH CH (CH2)7 C O CH
A.14 KD-2
CA Index Name: Alanine, N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-
[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]- (9CI)
Other Names: KD 2
Formula: C14 H18F3NO6 S
O S CF 3 O
CH2 CH2 N CH C OH
CH3
H3CO
OCH3
N CH2 O CH3
N N
H 3C C C O CH 2 CH 2 OH
Component Registry #: 115-77-5
Formula: C5 H12 O4
CH 2 OH
HO CH 2 C CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
Component Registry #: 103-11-7
Formula: C11 H20 O2
A Organic component data 33
CH2 O C CH CH2
H 3C (CH2) 3 O C C CH3
O
Component Registry #: 79-41-4
Formula: C4 H6 O2
CH 2 O
H 3C C C OH
Component Registry #: 65-85-0
Formula: C7 H6 O2
O
C OH
OH
HO CH 2 CH CH 2 OH
HO C (CH2)4 C OH
HO CH2 C CH2 OH
CH3
Formula: (C 22 H42O2 )n
Class Identifier: Polymer
Polymer Class Term: Polyacrylic
Component Registry #: 32360-05-7
CH 3
C CH2
n
C O (CH 2) 17 CH 3
CH
C CH2
n
O
C
A.20 Methacrylate
CA Index Name: 2-Propenoic acid, 2- methyl-, ion(1-) (9CI)
Other Names: Methacrylic acid, ion(1-) (8CI); Methacrylate;
Methacrylate ion; Methacrylate(1-); Methacrylic acid anion
Formula: C4 H5O2
CH 2 O
H 3C C C O
36 Steric Stabilization
H 3C C C OH
A.22 Acrylamide
CA Index Name: 2-Propenamide (9CI)
Other Names: Acrylamide (8CI); Acrylic amide; Ethylenecarboxamide;
Propenamide; Vinyl amide
Formula: C3 H5NO
O
H 2N C CH CH2
A.23 Pyridyl
CA Index Name: Pyridine (6CI, 7CI, 8CI, 9CI)
Other Names: Azabenzene; Azine; CP 32
Formula: C5 H5N
Class Identifier: Ring Parent
N
A.24 Perchlorethylene
CA Index Name: Ethene, tetrachloro- (9CI)
Other Names: Ethylene, tetrachloro- (8CI); 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene;
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene; Ankilostin; Antisal 1;
Didakene; Dilatin PT; Ethylene tetrachloride; F 1110; F
1110 (halocarbon); Fedal- Un; Freon 1110; Nema; PCE;
PCE (chlorohydrocarbon); Perchlorethylene;
Perchloroethene; Perchloroethylene; Perclene; Perklone;
PerSec; R 1110; Tetlen; Tetracap; Tetrachlorethylene;
A Organic component data 37
Cl C C Cl
A.25 Butadiene
CA Index Name: 1,3-Butadiene (8CI, 9CI)
Other Names: α,γ-Butadiene; Biethylene; Bivinyl; Butadiene; Butadiene-
1,3; Divinyl; Erythrene; Vinylethylene
Formula: C4 H6
H 2C CH CH CH2
CH CH2
n
N
O
CH CH2
n
C O
CH3
H 3C CH CH3
+
CH3 (CH 2)1 1 N (CH 2) 11 CH3
CH3 Br
42
Symbols
VDWL van der Waals-London
CFPT critical flocculation point
PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate)
PODMA poly(octadecyl methacrylate)
PVB Poly(vinyl butyral)
PVP poly- vinylpyrrolidone
PVA poly (vinyl acetate)
IPA isopropylalcohol
Arkopal40 Nonylphenol tetraethyleneglycol ether
DiDAB Didodecyldimethylammonium
43
Distribution list
Dr. S.A. Akbar
Dr. H. Verweij
Ohio State University
Department of Materials Science & Engineering
2041 College Road, Watts Hall 291
Columbus OH 43210-1178
USA
Dr. P.K. Dutta
Department of Chemistry
100 W 18th Ave, Newman-Wolfrom Laboratory 1118
Columbus OH 43210-1106
USA
Members CISM IAB 2001-2002.