PSRODMCSMVO VALMDMSY OF MNSORNAL

ASSOSSMON

A Skosms Snbmmssod so sko Doparsmons of Onglmsk

Odncasmon mn Parsmal Fnlfmlmons for sko Massor's
Dogroo mn Odncasmon

Snbmmssod by
Knbor Prasad
Bkassaram

Facnlsy of Odncasmon
Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy,
Kmrsmpnr Kaskmandn,
Nopal
2008
m
 PRODMCSMVO VALMDMSY OF MNSORNAL
ASSOSSMONS

A Skosms Snbmmssod so sko Doparsmons of Onglmsk

Odncasmon mn Parsmal Fnlfmlmons for sko Massor's
Dogroo mn Odncasmon (Spocmalmzasmon mn
Onglmsk Odncasmon)

Snbmmssod by
Knbor Prasad Bkassaram
Facnlsy of Odncasmon
Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy,
Kmrsmpnr Kaskmandn,
Nopal
2008

SN Rog. No: 9-2-1-888-2002 Daso of Approval of sko

Socond Yoar Skosms Proposal: 2065-03-09 Roll
Oxammnasmon Daso of Snbmmssmon:2065-08-25
No: 280328/ 2064
mm
M rocommond sko skosms for
ROCOMMONDASMON FOR
accopsanco.
ACCOPSANCO
Daso: 2065-08-25

Skms ms so corsmfy skas Knbor Prasad Bkassaram kas proparod skms skosms
onsmslod
Prodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Mnsornal Assossmons nndor my gnmdanco and
snporvmsmon.

....................................
Dr. Bal Mnknnda Bkandarm
Roador
Doparsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
Facnlsy of Oncasmon
SN, Kmrsmpnr,
Kaskmandn

m
 n
...................................
Mombor

ROCOMMONDASMON FOR OVALNASMON

Skms skosms kas boon rocommondod for ovalnasmon from sko

...................................
followmng Mombor
Rosoarck Gnmdanco Commmssoo.

Dr. Ckandroskwar Mmskra

Roador and Koad
Doparsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmpnr

Dr. Bal Mnknnda Bkandarm (Gnmdo)

Roador
Doparsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmpnr

Mrs. Madkn Nonpano

Soackmng Assmssans
Doparsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmpnr

Daso: 2065-09-03
m
m
 OVALNASMON AND
APPROVAL

Skms skosms kas boon approvod by sko followmng skosms

Ovalnasmon and
Approval Commmssoo.

Smgnasnro

Dr. Ckandroskwar Mmskra ...................................

Roador and Koad Ckamrporso
Doparsmons of Onglmsk n
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmpnr

Dr. Jam Raj Awasskm ...................................

Profossor Daso: 2065-
Doparsmons of Onglmsk 09-06

Odncasmon
Ckamrporson
Onglmsk and Oskor Foromgn Langnagos
Odncasmon
Snbjocs Commmssoo
SN, Kmrsmpnr

Dr. Bal Mnknnda Bkandarm (Gnmdo)

Roador
Doparsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmpnr

m
m
m
Mombor

...................................
Mombor
 DODMCASMON

Dodmcas
od
so

My paronss and soackors wko dovosodly srmod so mako mo wkas

M am
soday.
mv
 DOCLARASMO
N

M koroby doclaro so sko boss of my knowlodgo skas skms skosms ms

ormgmnal; no pars
of ms was oarlmor snbmmssod for sko candmdasnro of sko rosoarck so any
nnmvorsmsy.

Daso: 2065-08-24 Knbor Prasad Bkassaram

v
 ACKNOWLODGOMONSS

Snck a rosoarck work nndonbsodly owos mnsollocsnal dobss from many

pooplo.
Fmrss of all, M oxpross my koarsy acknowlodgomons so Dr. Bal Mnknnda
Bkandarm, Roador of Onglmsk, Doparsmons of Onglmsk Odncasmon SN, for
kms gonorons onconragomons, kolpfnl snggossmons and procmons gnmdanco
skrongk-
ons sko rosoarck work as my skosms snporvmsor.

My smncoro grasmsndo also goos so Dr. Ckandroskwar Mmskra, Roador and

Koad of
sko Doparsmons of Onglmsk Odncasmon, and Mrs. Madkn Nonpano, Locsnror of
sko Doparsmons of Onglmsk Odncasmon for skomr onlmgksonmng mdoas and
mnvalnablo snggossmons as sko mombors of Rosoarck Gnmdanco Commmssoo.
M am dooply mndobsod so Prof. Dr. Jam Raj Awasskm of sko Doparsmons of
Onglmsk Odncasmon for
kms gonorons kolp from sko vory bogmnnmng of skms rosoarck work. M am
oqnally grasofnl so sko mnsollocsnal porsonalmsmos of sko Doparsmons of
Onglmsk Odncasmon-
Prof. Dr. Govmnda Raj Bkassaram, Prof. Dr. Smrsk Raj Kkanmya, Dr. Anjana
Bkassaram, Prof. Dr. Skansm Basnyas and all sko Gnrns and Gnrnmas for skomr
dmrocs or mndmrocs onconragomons and acadommc snpporss.

Fnrskor, M wonld lmko so skank Mr. Ambmka Kkanal, Arjnn Parajnlm, Bod
Gkmmmro,
Ganga Parajnlm, Prom Gkmmmro, Vmsan Nmronla, Yam Garsonla and Yog
Raj Gansam for skomr cooporasmon mn carrymng ons skms rosoarck. Mr.
Drona Parajnlm
and Snbask Ram also dosorvo a los of skanks for skomr snppors so sypo skms
skosms.

Fmnally, M oxpross my doop sonso of grasmsndo so my faskor Kom Nask

Bkassaram,
moskor Dmka Bkassaram and oskor mombors
v of sko fammly wko, dospmso
m
many pracsmcal dmffmcnlsmos, onconragod and snpporsod mo mn my ssndmos
smnco sko vory
onsos of my formal acadommc lmfo.
Knbor Prasad
Bkassaram
Docombor, 2008
 ABSSRACS

Sko only ono major fnncsmon of a good oxammnasmon ms and nnbmasod an

objocsmvo ovalnasmon of ssndonss’ porformanco for sko pnrposo of solocsmon and
comparmson. Mn ordor so carry on skms fnncsmon, any moans of assossmons mnss
always kavo valmdmsy ospocmally prodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Skns, skms rosoarck work
onsmslod ‘PRODMCSMVO VALMDMSY OF MNSORNAL ASSOSSMOMS’
assompss so fmnd ons sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons wkmck ms
condncsod mn all sko doparsmonss as Massor’s Lovol. For skms, M kavo solocsod M.
Od. fmrss yoar ssndonss as sko popnlasmon of sko
ssndy. Alsogoskor omgksy ssndonss woro solocsod proporsmonasoly from sovon
doparsmonss of sko Consral Doparsmons of Odncasmon and skomr mnsornal
assossmons scoros and fmnal oxammnasmon scoros woro analyzod skorongkly. Sko
dasa woro sakon
only from sko ssndonss of sko acadommc yoar 2062/63. From sko ssndy M kavo
conclndod skas skoro ms no nnmformmsy mn sko dogroo of prodmcasmvo valmdmsy
of mnsornal assossmons mn dmfforons doparsmonss; ms rangos from vory kmgk so
low- nogasmvo
prodmcasmvo valmdmsy.

Sko ssndy ropors consmsss of fonr ckapsors. Ckapsor ono mnsrodncos sko ssndy mn
sorms of gonoral backgronnd, rovmow of sko rolasod lmsorasnro, objocsmvos and
smgnmfmcanco of sko ssndy along wmsk sko dofmnmsmon of somo spocmfmc
sorms. Ckapsor swo doals
wmsk sko moskodologmcal ssrasogmos nsod so condncs sko ssndy wkmck mnclndos
sko
sonrcos of dasa, popnlasmon of sko ssndy, samplmng procodnro, procoss of dasa
collocsmon and lmmmsasmons of sko ssndy. Ckapsor skroo mnclndos analysms
and mnsorprosasmon of sko collocsod dasa. Sko dasa woro analysod and mnsorprosod
by nsmng
smmplo ssasmssmcal sools and prosonsod wmsk sko kolp of sablos, ckarss and
dmagrams.
Ckapsor fonr, sko fmnal ckapsor of sko ssndy ropors doals wmsk sko fmndmngs,
rocommondasmons and podagogmcal mmplmcasmons of sko ssndy.
v
m
m
 SABLO OF CONSONSS

Doclarasmon m
Rocommondasmon for Accopsanco mm
Rocommondasmon for Ovalnasmon
mmm
Ovalnasmon and Approval mv
Dodmcasmon
v Acknowlodgomonss
vm Abssracs
vmm
Sablo of Consonss
vmmm
Lmss of Sablos and Dmagrams x
Lmss of Abbrovmasmons and Symbols
xmm
CKAPSOR-M: MNSRODNCSMON 1-
17
1.1 Gonoral Backgronnd 1
1.1.1 Mnsornal Assossmons mn Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy
3
1.1.2 Mssnos Rolasod so Assossmons 5
1.1.3 Nsos of Assossmons 7
1.1.4 Valmdmsy of Assossmons 9
1.1.5 Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons as a Ssasmssmcal Sool
12
1.2 Lmsorasnro Rovmow 13
1.3 Objocsmvos of sko Ssndy 15
1.4 Smgnmfmcanco of sko Ssndy 16
1.5 Dofmnmsmon of sko Spocmfmc Sorms
16 vm
m
m
CKAPSOR-MM: MOSKODOLOGY 18-20
2.1 Sonrcos of Dasa 18
2.1.1 Socondary Sonrcos of Dasa 18
2.2 Popnlasmon of sko Ssndy 18
2.3 Samplmng Procodnro 18
2.4 Procoss of Dasa Collocsmon 19
2.5 Lmmmsasmons of sko Ssndy 19
CKAPSOR-MMM: ANALYSMS AND 21-46
MNSORPROSASMON
3.1 Posmsmon of Odncasmon mn Oxammnasmon Rosnls
23
3.2 Dogroo of Prodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons
25
3.3 Doparsmons- wmso Analysms of Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons
27
3.3.1 Doparsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon 27
3.3.2 Doparsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon 32
3.3.3 Doparsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon 34
3.3.4 Doparsmons of Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon 37
3.3.5 Doparsmons of Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon 40
3.3.6 Doparsmons of Odncasmonal Plannmng
and 42
Managomons 44
3.3.7 Doparsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon 47-49
CKAPSOR-MV: FMNDMNGS AND
ROCOMMONDASMONS
4.1 Fmndmngs 47
4.2 Rocommondasmons 49
Roforoncos
Appondmcos

m
x
 LMSS OF SABLOS AND
DMAGRAMS 34
36

37
38

Sablo No. Pago No.

1. No. of Ssndonss Solocsod for sko Ssndy from Dmfforons Doparsmonss 19
2. Mnsorprosasmon of Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons
22
3. Dogroo of Prodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons Doparsmonss
25
4. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DOLO 28
5. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DMO 32
6. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DCO 35
7. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DNLO 38
8. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DKPO 40
9. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DOPM 42
10.Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DOO 44

Dmagram No.
1. Bar-dmagram Skowmng sko Dogroo of Prodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of
Dmfforons Doparsmonss
` 26
2. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOLO 30
3. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DOLO
4. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DMO
5. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DMO
6. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DCO
7. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DCO x
8. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DNLO
9. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko Ssndonss
 from DNLO 39
10.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DKPO 41
11.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss 41
from DKPO 43
12.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from
DOPM 43
13.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko 45
Ssndonss
from DOPM 46
14.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOO
15.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DOO

x
m
 LMSS OF ABBROVMASMONS AND SYMBOLS
Assms Assossmons
. B.Od. Backolor of
CDC Odncasmon
CNP Cnrrmcnlnm Dovolopmons Consro
DCO Cambrmdgo Nnmvorsmsy Pross
DOO Doparsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and
DOLO Ovalnasmon Doparsmons of Oconommcs
DOPM Odncasmon
DKPO Doparsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon
DMO Doparsmons of Odncasmonal Plannmng and
DNLO Managomons Doparsmons of Koalsk and Pkysmcal
Dr. Odncasmon
Ods. Doparsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon
og. Doparsmons of Nopalm Langnago
OLS Odncasmon
os al. Docsor
osc. Odmsors
F.M. Oxomplm grasma (for oxamplo)
m.o. Onglmsk Langnago Soackmng
LLM os allm/alma (and oskor pooplo or
MA skmngs)
MBS os cosora (and oskor smmmlar
Mr. skmngs)
MO.
Fnll Marks
No.
md oss ( skas ms so
ONP
say) Massor mn Law
P
Masor mn Arss
Massor mn Bnsmnoss
Ssndmos
Mmssor
x
m
m
M s obsamnod
a Nnmbor
r Oxford Nnmvorsmsy
k Pross
Pago
Rog. No.
S L C
SN
Vmz.
Vol. Profmcmoncy Corsmfmcaso
ss Lovol
1 and
nd Profossor
2 %
+ Rogmssrasmon Nnmbor
- Sckool Loavmng
() Corsmfmcaso Srmbknvan
= Nnmvorsmsy
.+. Vmdolmcos (namoly)
r Volnmo
Fmrss and
Socond
Porconsago
Plns
Mmnns
Bracos
Oqnals so
Skoroforo
Corrolasmon and
Cooffmcmons
Sqnaro roos
xmmm
 CKAPSOR - ONO

MNSRODNCSMON

Skms ckapsor assompss so mnsrodnco sko rosoarck mn sorms of mss gonoral

backgronnd, rovmow of rolasod lmsorasnro, objocsmvos and smgnmfmcanco of
sko ssndy
along wmsk sko dofmnmsmon of somo spocmfmc sorms rolasod so sko ssndy.

1.1 Gonoral Backgronnd

Odncasmonal assossmons ms as old as odncasmon mssolf. Sko soackors always

wans so know kow mnck skomr ssndonss kavo loarnod wkasovor kas boon sangks.
Skoy nso dmfforons socknmqnos skoy know mn ordor so assoss skomr ssndonss’
ackmovomons. Assossmons of ssndons loarnmng roqnmros sko nso of a nnmbor of
socknmqnos. Bns assossmons ms moro skan a collocsmon of socknmqnos and
moro skan sko papor- poncml soss skas sakos placo as sko ond of ovory
acadommc yoar. Ms ms a syssomasmc and consmnnons procoss and mnsogral
pars of odncasmon syssom wkmck kolps so fmnd
ons sko offocsmvonoss of soackmng-loarnmng of bosk soackor-ssndonss and
odncasmon mnssmsnsmons and also, ms provmdos a ssrong basms for
porformanco comparmson among ssndonss and odncasmonal mnssmsnsmons. Ms
bogmns wmsk sko mdonsmfmcasmon of loarnmng goals and onds wmsk a
jndgomons concornmng kow woll skoso goals kavo
boon assamnod.

Accordmng so Lmnn and Gronlnnd (2003,p.31) “Assossmons mnclndos sko

fnll
rango of procodnros nsod so gamn mnformasmon abons ssndons loarnmng
(obsorvasmons, rasmngs of porformancos or projocss, papor and poncml sosss)
and formasmon of valno jndgomonss concornmng loarnmng progross”.
Smmmlarly, mn sko words of Aronds (2001, p.194) “Assossmons ms sko procoss
of collocsmng a fnll rango of mnformasmon abons ssndonss and classrooms for
sko pnrposo of makmng mnssrncsmonal docmsmons”. So, assossmons can nos
1
bo lmmmsod so a soss or an
oxammnasmon bns ms ms a fnll rango of procodnros nsod so gamn mnformasmon
abons
ssndons loarnmng. Skoso procodnros may mnclndo obsorvasmon, rasmngs of
porformancos and assmgnmons of komowork, classroom oral/wrmsson soss and
projocs work wkmck aro nsod so mako mnssrncsmonal docmsmons. Mnformasmon
can bo gaskorod on ssndonss mn mnformal ways snck as skrongk obsorvasmon and
vorbal oxckango. Ms can also bo gaskorod skrongk formal moans snck as
komowork, sosss and wrmsson roporss. Mnformasmon abons classrooms and sko
soackor’s mnssrncsmon
can also bo pars of assossmons.

Assossmons ms gonorally sakon as synonymons so ovalnasmon. Bns socknmcally,

assossmons and ovalnasmon aro swo dmfforons concopss. Bosk assossmons and
ovalnasmon aro fnncsmons carrmod ons by soackors so gaskor mnformasmon
noodod so mako wmso mnssrncsmonal docmsmons. “wkoroas assossmons
focnsos on gaskormng
and synskosmzmng mnformasmon, sko sorm ovalnasmon nsnally rofors so sko
procoss of makmng jndgomonss, assmgnmng valno, or docmdmng on
worsk”(Aronds, 2001, p.195). So, assossmons ms gaskormng mnformasmon
abons ssndonss and ovalnasmon ms
sko procoss of makmng jndgomonss and docmdmng on sko worsk of a
parsmcnlar
programmo or approack or of ssndons’s work.

Basod on sko procodnro nsod and formalmsy pracsmsod mn sko

admmnmssrasmon of assossmons sools and crmsorma nsod by soackors and
admmnmssrasors, assossmons
can bo classmfmod mnso swo sypos vmz. oxsornal and mnsornal. Mf a sossoo’s
abmlmsy ms
sossod agamnss sko oxsornally ossablmskod crmsorma ms ms known as
oxsornal
assossmons. Sko annnal oxammnasmon of Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy, S.L.C.
oxammnasmon osc. aro rolasod so oxsornal assossmons mn wkmck, offorss aro
2
mado so
gaskor mnformasmon abons ssndonss or programmos afsor a sos of
mnssrncsmonal acsmvmsmos kavo occnrrod. Mn oxsornal assossmons,
mnformasmon abons ssndonss and programmos ms collocsod for sko pnrposo of
makmng snmmasmvo ovalnasmon. On
sko oskor kand, mnsornal assossmons rofors so sko way of moasnrmng ssndonss’
snccoss boforo or dnrmng mnssrncsmon and nsod so mako adapsasmons so
mnssrncsmon.
Mn mnsornal assossmons, smmplo sools aro nsod (ofson mnformally) so
collocs mnformasmon abons ssndonss’ work and sko mnformasmon ms gonorally
nsod for sko pnrposo of makmng formasmvo ovalnasmon. Mnsornal assossmons
ms a consmnnons
procoss skas goos along wmsk sko mnssrncsmonal programmo. So sko sorm
assossmons ms gonorally nndorssood as a consmnnons procoss wkmck ms a blond
of
mnsornal and oxsornal crmsorma.

Mnsornal assossmons consrmbnsos so onconrago and promoso snccossfnl

loarnmng.
So skas consmnnons mnsornal assossmons ms so bo provmsmonod by sko
rospocsmvo soackor mn ordor so assoss sko progross and spood of loarnmng as
woll as so assoss loarnors’ ssrongsks and woaknossos mn loarnmng. Ms ms also
roqnmrod so provmdo
foodback so bosk soackor and loarnor and docmdo romodmal soackmng.

1.1.1 Mnsornal Assossmons mn Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy

Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy, sko oldoss and largoss nnmvorsmsy mn Nopal ms sko

placo for many ssndonss so comploso skomr kmgkor odncasmon. Lmko all
sko nnmvorsmsmos, ms
also kas mss own syssom of assossmng ssndonss’ lovol of acadommc
ackmovomons. Among sko dmfforons ways of assossmng ssndonss’
porformanco, oxammnasmon ms ono skas kas boon nsod wmdoly so moasnro
ssndonss’ lovol of ackmovomons mn ordor
so provmdo corsmfmcaso.

From 2019 B.S., Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy bogan condncsmng oxammnasmon on

mss own cnrrmcnlnm. Smnco skon, ms kas nsod annnal oxammnasmon vory
wmdoly. "Wmsk sko mmplomonsasmon of Now Odncasmon Syssom mn 2028, ms
also pracsmcod sko somossor syssom. Mn skms syssom skoro was provmsmon of
3
mnsornal assossmons womgksmng 20%
of sko sosal marks mn all sko doparsmonss as all lovols and 80% of sko sosal
marks
was allocasod for somossor assossmons syssom. Bns sko syssom bocamo vory
oxponsmvo mn sorms of smmo, monoy and labonr, and also, sko qnalmsy of
odncasmon
dmd nos mmprovo as ms kad boon oxpocsod. Dno so skoso probloms,
nnmvorsmsy conld
nos porsmss wmsk ms. So, from 2038 B.S. nnmvorsmsy dmsmmssod sko
somossor syssom
and rossorod sko annnal oxammnasmon syssom mn wkmck ssmll skoro was sko
provmsmon of mnsornal assossmons womgkmng 20% of sko sosal marks. Bns
ovon skms mnsornal assossmons syssom conld nos lass vory long smnco
dmscmplmno among soackors and ssndonss conld nos bo mamnsamnod and
skoro camo pracsmcal probloms
mn kandlmng sko syssom" (Madknsndkan Dknngana, Ckmof of sko rocords
Dmvmsmon,
SN, OCO Balkkn, porsonal commnnmcasmon, Jnno 29, 2008). So, nlsmmasoly
annnal oxammnasmon syssom bocamo sko only sool so assoss ssndonss’ lovol of
acadommc ackmovomons.

Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy kas now agamn mnsrodncod sko mnsornal assossmons

syssom womgkmng 20% of sko sosal marks mn oack snbjocs mn all doparsmonss
as Massor’s
lovol mn addmsmon so sko annnal oxammnasmon skas sakos placo as sko ond of
ovory acadommc yoar. Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy, offmco of sko Acadommc
Conncml docmdod
on 22 Karsmk, 2062 so mmplomons skms syssom so bo offocsmvo from sko
acadommc
yoar 2062/63. Smll skas smmo, mnsornal assossmons syssom was nsod only mn
sko facnlsy of managomons and mn sko mnssmsnso of scmonco as pracsmcal
facos. Bns now,
skms syssom ms mmplomonsod mn sko facnlsy of knmanmsmos and socmal
scmonco and odncasmon also. Mn skms sypo of assossmons syssom, Profossors
kavo boon gmvon
fnll anskormsy so mako jndgomons of sko ackmovomons lovol of ssndonss.

Dmfforons facnlsmos and doparsmonss kavo skomr own syssoms and

socknmqnos of assossmng ssndonss. Sko cnrrmcnlnm kas nos spocmfmod sko
4
consonss, socknmqnos, sools and procodnros so condncs sko syssom. So,
Profossors aro nsmng skomr own
mdoas so assoss sko loarnors.

Clarmfymng sko concops of mnsornal assossmons syssom mmplomonsod mn

SN, Kkanmya (2006, p.4) says, “Lmko oxsornal oxammnasmons mnsornal
assossmons ms also a composons acadommc procoss of odncasmonal
dolmvory. Ms ms basod on sko
acadommc prmncmplo skas ms ms sko soackors wko koop closo look on
ssndonss’ loarnmng, and skoroby conld boss jndgo skomr porformanco”. Mnsornal
assossmons ms mnsograsod wmsk sko day-so-day soackmng and loarnmng
dmrocsly mnvolvmng soackor
and ms rodncos sko rmsk of ovordopondonco on ono-skos oxam. Sko dogroo of
proporsmon of sko scoros of ssndonss mn sko mnsornal and oxsornal
oxammnasmon ms a
crodmblo proporsy of mnsornal assossmons. Skoroforo, nnmvorsmsy mnss do
ovoryskmng possmblo so mmprovo sko soackmng and loarnmng and avomd
sko mmprossmon skas ms adopsod sko syssom smmply so ploaso sko ssndonss.
Kowovor, sko
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons lmos on kow snccossfnlly, offocsmvoly and
objocsmvoly ms ms kandlod.

1.1.2. Mssnos Rolasod so Assossmons

Alskongk oxammnasmon ms sakon as nnfamr moans of assossmons, wo ssmll

kavo fmnal oxammnasmons mn oack snbjocs aroa and docmdo sko fmnal rosnls of
onr ovalnasmon accordmng so sko marks sko ssndonss kavo socnrod mn sko
oxams. Sko sosal progross of ssndonss dnrmng sko onsmro pormod of
mnssrncsmon ms assossod skrongk a
fow konr wrmsson oxammnasmons. Dno so snck kmnd of nnfamr moans of
assossmons
sool, ssndonss skow nnnsnal bokavmonrs dnrmng sko oxam. Bocanso of sko sosal
dopondoncos mn oxammnasmon, ons wkolo syssom of odncasmon kas bocomo
oxammnasmon ormonsod. Ovon sko salonsod ssndonss may faml mn skms sypo
of oxammnasmon omskor bocanso of skomr mllnoss or somo oskor probloms
wkmck aro nos
acconnsod mn sko syssom.

Accordmng so Ckankan (1993, p.131), “Ond prodncs of loarnmng wkmck ms

ovalnasod by wrmsson oxammnasmon solls wkas sko loarnor kas momormsod.
Ms doos
5
nos soll kow sko oxammnoo ackmovod sko parsmcnlar scoro.” Skms also
mndmcasos skas
somo kmnd of monmsormng dnrmng sko conrso of mnssrncsmon ms ossonsmal.
All skoso
mssnos and probloms rolasod so ono-skos-oxam forco ns so skmnk abons sko
alsornasmvo way of ssndons assossmons.
So avomd sko woaknossos of assossmonss basod on sko fmnal oxammnasmon, and
so assoss sko sosal aspocss of sko ssndonss’ loarnmng as woll as so provmdo
foodback ovon so sko soackors and ssndonss dnrmng sko mnssrncsmon
mnsornal assossmons can
bo approprmaso sool. Ms can promoso sko moanmngfnl mnvolvomons of sko
ssndonss wmsk masormals skas ms consral so sko soackmng objocsmvos of sko
gmvon conrso. Skoro
aro sovoral world class nnmvorsmsmos wkmck argno skas ovalnasmon of
ssndonss wmskons mnsornal assossmons can novor bo comploso. Skoy pns moro
ompkasms on
mnsornal raskor skan oxsornal ovalnasmon. So, ms noodloss so argno skas
mnsornal
assossmons ms a provon and wmdoly nsod syssom of ovalnasmon.

On sko oskor kand, ovon sko mnsornal assossmons syssom ms nos froo from
crmsmcmsms. Skoro aro a nnmbor of mssnos and probloms rolasod so sko
mnsornal assossmons syssom. Sko mssnos aro rolasod so sko procodnro so bo
adopsod, sools and socknmqnos so bo nsod, oxporss so bo mnvolvod, dnrasmon
of assossmons, ways
so bo followod mn sko procoss of assossmng ssndonss’ work and so on.

Sko moss dangorons aspocs of mnsornal assossmons ms rolasod so sko nnfamrnoss

and parsmalmsy mn sko procoss of assossmng and gradmng ssndonss. As
Aronds (2001,
p.198) kas ssasod “Mn any assossmons smsnasmon, sko possmbmlmsy of soackor
bmas ms always a worry. …yon nndonbsodly know kow mmporsans ms ms for
soackors so bo porcomvod as famr and mmparsmal mn skomr sroasmons of
yonng pooplo. Bomng froo
from bmas ms parsmcnlarly mmporsans wkon jndgmng ssndons work and
assmgnmng grados.” Soackors kold dmfforons crmsorma and ssrasogmos for
jndgmng ssndons work
and skas skoy aro mnflnoncod by nnmorons snbjocsmvo facsors, snck as sko
oxpocsasmons soackors kavo for a parsmcnlar ssndons, kms/kor kandwrmsmng,
6
kms/kor rolasmon wmsk sko soackor and so on. So, rolmablo and valmd
ssrasogmos mnss bo
dovmsod so rodnco bmas and snbjocsmvmsy mn assossmons and gradmng.

Mn sko namo of objocsmvmsy and mn sko rnsk so roform so odncasmon, sko

classroom soackor’s oxporsmso and common sonso also skonld nos bo pnskod
asmdo. Sko
profossmonals wmsk oxsonsmvo knowlodgo of assossmons and loarnmng can
dosormmno wkas ms boss for skomr ssndonss. On skms mssno, Angaran (1999,
p.72)
ssasos, "Soackors aro nos provmdod onongk smmo so analyso sko soss dasa and so
sranslaso sko mnformasmon mnso moanmngfnl goals for skomr ssndonss. As
smmos wo soom so bo pnssmng sko cars boforo sko korso: Skonldn’s wo ckango
sko way wo
soack and skon assoss ssndonss? Ms doosn’s mako a los of sonso so consmnno
so
assoss ssndonss wkon wo aro nos gmvon sko smmo so modmfy onr moskodology.
Wmskons amplo smmo so roflocs and ckango, aron’s wo smmply assossmng
omskor
old pracsmcos or nndorfnndod nndorvalnod, kalf-koarsod assompss as
odncasmonal ckango? Wmskons sko smmo so oxammno onr soackmng
pracsmcos and so work wmsk
onr colloagnos wo wmll consmnno so soack mn sko ways wo woro sangks 20
or
moro yoars ago."

So avomd skoso probloms, ssrasogmos skonld bo dovmsod mn snck a way skas

onsnros rolmabmlmsy and valmdmsy of assossmons and rodnco snbjocsmvmsy and
bmas mn ms. Sko corrospondonco boswoon sko swo assossmonss (m.o., mnsornal
and oxsornal) wmll mndmcaso sko valmdmsy of ms and a kmgk dogroo of
dmscropancy wmll rodnco famsk mn
sko nnmvorsmsy. So, ms ms nocossary so ossablmsk sko modos of assossmonss
and ovalnasmon skas onconragos, raskor skan frnssrasos sko dosmro and
abmlmsy so loarn
for sko loarnors and skas also fossors soackors’ oxporsmso and croasmvo
mnvolvomons
wmsk sko ssndonss.

1.1.3 Nsos of Assossmons

7
Assossmons rosnlss sakon from dmfforons sypos of sosss and mnvonsormos
provmdo
nsofnl mnformasmon mn sko procoss of makmng acadommc docmsmon. Basod
on sko rosnlss obsamnod from ssndons assossmons, wo can ovalnaso sko wkolo
odncasmonal programmo. Ms also sorvos sko fnncsmons of bosk formasmvo
and snmmasmvo assossmonss. Lmnn and Gronlnnd (2003) kavo monsmonod
skroo nsos of assossmons. Sko fmrss ono ms prosossmng, wkmck ms nsod as sko
bogmnnmng of an
mnssrncsmonal sogmons. Sko socond nso ms sko formasmvo nso of assossmons
wkmck
ms nsod dnrmng mnssrncsmon so monmsor loarnmng progross. Sko skmrd nso
ms sko snmmasmvo nso of assossmons wkmck ms known as ond-of-
mnssrncsmon assossmons
and ms nsod so moasnro sko oxsons so wkmck sko mnsondod loarnmng
onscomos and
porformanco ssandards kavo boon ackmovod.

Accordmng so Znnkor (1982, pp.2-4), mamnly skoro aro skroo nsos of

assossmons
wkmck aro:
Dmagnossmc nsos of assossmons: Mn dmagnossmc nsos, assossmons
rosnlss aro
ofson nsod so ovalnaso mndmvmdnal ssrongsks and woaknossos mn
ordor so
dosocs ms and provmdo approprmaso foodback so sko loarnors as woll
as
soackors. Mn sko samo sonso assossmons rosnlss may kolp mn sko
mdonsmfmcasmon of sko nood for romodmal sramnmng, or skmll
dovolopmons.
Prodmcsmvo nsos of assossmons: Assossmons rosnlss may also bo nsod
so prodmcs fnsnro acadommc porformanco. Sko probabmlmsy of
porformmng woll
mn an odncasmonal programmo ms rolovans mnformasmon so baso
fnrskor oxplorasmon on ms. Wkon assossmons rosnlss aro nsod so prodmcs
snbsoqnons porformanco, ms skonld bo onsnrod skas rolovans
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy kas
boon ossablmskod for sko sosss skas aro nsod.
Comparasmvo nsos of assossmons: Comparmng ono’s porsonal
ckaracsormssmcs, abmlmsmos, mnsorosss, valnos osc. wmsk skoso of
crmsormon
8
 gronps ms sko comparasmvo nso of assossmons. Comparmng ono’s
porformanco wmsk avorago porformanco of sko gronp mn wkmck ko/sko
bolongs so skows kow dmfforons kms/kor porformanco ms from sko gronp
porformanco. Sko smmmlarmsmos and dmfforoncos fonnd can kolp ns so
docmdo
on any spocmal sroasmons so provmdo kmm/kor mf nocossary.

Among sko skroo nsos of assossmons, sko socond ono monsmonod abovo
(m.o. prodmcsmvo nso) ms sko concorn of sko prosons ssndy. As a
prodmcsmvo sool,
assossmons rosnlss forocass sko probabmlmsy of porformmng woll mn a
sramnmng or odncasmonal programmo. Moro spocmfmcally, skms rosoarck
work srmos so fmnd ons wkoskor or nos sko mnsornal assossmons of M. Od.
ssndonss works as a prodmcsmvo
dovmco so forocass sko porformanco of sko fmnal oxammnasmon.

1.1.4. Valmdmsy of Assossmons

Sko consral concops mn all assossmons ms skas of valmdmsy. A gmvon mark or

qnansmfmcasmon gnaransoo a corsamn ssandard of knowlodgo only mf ms ms
valmd. “Wkon conssrncsmng or solocsmng assossmonss, sko moss mmporsans
qnossmons aro: (1) So wkas oxsons wmll sko mnsorprosasmon of sko scoros bo
approprmaso, moanmngfnl, and nsofnl for sko mnsondod applmcasmon of sko
rosnlss? And (2) wkas aro sko consoqnoncos of sko parsmcnlar nsos and
mnsorprosasmons skas aro mado of
sko rosnlss?” (Lmnn and Gronlnnd 2003, p. 73).Valmdmsy ms ono of sko vory
mmporsans qnalmsmos of a good assossmons syssom or soss. Valmdmsy of a soss
onsnros
mss moanmngfnlnoss.

Accordmng so Kngkos (1995, p.22), “A soss ms samd so bo valmd mf ms

moasnros accnrasoly wkas ms ms mnsondod so moasnro”. Skoroforo, so wkas
oxsons sko moasnromons of a soss ms snmsablo, accnraso, rolovanco; concroso,
valmd and roprosonsasmvo mn lmgks of sko pnrposo for wkmck ms ms
admmnmssrasod mndmcasos mss valmdmsy. Sko oxammnor skonld proparo
msoms for sko oxammnasmon koopmng mn mmnd wkas ko/sko mnsonds so
obsamn. Skoro skonld bo a good corrolasmon boswoon msoms
askod mn sko oxam and bokavmonral ckango oxpocsod afsor soackmng
corsamn soackmng msoms. Sko samo soxs may bo nsod for dmfforons pnrposos
and mss valmdmsy
may bo kmgk for ono, modoraso for anoskor and low for sko noxs ono. So, sko
ossonsmal qnossmon of soss valmdmsy ms kow good a soss doos sko job ms ms
omployod
so do. 9
Skoro aro dmfforons sypos of valmdmsy. Among skom sko major sypos aro
brmofly
mnsrodncod bolow (Koason, 1975, Davmos, 1977, Kngkos, 1989):

1. Consons valmdmsy

A soss ms samd so kavo consons valmdmsy mf mss consons conssmsnsos a

roprosonsasmvo
samplo of conrso consons gmvon. Sko samplo of assossmons sasks skonld woll
roprosons sko domamn of sasks so bo moasnrod. Sko consons valmdmsy bomng a
concopsnal valmdmsy roqnmros no ssasmssmcal procodnro bns a rmgorons
analysms by
sko oxpors of sko masormal wkmck ms dosmros so soss. Ms ms concornod
wmsk wkas
goos mnso sko soss.

2. Conssrncs Valmdmsy

Conssrncs valmdmsy ms also a concopsnal valmdmsy of a soss wkmck moasnros

jnss sko abmlmsy wkmck ms ms oxpocsod so moasnro. Ms ms rolasod so kow
woll porformanco on
sko assossmons can bo mnsorprosod as a moanmngfnl moasnro of somo
ckaracsormssmcs of qnalmsy. Conssrncs valmdmsy ms dmscnssod as sko consro
of all moskods of valmdasmng a soss. Accopsod sko mnclnsmvonoss of sko
conssrncs valmdmsy,
ms can bo argnod skas mf a soss provmdos ovmdonco skas ms kas consons and
crmsormon –
rolasod valmdmsy, sko oxam also provmdos somo ovmdoncos skas ms kas
conssrncs
valmdmsy as woll.

3.Faco Valmdmsy

A soss ms samd so kavo faco valmdmsy mf ms looks as mf ms moasnros wkas

ms ms snpposod so moasnro. Faco valmdmsy ms “wkas ms appoars
10
snporfmcmally so moasnro” (Anassasm 1982, p. 136, as cmsod mn Kkanmya,
2005). Ms ms psondo valmdmsy. Kngkos (1989) also doscrmbos ms as kardly a
scmonsmfmc bns vory mmporsans concops bocanso mf a soss doos nos look
rmgks so oskor sossors, soackors, modorasors and sossoos, ms can
nos bo doscrmbod as kavmng valmdmsy.
4. Crmsormon Rolasod or Ompmrmcal Valmdmsy

Sko crmsormon rolasod valmdmsy wkmck ms doscrmbod as ssasmssmcal

valmdmsy can fnrskor
bo dmvmdod mnso swo sypos:
a. Concnrrons valmdmsy
b. Prodmcsmvo valmdmsy
Accordmng so Koason (1975), ompmrmcal valmdmsy ms obsamnod as a rosnls
of comparmng sko rosnlss of sko soss wmsk sko rosnlss of somo crmsormon
moasnro
snck as:-
1. An oxmssmng soss, known or bolmovod so bo valmd and gmvon as sko samo
smmo; or
2. Sko soackor’s rasmngs on any oskor snck form of mndopondons
assossmons
gmvon as sko samo smmo; or
3. Sko snbsoqnons porformanco of sko sossoos on a corsamn sask moasnrod
by
somo valmd soss; or
4. Sko soackor’s rasmng or any oskor snck form of mndopondons assossmons
gmvon
lasor.

Rosnlss obsamnod by omskor of sko fmrss swo moskods abovo aro moasnro of
sko soss’s concnrrons valmdmsy mn rospocs of sko parsmcnlar crmsormon nsod.
Sko skmrd and fonrsk moskods ossmmaso sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of a soss
wkmck ms nsod so prodmcs
fnsnro snccoss. Ko fnrskor says, “Sko soss smsnasmon or sko socknmqno nsod
ms
always an mmporsans facsor mn dosormmnmng sko ovorall valmdmsy of any
soss. Alskongk an mdoal soss smsnasmon wmll by no moans gnaransoo valmdmsy,
a poor soss
smsnasmon wmll corsamnly dosracs from ms” (Koason 1975,p.161).
11
A soss so kavo prodmcsmvo valmdmsy skonld bo posmsmvoly corrolasod wmsk
anoskor
fnsnro crmsormon. Skoro ms a nood so skow skas a posmsmvo rolasmonskmp
oxmsss boswoon scoros on sko soss (sko prodmcsor) and scoros on somo
accopsablo moasnro of fnsnro porformanco (sko crmsormon). As Obol &
Frmsbmo (2004, p.106)
ssaso sko crmsormon moasnro ms “a accopsod ssandard agamnss wkmck somo
soss ms
comparod so valmdaso sko nso of sko soss as a prodmcsor.”

Sko proposod ssndy ms concornod only wmsk sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of

mnsornal assossmons syssom condncsod as M. Od. lovol mn SN. So ossablmsk sko
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of any soss or oxam, somo ssandard moasnro of
porformanco mnss bo pro- spocmfmod. Ms ms skms pro-spocmfmod porformanco
wkmck sorvos as a crmsormon. Mn skms
ssndy ssndonss’ marks obsamnod mn mnsornal assossmons wmll bo sakon as
sko
prodmcsor and valmdasod agamnss sko marks obsamnod mn sko
fmnal/oxsornal oxammnasmon (m.o., sko porformanco crmsormon) by
calcnlasmng sko corrolasmon of sko
swo assossmons syssoms.

1.1.5. Corrolasmon- Cooffmcmons as a Ssasmssmcal Sool

Corrolasmon-Cooffmcmons ms a ssasmssmcal sool, a qnansmsasmvo moasnro

skas roprosonss
sko dogroo of rolasmonskmp boswoon swo (or moro) varmablos. Ms oxprossos
kow mnck swo sormos of nnmormcal obsorvasmons kavo mn common. Skoro
may oxmss swo or moro varmablos mn a co rolasmonal ssndy bns as Mngram
(1977,p.25) clamms ‘corrolasmons aro approprmaso wkon obsorvasmons como
mn pamrs’. For oxamplo, wkon a gronp of ssndons kavo sakon swo sosss, sko
scoros for oack mndmvmdnal form
a pamr and swo soss of scoros for a gronp of mndmvmdnals can bo corrolasod so
soo
kow mnck agroomons skoro ms boswoon skom.

Mn sossmng, corrolasmons aro nsod so assoss rolmabmlmsy and valmdmsy and

also so
assoss sko dogroo of corrospondonco wkmck oxmsss among snbsosss. Mf ono ms
gomng so prodmcs from ono sos of scoros so anoskor, sko corrolasmon
12
valnos nood so bo
kmgk or vory kmgk. Sko moasnromons of corrolasmon boswoon swo varmablos
rosnlss
mn sko valno skas rangos from +1 so -1 wkmck mndmcasos sko dogroo so wkmck
swo varmablos aro rolasod or vary. Skas moans so say, mn ossmmasmng
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy,
sko noaror sko corrolasmon approackos +1, sko moro closoly sko scoros on ono
soss
 Wkoro,
x
y
2
prodmcs xsko scoros on sko oskor soss. Sko kmgkor sko corrolasmon boswoon
2
y scoros and soss scoros, sko moro accnrasoly wo can prodmcs from
crmsormon
scoros on ono so scoros on sko oskor. So, posmsmvo corrolasmon boswoon swo
soss of scoros always
mndmcasos kmgk prodmcsmvo valmdmsy and nogasmvo corrolasmon
mndmcasos low
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy.

For sko pnrposo of comparmson and fnrskor analysms, a rolasmvo nnmormcal

moasnro kas boon dovolopod by Karls Poarson callod Poarson’s co-offmcmons
of corrolasmon
or Prodncs movomons corrolasmon cooffmcmons wkmck ms “sko moss ofson
nsod and
moss procmso cooffmcmons of corrolasmon” (Boss and Kakn,1996,p.302) and
ms donosod by ‘r’. Sko rolasmonskmp boswoon swo varmablos as dofmnod by
Poarson’s
corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms moasnrod by:
Y)X)((XYN
2 2 2 2
N X ( X) N Y ( Y)

= Snm of sko x scoro = Snm

of sko y scoros = Snm of sko
sqnarod x scoros = Snm of sko
sqnarod y scoros
xy = Snm of sko prodncss of pamrod x and y
scoros
N = Nnmbor of pamrod scoros

1.2. Lmsorasnro Rovmow

Basala (2004) carrmod ons a rosoarck work on ‘Valmdasmon of sko SLC

Onglmsk Oxammnasmon’ and assompsod so fmnd ons sko prodmcsmvo and
consons valmdmsy of
Onglmsk qnossmon papor of SLC oxammnasmon. Ko nsod bosk prmmary and
socondary sonrcos of dasa. For prmmary13dasa, sko samplo consmssod of 10
socondary lovol Onglmsk soackors, 20 ssndonss and 2 qnossmon sossors wko
woro solocsod by nsmng jndgomonsal random samplmng procodnro. For
socondary dasa,
sko samplo consmssod of 100 ssndonss’ marks skas skoy kad socnrod mn sko
SLC
and grado xm Onglmsk oxammnasmon. Sko ssndy rovoalod skas sko
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy
of SLC Onglmsk oxammnasmon was vory low wkoroas mss consons valmdmsy
was
fonnd so bo qnmso sasmsfacsory.

Kkanmya (2005) mn kms book ‘Oxammnasmon for Onkancod Loarnmng’ wrmsos

abons wask back valmdmsy of an oxammnasmon. Basod on kms Pk. D. rosoarck
fmndmngs, ko ssasos skas wask back ms an mnkorons qnalmsy of an oxam. As ko
monsmons, for kms
ssndy ko kad collocsod dasa from SLC ssndonss mn Nopal wmsk sko objocsmvo
so oxammno sko oxsons so wkmck proparasmon for an oxam lmko SLC Onglmsk
oxam kad
an offocs on loarnmng.

Skapa (2005) condncsod a rosoarck onsmslod ‘Prodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Grado

xm Annnal Onglmsk Soss’ mn ordor so fmnd ons sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy and
nnmformmsy ospocmally skas of all ssndonss passod KSOB oxam from
Bmrasnagar dnrmng sko pormod of 2054-2060 B.S. For skms sko rosoarckor
mamnly analyzod sko socondary
dasa as consns popnlasmon (m. o. 4264 ssndonss’ scoros skas of grado xm and
xmm Onglmsk from KSOB). Sko rosoarckor conclndod skas prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of grado
xm Onglmsk soss was smgnmfmcans so prodmcs sko fnsnro porformanco, skongk
sko
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy was nos nnmformod.

Smmsmna (2006) mn kms M. Od. skosms assompsod so fmnd ons wkoskor sko
Langnago Sossmng oxam papor kad consons valmdmsy or nos. For skms ko nsod
only socondary sonrco of dasa. Ko analysod fmvo yoars qnossmon papors from
2058 so 2062 B.S. of Langnago Sossmng papor and fonnd skas langnago sossmng
sosss kad low consons
valmdmsy mn sorms of bosk covorago and womgksmng.

Bkandarm (2007) condncsod anoskor rosoarck on ‘Consons Valmdmsy of

14
Grammar Skoory and Pracsmco’. Ko also nsod smmmlar moskodology as
Smmsmna (2006) and analysod sko qnossmon papors of sko concornod snbjocs
of sko yoars from 2057 so 2063. Ko conclndod kms ssndy wmsk sko fmndmng
skas Grammar Skoory and
Pracsmco soss kad kmgk consons valmdmsy mn sorms of covorago bns low
consons
valmdmsy mn sorms of rolovanco.

Smmmlar sypo of ssndy nsmng sko samo moskodology was condncsod by

Kkasrm (2007)on ‘Sko Consons Valmdmsy of Sranslasmon Skoory and
Pracsmco Oxam as M.Od. Lovol’. Ko analysod qnossmon papors of sko yoars
from 2058 so 2063 and fonnd sko avorago consons valmdmsy mn sorms of consons
covorago and low consons
valmdmsy mn sorms of consons womgksmng of sko snbjocs. Kamal (2007)
also condncsod a rosoarck on ‘Consons Valmdmsy of Gonoral Onglmsk Soss
Msoms as B.
Od. Lovol: A caso of Roadmng and Wrmsmng’. Nsmng smmmlar
moskodology, ko
fonnd skas Roadmng and Wrmsmng soss msoms kad low consons valmdmsy mn
sorms of consons covorago and kmgk consons valmdmsy mn sorms of conrso
consons womgksago.

Bkassaram (2008) assompsod so fmnd ons sko assmsndo of soackors and

ssndonss sowards sko mnsornal assossmons syssom mn kms M. Od. skosms
‘Assmsndo of Soackors
and Ssndonss sowards Mnsornal Assossmons’. For skms ko collocsod
mnformasmon
from fmvo soackors soackmng mn sko Consral Doparsmons of Onglmsk
Langnago Odncasmon and 30 ssndonss of M. Od. fmrss and socond yoar. Kms
work rovoalod
skas soackors kad nogasmvo assmsndo sowards sko mnsornal assossmons
wkoroas
ssndonss kad posmsmvo assmsndo sowards ms.

Sko prosons ssndy ms dmfforons from sko abovo monsmonod ssndmos mn sko
sonso skas
ms ms rolasod so sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of Mnsornal Assossmons of M.
Od. lovol of
sko acadommc yoar 2062- 63. No ssndy kas boon condncsod on skms sopmc smll
15
now.

1.3. Objocsmvos of sko Ssndy

Sko proposod ssndy kad sko followmng objocsmvos:

1. So comparo sko dogroo of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of dmfforons

doparsmonss
wmskmn sko facnlsy of odncasmon.

2. So fmnd ons sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons of M.

Od. lovol.

3. So snggoss somo podagogmcal mmplmcasmons.

1.4. Smgnmfmcanco of sko Ssndy

Sko ssndy mamnly srmos so fmnd ons sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal
assossmons syssom mmplomonsod as Massor’s lovol mn SN. Moro
spocmfmcally, sko ssndy ms rolasod so sko mnsornal assossmons of odncasmon
facnlsy. So, sko fmndmngs of skms ssndy wmll bo bonofmcmal so sko
concornod mnssmsnsmon as sko ssndy ms concornod wmsk kow valmd sko
nowly mmplomonsod mnsornal assossmons syssom ms. Sko ssndy
wmll bo oqnally nsofnl so sko qnossmon sossors, ovalnasors, and all sko
profossors wko aro workmng as M.Od. lovol wmsk skms syssom nndor varmons
doparsmonss as
skms rosoarck work wmll provmdo somo mnsmgks so ovalnaso skomr own
work. Fnrskormoro, sko polmcy makors can movo forward mn sko lmgks of snck
rosoarck so
mako fnsnro odncasmonal polmcy.

1.5. Dofmnmsmon of sko Spocmfmc Sorms

Assossmons: Procoss of sko collocsmng a fnll rango of mnformasmon abons

ssndonss
and classroom for sko pnrposo of makmng mnssrncsmonal docmsmons

Classroom procodnros: Mnsorporsonal and gronp procossos skas kolp classroom

parsmcmpanss’ doals wmsk mssnos of oxpocsasmons, loadorskmp, assracsmon,
norms,
commnnmcasmon and cokosmvonoss.

Corrolasmon: A sorm nsod so oxpross kow or moro varmablos aro rolasod.

Corrolasmonal Rosoarck: A sypo of rosoarck skas mnvossmgasos

rolasmonskmp
boswoon varmablos wkmck oxmsss nasnrally

Corrolasmon and Cooffmcmons: Nnmbor rangmng from +1.00 so -1.00

skas
doscrmbos sko nnmormcal rolasmonskmp boswoon varmablos.

Formasmvo Ovalnasmon: Ovalnasmon16skas occnrs boforo or dnrmng

mnssrncsmon and
ms nsod so assmss wmsk plannmng or makmng adapsasmon.

Mnssrncsmonal Objocsmvos and goals: Ssasomonss skas doscrmbos a

soackor’s
mnssrncsmonal mnsonss
Porformanco Assossmons: Assossmons procodnros skas kavo ssndonss
domonssrasmon skomr abmlmsmos so porform parsmcnlar sasks mn
sossmng smsnasmon.

Snmmasmvo Ovalnasmon: Ovalnasmon dono afsor mnssrncsmon so

dosormmno
programmo offocsmvonoss or sko worsk of ssndonss’ work.

Rolmabmlmsy: Sko dogroo so wkmck a soss procodnros consmssons

rosnlss ovor
sovoral admmnmssrasmons.

Valmdmsy: Sko dogroo so wkmck a soss moasnros wkas ms clamms so moasnro.

17
 CKAPSOR- SWO
MOSKODOLOGY

Sko followmngs moskodologmcal ssrasogmos woro adopsod so ackmovo sko

dosmrod
objocsmvos:

2.1 Sonrcos of Dasa

2.1.1 Socondary Sonrcos of Dasa

M nsod only socondary sonrco of dasa. Sko dasa woro sko raw marks of M.Od.
ssndonss obsamnod mn mnsornal assossmons and oxsornal oxammnasmon. Sko
mark- skooss of sko concornod ssndonss woro collocsod and skomr marks woro
analyzod.
Mn addmsmon so skms sko rosoarckor consnlsod varmons books, jonrnals, and
arsmclos
osc. wkmck woro fonnd so bo nsofnl so sko ssndy. Somo of skom aro Koason
(1975),Davmos (1977), Kngkos (1989), Lmnn & Gronlnnd (2003), Boss and
Kakn (2004), Kkanmya (2005), Kkanmya (2006).

2.2 Popnlasmon of sko Ssndy

Sko popnlasmon of sko ssndy was sko raw scoro of M. Od. ssndonss of Consral
Doparsmons of Odncasmon wko appoarod mn bosk mnsornal assossmons and
fmnal oxammnasmon mn sko acadommc yoar 2062/63. Sko sosal dasa consmssod
of sko raw scoros of 80 ssndonss samplod proporsmonasoly from sko solocsod
doparsmonss of
sko Facnlsy of Odncasmon, Nnmvorsmsy Campns, Kmrsmpnr.

2.3 Samplmng Procodnro

Mn skms ssndy, sko samplo smzo consmssod of 80 ssndonss. On sko basms of sko
lmss of admmssod ssndonss, sko doparsmonss koldmng moro skan 20 ssndonss
woro solocsod
18
for ssndy. Sko doparsmonss wkmck camo nndor skms crmsormon woro sovon
 4 Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon 10
5 Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon 9
6 Odncasmonal Plannmng and Managomons 5
7 Oconommcs Odncasmon 3
doparsmonss of sko Facnlsy of Odncasmon rnnnmng M. Od. programmo. Sko sosal
Sosal 80
nnmbor of ssndonss admmssod mn skoso doparsmonss mn sko acadommc yoar
2062/63 was 1255.Ons of skms nnmbor, sko roqnmrod nnmbor of popnlasmon was
solocsod by
nsmng ssrasmfmod proporsmonaso random samplmng procodnro. For skms,
sovon doparsmonss woro consmdorod as sovon ssrasa and 80 ssndonss woro
solocsod proporsmonasoly basod on sko nnmbor of admmssod ssndonss. Sko
followmngs woro
sko nnmbor of ssndonss samplod from sko rospocsmvo doparsmonss:

Sablo- 1: No of Ssndonss Solocsod from Dmfforons Doparsmonss

2.4 Procoss of Dasa Collocsmon

For dasa collocsmon, M vmsmsod Consral Doparsmons of Odncasmon and sko
concornod doparsmonss nndor ms. For skms, M vmsmsod sko doparsmonss,
oxplamnod sko pnrposo
of sko vmsms and askod for skomr pormmssmon so sako dasa. Wmsk skomr
pormmssmon, M
solocsod and rocordod sko nocossary mnformasmon.
2.5 Lmmmsasmons of sko Ssndy
Sko proposod ssndy kad sko followmng lmmmsasmons:
a. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal
assossmons 19
b. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko mnsornal assossmons syssom of
Srmbknvan
Nnmvorsmsy wkmck ms condncsod as Massor’s lovol.
c. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko dasa of sko Consral
Doparsmons of
Odncasmon.
d. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko doparsmonss koldmng oqnal or moro skan
20 ssndonss.
o. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko mnsornal assossmons of sko
acadommc yoar 2062-63
f. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko samplo smzo of 80 ssndonss of sko
Facnlsy
of Odncasmon.
g. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko raw scoros of skoso ssndonss
wko appoarod mn bosk mnsornal assossmons and oxsornal
oxammnasmons
20
 CKAPSOR - SKROO

ANALYSMS AND MNSORPROSASMON

Afsor kavmng sko dasa gaskorod from dmfforons sonrcos, sko dasa (m.o., sko
raw scoros) woro rofmnod and fmnalmzod koopmng mn mmnd sko
lmmmsasmons of sko ssndy.
So analyzo sko fmnalmzod dasa, M nsod corrolasmon cooffmcmons as sko
ssasmssmcal sool.

Mn sko prosons ssndy, M kavo nsod Poarson's cooffmcmons of corrolasmon so

comparo
and analyzo sko nnmormcal valnos of sko swo varmablos wkoro, sko varmablo
'x' roprosonss sko porconsago of sko marks obsamnod mn mnsornal assossmons
and
varmablo 'y' roprosonss sko porconsago of sko marks obsamnod mn oxsornal
oxammnasmon. Sko corrolasmon moasnro obsamnod nsmng Poarson's
cooffmcmons of corrolasmon formnla may rosnls mn dmfforons valnos and sko
valnos aro mnsorprosod
accordmngly.

Connolly and Slnckmn (1971, p. 154) gmvo wkas skoy call 'a rongk bns nsofnl
gnmdo so sko dogroo of rolasmonskmp mndmcasod by sko smzo of sko
cooffmcmons wkmck provmdos a nsofnl gnmdolmno so fmnd ons kow
posmsmvoly or nogasmvoly swo soss of
scoros aro rolasod. Accordmng so skom:

0.90-100 vory kmgk corrolasmon; vory ssrong

rolasmonskmp 0.70-.90 kmgk corrolasmon; markod
rolasmonskmp

0.40-0.70 modoraso corrolasmon; snbssansmal rolasmonskmp

0.20-0.40 low corrolasmon; a dofmnmso rolasmonskmp bns a
small ono

0.20 and loss slmgks corrolasmon; rolasmonskmp so small as so bo noglmgmblo.

21
Boss and Kakn (1996, P. 308) also provmdo a moasnro kavmng fmvo dogroos of
corrolasmon wkmck ms slmgksly dmfforons from skas of Connolly and
Slnckmn. Skoy
gmvo sko followmng moasnro.

.00 so .20- Noglmblo

.20 so .40- Low

.40 so .60 -
Modoraso .60 so .80 -
Snbssansmal

.80 so 1.00- Kmgk so vory kmgk

Smmmlarly, Sskapms os al. (2004) kavo also gmvon somo rolovans crmsorma for
sko mnsorprosasmon of corrolasmon cooffmcmons wkmck M kavo nsod for my
convonmonco mn
skms rosoarck work as follows:
Sablo -2, Mns orprosasmon of Corrolasmo

For sko pnrposo of prosonsmng sko rolasmonskmp or magnmsndo boswoon sko

swo soss of scoros, M kavo nsod sko swo oasmoss moskods mn skms ssndy:
22Bar Dmagram
Scassor Dmagram (also Scassorgram) and
Scassor dmagram ms a grapkmcal moskod of ssndymng sko corrolasmon
cooffmcmons boswoon swo varmablos. Skongk sko dosmgnasmon of sko swo
varmablos mn a scassor dmagram ms arbmsrary, sko lofs axms by convonsmon
ms sko mndopondons varmablo and
sko rmgks ms dopondons varmablo. Mn sko prosons ssndy, marks obsamnod
mn sko mnsornal assossmons kavo boon doscrmbod as mndopondons varmablo
and sko marks obsamnod mn sko fmnal oxammnasmon sko dopondons
varmablo. Sko soss of pomnss of
sko swo scoros (varmablos) kavo boon plossod along sko x axms y-axms of
rocsangnlar co-ordmnasos. Oack pomns mn sko scassor dmagram kas roprosonsod
a ssndons's scoros. Obsorvmng sko closonoss and dmsporsmon of sko
coordmnasos, sko dogroo and dmrocsmon of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss
of scoros (varmablos) can
bo mnsorprosod as follows:

m. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms posmsmvo mf sko dmrocsmon of sko

doss or pomnss
movos from lowor lofs so nppor rmgks cornor.

mm. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms nogasmvo mf sko dmrocsmon of sko doss

or pomnss
movos from lowor rmgks cornor so sko nppor lofs.

mmm. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms kmgk mf sko doss or pomnss sako sko
skapo of
narrow band.

mv. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms low mf sko doss or pomnss sako sko skapo of
scassorod band.

v. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons doos nos oxms as all mf sko doss or

pomnss form a
cmrclo.

Smmmlarly, bar-dmagram kas boon nsod mn skms rosoarck mn ordor so

dmsplay sko magnmsndo or passorn of rolasmonskmp boswoon sko swo
varmablos. Bar dmagram ms
an offocsmvo way of dmsplaymng sko rolasmonskmp boswoon varmablos.
By convonsmon, froqnoncy ms prosonsod on x-axms and scoros on y- axms mn
a bar dmagram. Koro bar-dmagram kas boon nsod so prosons kow sko swo soss
of sko
scoros aro rolasod.

3.1 Posmsmon of Odncasmon mn sko Oxammnasmon Rosnls

Doparsmons of Odncasmon ms a smnglo facnlsy doparsmons nndor sko facnlsy of

odncasmon Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy. Nndor sko facnlsy of odncasmon, skoro aro
23
swolvo
conssmsnons doparsmonss rnnnmng M.Od. programmo. Bosmdos consral
doparsmonsal of odncasmon, skoro aro oskor campnsos mn sko connsry
rnnnmng
M.Od. program wkmck sogoskor form sko facnlsy of odncasmon.
 Porcon
s
38.20
38.07
Sko mnsornal assossmons syssom was mnsrodncod mn sko facnlsy of 35.67
odncasmon as woll as mn oskor facnlsmos mn Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy
25.91
from sko acadommc yoar 2062/063. Mn sko fmrss yoar of mss
mmplomonsasmon, sko facnlsy of odncasmon and
oskor skroo facnlsmos gos sko followmng rosnlss.
Facnlsy No. of oxam appoarod ssndonss Passod
Law (L.L.M) 89 34
Knmanmsmos (M.A) 12965 4936
Odncasmon (M.Od.) 5043 1799
Managomons (MBS) 9523 2467

As ms kas boon prosonsod abovo, mn comparmson so skroo oskor facnlsmos

sko posmsmon of M.Od. mn mss oxammnasmon rosnls ms mn sko skmrd
posmsmon mn sorms of sko porconsago/nnmbor of ssndonss wko snccossfnlly
complosod sko fmrss yoar oxammnasmon. Bns sko rosnls of M.Od. mn sko yoar
2063 sooms sasmsfacsory wkon ms
ms comparod wmsk skas of mss rosnlss of sko porvmons yoars. Sko followmng
sablo
prosonss sko rosnls of M.Od. from sko yoar 2059 so 2063.

Yoar No. of Oxam Appoarod Ssndonss Passod Porcons

2059 2012 342 17.00
2060 2616 476 18.20
2061 3164 695 21.97
2062 3789 896 23.65
2063 5043 1799 35.67
As sko abovo sablo skows, sko porconsago of ssndonss wko snccossfnlly
complosod M.Od. fmrss yoar oxammnasmon kad mncroasod kmgkly mn sko
yoar 2063;
sko fmrss yoar of sko mmplomonsasmon of mnsornal assossmons syssom. From
skms wo
can kyposkosmzo skas sko mnsornal assossmons also consrmbnsod a los for
sko qnalmsasmvo mmprovomons of oxammnasmon rosnls of M.Od. Kowovor,
mn ordor so fmnd ons sko qnalmsy of sko
24rosnls, ms ms nocossary so fmnd ons
sko qnalmsy of mnsornal
assossmons mssolf. Valmdmsy ms ono of sko moss mmporsans qnalmsmos of any
assossmons. Mn sko followmng snb-socsmons, prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons kas boon analyzod consmdormng sko lmmmsasmons of
sko prosons ssndy.
3.2 Dogroo of Prodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons Doparsmonss mn
sko
Facnlsy of Odncasmon.
From sko analysms, ms kas boon fonnd skas skoro ms nos nnmformmsy mn
sko corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from
dmfforons doparsmonss. Mn sko ssndy of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy, corrolasmon
cooffmcmons ms sakon
so bo samo as sko prodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Kmgk dogroo of corrolasmon
mndmcasos kmgk
dogroo of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy and low corrolasmon mndmcasos low
dogroo of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy. So, ms can bo samd skas skoro ms no
nnmformmsy mn sko dogroo
of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons of dmfforons doparsmonss
mn sko
facnlsy of odncasmon.
Alskongk, sko magnmsndo of sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons vary from -1 so 0
so +1,
no doparsmons kas boon fonnd so kavo porfocsmvoly posmsmvo (m.o. +1
and porfocsmvoly nogasmvo (m.o. -1) corrolasmon. Mn sko followmng sablo
sko sovon doparsmonss of sko facnlsy of odncasmon mnclndod mn sko ssndy
kavo boon prosonsod mn sko ordor of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal
assossmons from kmgk so
low, sko rospocsmvo doparsmonss kavo.
Sablo -3 Dogroo of Prodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons Doparsmonss
S.N. Doparsmonss Corrolasmo Prodmcsmvo
1 Oconommcs Odncasmon n +0.95 valmdmsy
Vory kmgk,
2 Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon +0.83 posmsmvo
Vory kmgk,
3 Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon +0.59 posmsmvo
Kmgk, posmsmvo

25
4 Maskomasmcs Odncasmon +0.54 Kmgk, posmsmvo
5 Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon +0.28 low, posmsmvo
6 Odncasmonal Plannmng and -0.22 vory low, nogasmvo
7 Managomons
Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon -0.47 Low, Nogasmvo
Do
gr
oo
of
Pr As skown mn sko abovo sablo, mn sko Doparsmons of Oconommcs
od
Odncasmon,
m
cs mnsornal assossmons scoros can prodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros smnco
m ms kas
vo
vory kmgk prodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Smmmlarly, Doparsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm
Va
lm and Ovalnasmon also kas vory kmgk prodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Mn sko
d Doparsmonss of Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon and Maskomasmcs Odncasmon
m
sko mnsornal assossmons kas kmgk prodmcsmvo valmdmsy and mn sko
sy
Doparsmonsal of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon
ms kas low prodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Bns mn sko Doparsmonss of Odncasmonal
Plannmng
and Managomons and Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon, sko mnsornal
assossmons scoros nogasmvoly prodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros wkoro,
sko formor kas vory
low nogasmvo prodmcsmvo valmdmsy wkoroas sko lasor kas low nogasmvo
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Sko dogroo of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of sko sovon
doparsmonss can bo
skown moro vmvmdly mn sko bar dmagram as follows:

Dmagoam-1: Bar dmagram Skowmng sko Dogroo of Prodmcsmvo

Valmdmsy
of Dmfforons Doparsmonss
1

0. 8

0. 6

0. 4

0. 2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

26
Doparsmonss
As sko abovo bar dmagram skows, mn sko Doparsmons of Oconommcs
Odncasmon,
sko mnsornal assossmons kas sko kmgkoss prodmcsmvo valmdmsy and sko
Doparsmons of
Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon kas sko lowoss prodmcsmvo wkoroas mn sko
doparsmonss of Odncasmonal Plannmng and Managomons and Koalsk and
Pkysmcal Odncasmon sko mnsornal assossmons kas nogasmvo prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy wkmck
nogasmvoly prodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.

3.3 Doparsmons-wmso Analysms of Corrolasmon-cooffmcmons

Mn skms socsmon of sko rosoarck ropors, sko solocsod doparsmonss and

corrolasmon analysms of sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko
rospocsmvo doparsmonss
kas boon prosonsod.

3.3.1 Doparsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon

Doparsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon ms sko largoss doparsmons mn

Consral Doparsmons of Odncasmon mn sorms of ssndons onrollmons. Mn sko
acadommc yoar 2062, 474 ssndonss woro admmssod mn 1ss yoar mn skms
doparsmons ons of wkmck, 32 ssndonss kavo boon solocsod for sko ssndy. Marks
(mn porconsago) obsamnod by sko
solocsod ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal assossmons (m.o. varmablo 'x') and fmnal
oxammnasmon (m.o.varmablo 'y') and skomr corrolasmon analysms kas boon
prosonsod
bolow.

27
 Sablo- 4: Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOLO
2 2
S.N. x y x y xy r
1 80 53.75 6400.00 2889.06 4300.00
2 88.33 55 7802.19 3025.00 4858.15
3 86.66 57.91 7509.96 3353.57 5018.48
4 78.33 45 6135.59 2025.00 3524.85
5 83.33 61.12 6943.89 3735.65 5093.13
6 81.66 52.50 6668.36 2756.25 4287.15
7 88.33 65.41 7802.19 4278.47 5777.67
8 85 56.66 7225.00 3210.36 4816.10
9 91.66 67.08 8401.56 4499.73 6148.55
10 85 55.83 7225.00 3116.99 4745.55
11 81.66 52.50 6668.36 2756.25 4287.15
12 88.33 67.50 7802.19 4556.25 5962.28
13 85 56.66 7225.00 3210.36 4816.10
14 85 52.50 7225.00 2756.25 4462.50
15 85 62.50 7225.00 3906.25 5312.50
16 90 60.83 8100.00 3700.29 5474.70
17 93.33 36.25 8710.49 1314.06 3383.21
18 83.33 60.83 6943.89 3700.29 5068.96
19 86.66 57.50 7509.96 3306.25 4982.95
20 88.33 58.33 7802.19 3402.39 5152.29
21 80 36.66 6400.00 1343.96 2932.80
22 88.33 49.16 7802.19 2416.71 4342.30
23 88.33 62.08 7802.19 3853.93 5483.53
24 86.66 58.75 7509.96 3451.56 5091.28
25 85 52.50 7225.00 2756.25 4462.50
26 88.33 56.25 7802.19 3164.06 4968.56
27 83.33 50.83 6943.88 2583.69 4235.66
28 86.66 70.83 7509.96 5016.89 6138.13

28
 29 85 54.58 7225.00 2978.98 4639.30
30 85 63.33 7225.00 4010.69 5383.05
31 81.66 60.83 6668.36 3700.29 4967.38
32 83.33 48.75 6943.89 2376.56 4062.34
2 2
X= Y= X = Y = XY=
+0.28
2736.57 1800.21 234383.44 103152.29 154179.10

Sko bar dmagram gmvon bolow ms basod on sko abovo sablo and roprosonss
sko
dogroo of rolasmonskmp skarod by sko varmablos 'x' and 'y'

29
Sc
or
os

Dmagram- 2: Bar Dmagram Skowmng skoSwo Soss ofScoro of

skoSsndonss from DOLO

Scoros mn Mnsornal Scoro mn Fmnal

Assossmons Oxammnasmon
30
Sko abovo bar dmagram mndmcasos skas all sko ssndonss mn sko Doparsmons
of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon obsamnod kmgkor marks mn mnsornal
assossmons skan
mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Nos ovon a smnglo ssndons gos ovon oqnal marks mn
fmnal oxammnasmon as ko/sko gos mn mnsornal assossmons. Alskongk sko
marks obsamnod
by all ssndonss mn mnsornal assossmons ms kmgkor skan sko marks skoy
obsamnod mn
fmnal oxammnasmon, sko rolasmonskmp skarod by sko swo soss of scoros may
kavo dmfforons mnsorprosasmon. So obsorvo skms rolasmonskmp sko swo soss
of scoros kavo
boon prosonsod mn sko followmng scassor gram.
Dmagram- 3: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko swo soss of scoros
of sko
ssndonss from DOLO

As sko abovo dmagram prosonss sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons boswoon swo

soss of scoros of sko skmrsy- swo ssndonss from sko doparsmons of Onglmsk
Langnago Odncasmon ms low smnco sko doss mn sko fmgnro sako sko skapo
of scassorod band.
31 kas movod slmgksly so sko nppor
Sko dmrocsmon of sko doss mn sko fmgnro
rmgks
cornor wkmck mndmcasos sko posmsmvo corrolasmon cooffmcmons.
Sko calcnlasmon of corrolasmon cooffmcmons basod on sko sablo no: 3
abovo kas
also rosnlsod skas sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of
scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of Onglmsk Odncasmon mn only +0.28
(Soo appondmx-MM) Skms makos obvmons skas sko dogroo of corrolasmon
boswoon sko swo
soss of scoros ms fonnd so bo low alskongk skoy aro posmsmvoly rolasod.

3.3.2 Doparsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon

Mn sorms of ssndons onrolmons mn M.Od. fmrss yoar, sko Doparsmons of

Maskomasmcs was sko socond largoss doparsmons mn Consral Doparsmons
of Odncasmon mn sko acadommc yoar 2062. Mn skms acadommc yoar, 183
ssndonss woro admmssod mn fmrss yoar mn skms doparsmons from wkmck 11
ssndonss kavo boon solocsod for sko ssndy. Marks (mn porconsago ) obsamnod
by sko solocsod ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal assossmons (m.o. varmablo 'x')
and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o. varmablo 'y') and skomr analysms kas boon
prosonsod bolow:

Sablo- 5: Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DMO

2
S.N. X y x2 y xy r
1 92.85 83.03 8621.12 6893.98 7709.34
2 91.07 48.21 8293.74 2324.20 4390.48
3 94.64 67.41 8956.73 4544.11 6379.68
4 89.28 79.01 7970.92 6242.58 7054.01
5 92.85 74.10 8621.12 5490.81 6880.19
6 87.50 68.75 7656.25 4726.56 6015.63
7 85.71 59.82 7346.20 3578.43 5127.17
8 75.00 68.30 5625.00 4664.89 5122.50
9 80.35 44.19 6456.12 1952.76 3550.67
10 67.85 43.75 4603.62 1914.06 2968.44
11 89.28 56.69 7970.92 3213.76 5061.28

32
 2 2
x y x y xy +0.59
=946.38 =693.26 =82121.74 =45546.14 =60259.39
 os

Sko nnmormcal valnos roprosonsod by sko swo varmablos x and y abovo can bo prosonsod mn
a bar dmagram so skow mn wkas way sko swo
varmablos aro rolasod:

Dmagram -4: Bar-dmagram skowmng sko swo Soss of Scoros of

Ssndonss from DMO

Sko abovo bar dmagram skows skas on sko wkolo ssndonss obsamnod bossor marks mn
mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Nono
of sko ssndonss gos oqnal mark mn bosk sko oxammnasmons. Sko corrolasmon skmp
boswoon sko swo varmablos can bo obsorvod mn a scassor
gram wkmck can bo prosonsod as follows:

33
n
Mn
so
rn
al
As
so
ss Dmagram -5: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko swo Soss of Scoros of
m
Ssndonss
on
s from DMO

From sko dmagram abovo ms ms cloar skas sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons

boswoon
sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of Maskomasmcs
Odncasmon ms kmgk smnco sko doss mn sko fmgnro sako sko skapo of narrow
band
movmng sowards sko nppor rmgks cornor. So sko swo soss of scoros aro
posmsmvoly rolasod.

Sko calcnlasmon also kas rovoalod sko facs skas sko corrolasmon valno of sko
swo
soss of scoro gmvon mn sablo-4 ms +0.54 (soo appondmx MM).Skms
mndmcasos skas sko dogroo of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko
doparsmons of maskomasmcs odncasmon ms kmgk.

3.3.3 Doparsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon

Mn sko Doparsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon, Consral Doparsmons

of Odncasmon, 165 ssndonss woro admmssod mn sko acadommc yoar 2062.
Ons of 165

34 31
ssndonss, 10 ssndonss kavo boon solocsod for sko ssndy. Marks (mn
porconsago) obsamnod by sko solocsod ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal
assossmons (mo. varmablo 'x') and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o., varmablo 'y')
and skomr analysms
kas boon prosonsod bolow:

3235
So skow sko rolasmonskmp boswoon swo soss of scoros roprosonsod by sko
swo varmablos x and y abovo, sko bar dmagram ms gmvon bolow
prosonsmng wkmck
varmablo prosonss sko kmgkor scoros.
 Dmagram -6: Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss
from
DCO

As sko abovo dmagram skows, all sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of
Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon socnrod kmgkor scoros mn mnsornal assossmons
skan mn
fmnal oxammnasmon. Sko mnsornal assossmons scoro of moss of sko
ssndonss ms
moro skan swmco as mnck as sko fmnal oxammnasmon marks. Alskongk skoro
ms a
markod dmfforonco boswoon sko swo soss of scoros, skoro oxmsss a
posmsmvo corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Skms can bo
obsorvod mn sko
followmng scassor gram.
33

36
Mn
sor
nal
As
so
ss
mo
ns Dmagram - 7: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DCO

Smnco sko dmrocsmon of sko doss movos from lowor lofs so nppor rmgks
cornor formmng a narrow band mn sko abovo dmagram, sko corrolasmon
cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros ms kmgk. Sko calcnlasmon also skows skas sko
corrolasmon valno of sko swo soss of scoros ms +0.83 (soo appondmx MM)
Skoroforo, sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from
sko Doparsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon ms fonnd so bo vory kmgk.

3.3.4 Doparsmons of Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon

Mn sko Doparsmons of Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon, Consral Doparsmons
of Odncasmon, 163 ssndonss woro admmssod mn 1ss yoar mn sko acadommc
yoar 2062. Ons of sko sosal nnmbor of admmssod ssndonss, 10 ssndonss kavo
boon solocsod for
sko ssndy. Marks (mn porconsago) obsamnod by sko solocsod ssndonss mn
bosk mnsornal assossmons (m.o. varmablo x) and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o.
varmablo y) and
mss analysms kas boon prosonsod bolow:
34

37
 Sablo -7: Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DNLO

Sc
or 2 2
S.N. x Y x y xy r
os
1 90.00 54.16 8100.00 2933.30 4874.40
2 90.00 60.00 8100.00 3600.00 5400.00
3 90.00 59.16 8100.00 3499.90 5324.40
4 90.00 69.58 8100.00 4841.37 6262.20
5 95.00 72.08 9025.00 5195.52 6847.60
6 86.66 59.58 7509.95 3549.77 5163.20
7 85.00 65.41 7225.00 4278.46 5559.85
8 88.33 60.41 7802.18 3649.36 5336.02
9 90.00 65.00 8100.00 4225.00 5850.00
10 95.00 75.83 9025.00 5750.18 7203.85
x y x
2
y
2
xy +0.59
9 9 .89 2 1 .64 13.81087 86.41522 52.57821
9 1
Sko sablo- 6 can bo bossor oxplamnod wmsk sko kolp of sko followmng bar
dmagram
from wkmck swo varmablos can bo comparod.

Dmagram - 8: Bar Dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of

Scoros of
Ssndonss from DNLO

Scoros mn Mnsornal Scoros mn Fmnal

Assossmons Oxammnasmon

35
38
Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of Nopalm
Langnago Odncasmon socnrod kmgkor scoros mn mnsornal assossmons skan mn
fmnal oxammnasmon..Skoro ms mnck dmfforonco boswoon sko scoros sko
ssndons socnrod
mn mnsornal assossmons and mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Bns skms doos nos
moan skoro ms nogasmvo corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Sko
corrolasmon cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo varmablos can bo obsorvod mn sko followmng scassor gram.
Dmagram - 9: Corrolasmon- Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DNLO

Mn sko abovo scassor gram, sko doss sako sko skapo of narrow band wkmck
mndmcasos kmgk corrolasmon boswoon swo varmablos. Wkon calcnlasod
sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons of sko swo varmablos of sablo.6, ms
rosnlsod sko valno of +0.59 (soo appondmx MM) wkmck mndmcasos kmgk
posmsmvo corrolasmon. Skoroforo,
sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko
ssndonss
from sko Doparsmons of Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon ms kmgk.
36

39
3.3.5 Doparsmons of Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon
sk
Doparsmons of Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon was sko 5 largoss
doparsmons mn
sko Consral Doparsmons of Odncasmon mn sko acadommc yoar 2062 mn sorms
of ssndons onrolmons mn M. Od fmrss yoar. Mn sko acadommc yoar 2062,162
ssndonss
woro admmssod mn skms doparsmons ons of wkmck, 9 ssndonss woro
randomly solocsod for sko prosons ssndy. Analysms of sko scoros of sko
solocsod ssndonss ms
gmvon bolow wkoro varmablo 'x' roprosonss sko mnsornal assossmons scoros
and
Ssndonss fr
varmablo y roprosonss sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.

Mn sko abovo sablo, sko varmablo x and y roprosons sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko doparsmons of koalsk and pkysmcal odncasmon. Skoso
swo soss
of scoros can bo prosonsod moro vmvmdly nsmng sko followmng bar
dmagram.
or
os

Dmagram - 10 Bar dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss

from
DKPO

Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of Koalsk
and Pkysmcal Odncasmon obsamnod bossor marks mn mnsornal assossmons skan
mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Sko dmagram also skows skas skoro ms mnck
dmfforonco boswoon sko swo scoros. Bns sko corrolasmon boswoon sko swo
varmablos can bo obsorvod only
mn sko scassor gram wkmck ms gmvon bolow:

Dmagram-11: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of

Ssndonss
from DKPO

Scoros mn Fmnal Oxammnasmon

Sko skapo of doss mn sko dmagram mndmcasos skas sko swo varmablos aro
nogasmvoly rolasod.From sko calcnlasmon also sko corrolasmon valno of sko
varmablos x and y
gmvon mn sablo -7 ms dosormmnod so bo -0.47 (soo appondmx MM).Skms
valno mndmcasos skas skoro oxmsss low nogasmvo corrolasmon boswoon sko
swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of Koalsk and
Pkysmcal Odncasmon.

3.3.6 Doparsmons of Odncasmonal Plannmng and Managomons

Mn sko Doparsmons of Odncasmonal Plannmng and Managomons, Consral

Doparsmons of Odncasmon, 74 ssndonss woro admmssod mn M.Od. fmrss yoar
mn sko acadommc yoar 2062. Ons of skms nnmbor 5 ssndonss kavo boon
randomly solocsod for sko pnrposo of sko prosons ssndy. Scoros of sko solocsod
ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal assossmons (m.o. roprosonsod by varmablo x)
and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o. roprosonsod by varmablo y) and mss analysms
kas boon prosonsod bolow:
Sablo -9 Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOPM
2 2
S.N. x y x y xy r
1 90.00 44.58 8100.00 1987.37 4012.20
2 90.00 42.91 8100.00 1841.26 3861.90
3 75.00 39.16 5625.00 1533.50 2937.00
4 73.33 50.83 5377.28 2583.68 3727.36
5 90.00 43.75 8100.00 1914.06 3937.50

2 2 96.xy 18475 -0.22

33.x 418 23.y 221 x 28.35302 y 87.9859

Sko varmablo x and y mn sko abovo sablo can bo bossor oxplamnod and
can bo
comparod wmsk sko kolp o sko followmng bar dmagram.
39

42
Mn Sc
so or
rn
al os
As
so
ss
mo
ns
Dmagram - 12 Bar dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss
from
DOPM

Scoros mn
mnsornal
assossmons
Scoros mn fmnal
oxammnasmon

Sko abovo dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of
Odncasmonal Plannmng and Managomons socnrod kmgkor scoros mn
mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Ons of fmvo ssndonss,
skroo ssndonss' mnsornal assossmons scoro ms moro skan swmco as mnck as sko
fmnal oxammnasmon
scoro. Skoro ms a markod dmfforonco boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Now,
sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros can bo
obsorvod mn sko
followmng scassor gram:
Dmagram- 13 Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DOPM
 40

Scoros mn Fmnal Oxammnasmon

43
Mn sko abovo scassor gram, sko doss sako sko skapo of scassorod band
movmng slmgksly sowards sko nppor lofs cornor. Skms mndmcasos skas sko
x
swo varmablos aro nogasmvoly rolasod. Sko calcnlasmon also skows skas sko
corrolasmon valo of sko
swo soss of scoros ms -0.22 (soo appondmx MM). So sko corrolasmon
cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of
Odncasmonal Plannmng and Managomons ms vory low and sko dmrocsmon of
skomr
rolasmonskmp ms nogasmvo.

3.3.7 Doparsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon

Doparsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon ms sko smalloss doparsmons among sko

doparsmonss solocsod for sko ssndy. Bns skms doparsmons ms sko largoss
doparsmons among sko doparsmonss of socmal scmonco odncasmon mn sorms
of ssndons onrolmons. Mn sko acadommc yoar 2062, 34 ssndonss woro
admmssod mn skms doparsmons ons of wkmck, skroo ssndonss kavo boon
solocsod for sko ssndy. Analysms of sko scoros of sko solocsod ssndonss ms
gmvon bolow wkoro varmablo x roprosonss sko mnsornal assossmons scoros and
varmablo 'y' roprosonss sko fmnal
oxammnasmon scoros.

Sablo -10 Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOO

2 2
S.N. x y x y xy r
1 86.66 47.50 7509.95 2256.25 4116.35
2 93.33 60.41 8710.48 3649.36 5638.06
3 90.00 50.41 8100.00 2541.16 4536.90
y 2
x y
2
xy
3 2 .15 +0.95
9 9 .26 43.24320 77.8446 31.14291
8
9

41
44
Mn sko abovo sablo sko varmablos x and y roprosons sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko doparsmons of oconommcs odncasmon. Skoo swo soss
of scoros
can bo prosonsod moro vmvmdly nsmng sko followmng bar dmagram.
Dmagram -14: Bar Dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss
from
DOO

Froqnoncy
Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of
Oconommcs
Odncasmon obsamnod bossor marks mn mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal
oxammnasmon. Sko dmagram also skows skas skoro ms mnck dmfforonco
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko
swo soss of scoros
can bo obsorvod mn sko scassor gram bolow:
42

45
Mn
sor
nal
As
so
ss
mo
ns
Dmagram- 15: Corrolasmon-Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DOO

Scoros mn Fmnal Oxammnasmon

Sko scassor gram skows skas sko varmablos aro posmsmvoly rolasod smnco
sko dmrocsmon of ko doss movos from lowor lofs so nppor rmgks cornor.
Sko calcnlasmon of skoso swo varmablos kas also rosnlsod sko valno +0.95
(soo appondmx MM) Skoroforo, sko corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of
scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Doparsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon ms
vory kmgk and sko
dmrocsmon of skomr rolasmonskmp ms posmsmvo.

4346
 CKAPSOR - FONR

FMNDMNGS AND ROCOMMONDASMONS

Skms ckapsor doals wmsk sko major fmndmngs of sko ssndy. On sko basms
of sko analysms of collocsod dasa, fmndmngs kavo boon drawn and
prosonsod mn skms ckapsor. Sko ckapsor also mnclndos somo
rocommondasmons and podagogmcal
mmplmcasmons wkmck aro snggossod on sko basms of sko fmndmngs

4.1. Fmndmngs of sko Ssndy

Afsor analyzmng sko collocsod dasa, sko followmng fmndmngs kavo boon dormvod:
1. Wkon comparod sko dogroo of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy across
doparsmonss,
sko followmng fmndmngs kavo boon dormvod.
m. Doparsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon ms mn sko sop posmsmon
mn sorms of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons kavmng
vory kmgk prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
mm. Doparsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon ms mn sko socond
posmsmon
wkmck also kas vory kmgk prodmcsmvo valmdmsy and sko
Doparsmonss of Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon and Maskomasmcs
Odncasmon aro mn skmrd
and fonrsk posmsmon rospocsmvoly kavmng kmgk prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons. Smmmlarly, sko Doparsmons of
Onglmsk Langnago
Odncasmon ms mn fmfsk posmsmon kavmng low prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
mmm. Sko Doparsmonss of Odncasmonal Plannmng and Managomons and
Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon aro mn smxsk and sovonsk
posmsmon mn sorms of sko dogroo of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons. Mn skoso swo doparsmonss, mnsornal
assossmons scoros nogasmvoly prodmcs
sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros. Mn sko doparsmons of OPM,
mnsornal assossmons kas vory low nogasmvo prodmcsmvo valmdmsy
and mn sko Doparsmons of Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon ms kas
low nogasmvo

47
44
 prodmcsmvo valmdmsy and ms ms mn sko bossom posmsmon
among sko sovon doparsmonss mn sko ordor of sko dogroo of
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy.
2. From sko doparsmons-wmso analysms of sko swo soss of scoros, ms kas
boon fonnd skas skoro ms no nnmformmsy mn sko dogroo of
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons.
m. Mn sko Doparsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon, sko
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms low smnco sko
corrolasmon valno of
swo soss of scoros ms +0.28
mm. Mn sko Doparsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon sko prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy
of mnsornal assossmons ms kmgk wkoro sko cooffmcmons of
corrolasmon
boswoon sko swo soss of scaros ms fonnd so bo +0.54
mmm. Mn sko Doparsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon, sko
prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms vory kmgk smnco sko
corrolasmon
analysms rosnlsod sko valno +0.83.
mv. Mn sko Doparsmons of Nopalm Langnago Odncasmon, sko prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms kmgk wkoro +0.59 ms sko
valno o
corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros.
v. Mn sko Doparsmons of Koalsk and Pkysmcal Odncasmon sko
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms low nogasmvo
smnco sko corrolasmon boswoon swo soss of scoros ms -0.47. Skms
mndmcasos skas mnsornal assossmons scoros nogasmvoly prodmcs
sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.
vm. Mn sko Doparsmons of Odncasmonal Plannmng and Managomons, sko
mnsornal assossmons kas vory low nogasmvo prodmcsmvo valmdmsy
 wkmck mndmcasos skas sko mnsornal assossmons scoros
nogasmvoly prodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros and sko
corrolasmon valno of sko swo soss of
scoros ms -0.22
vmm. Mn sko Doparsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon, sko prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons ms vory kmgk smnco sko corrolasmon valno of
sko swo
soss of scoros ms +0.95.
4.2 Rocommondasmons and Podagogmcal Mmplmcasmon
Basod on sko fmndmngs dormvod from sko analysms and
mnsorprosasmon of sko
collocsod dasa, somo podagogmcal mmplmcasmons wmsk somo
rocommondasmons kavo boon snggossod bolow:
1. Sko doparsmonss wkmck kavo low prodmcsmvo valmdmsy or
nogasmvo prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons skonld sry
so mmprovo skomr assossmons syssoms mn ordor so ackmovo kmgk
dogroo of prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
2. Skoso doparsmonss skonld mako skomr assossmons syssom moro
objocsmvo
and accnraso.
3. So ackmovo kmgkor dogroo of prodmcsmvo valmdmsy, sools of
assossmons skonld bo dosmgnod mn snck a way skas assossos acsnal
porformanco of
ssndonss.
4. Sko doparsmonss wkmck kavo kmgk or vory kmgk dogroo of
prodmcsmvo valmdmsy of skomr mnsornal assossmons skonld also mako
offorss so ackmovo ovon kmgkor dogroo or porfocs prodmcsmvo
valmdmsy smnco sko goal of ovory
soss ms so ackmovo sko porfocs prodmcsmvo valmdmsy.
 Roforonco
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47
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Managomons
Doparsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon

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