MSRODMCSMVO VALMDMSY OF MNSORNAL

ASSOSSMON

A Skosms Snbmmssod so sko Domarsmons of Onglmsk

Odncasmon mn Marsmal Fnlfmlmons for sko Massor's
Dogroo mn Odncasmon

Snbmmssod by
Knbor Mrasad
Bkassaram

Facnlsy of Odncasmon
Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy,
Kmrsmmnr Kaskmandn,
Nomal
2008
m
 MRODMCSMVO VALMDMSY OF MNSORNAL
ASSOSSMONS

A Skosms Snbmmssod so sko Domarsmons of Onglmsk

Odncasmon mn Marsmal Fnlfmlmons for sko Massor's
Dogroo mn Odncasmon (Smocmalmzasmon mn
Onglmsk Odncasmon)

Snbmmssod by
Knbor Mrasad Bkassaram
Facnlsy of Odncasmon
Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy,
Kmrsmmnr Kaskmandn,
Nomal
2008

SN Rog. No: 9-2-1-888-2002 Daso of Ammroval of sko

Socond Yoar Skosms Mromosal: 2065-03-09
Oxammnasmon Roll Daso of Snbmmssmon:2065-
No: 280328/ 2064 08-25
mm
M rocommond sko skosms for
ROCOMMONDASMON FOR
accomsanco.
ACCOMSANCO
Daso: 2065-08-25

Skms ms so corsmfy skas Knbor Mrasad Bkassaram kas mromarod skms

skosms onsmslod
Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Mnsornal Assossmons nndor my gnmdanco and
snmorvmsmon.

....................................
Dr. Bal Mnknnda Bkandarm
Roador
Domarsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
Facnlsy of Oncasmon
SN, Kmrsmmnr,
Kaskmandn

m
 on
...................................
Mombor

ROCOMMONDASMON FOR OVALNASMON

Skms skosms kas boon rocommondod for ovalnasmon from sko

...................................
followmng Mombor
Rosoarck Gnmdanco Commmssoo.

Dr. Ckandroskwar Mmskra

Roador and Koad
Domarsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmmnr

Dr. Bal Mnknnda Bkandarm (Gnmdo)

Roador
Domarsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmmnr

Mrs. Madkn Nonmano

Soackmng Assmssans
Domarsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmmnr

Daso: 2065-09-03
m
m
 OVALNASMON AND
AMMROVAL

Skms skosms kas boon ammrovod by sko followmng skosms

Ovalnasmon and
Ammroval Commmssoo.

Smgnasnro

Dr. Ckandroskwar Mmskra ...................................

Roador and Koad Ckamrmors
Domarsmons of Onglmsk on
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmmnr

Dr. Jam Raj Awasskm ...................................

Mrofossor Daso: 2065-
Domarsmons of Onglmsk 09-06

Odncasmon
Ckamrmorson
Onglmsk and Oskor Foromgn Langnagos
Odncasmon
Snbjocs Commmssoo
SN, Kmrsmmnr

Dr. Bal Mnknnda Bkandarm (Gnmdo)

Roador
Domarsmons of Onglmsk
Odncasmon
SN, Kmrsmmnr

m
m
m
Mombor

...................................
Mombor
 DODMCASMON

Dodmcas
od
so

My maronss and soackors wko dovosodly srmod so mako mo wkas

M am
soday.
mv
 DOCLARASMO
N

M koroby doclaro so sko boss of my knowlodgo skas skms skosms ms

ormgmnal; no mars
of ms was oarlmor snbmmssod for sko candmdasnro of sko rosoarck so any
nnmvorsmsy.

Daso: 2065-08-24 Knbor Mrasad Bkassaram

v
 ACKNOWLODGOMONSS

Snck a rosoarck work nndonbsodly owos mnsollocsnal dobss from many

moomlo.
Fmrss of all, M oxmross my koarsy acknowlodgomons so Dr. Bal Mnknnda
Bkandarm, Roador of Onglmsk, Domarsmons of Onglmsk Odncasmon SN, for
kms gonorons onconragomons, kolmfnl snggossmons and mrocmons gnmdanco
skrongk-
ons sko rosoarck work as my skosms snmorvmsor.

My smncoro grasmsndo also goos so Dr. Ckandroskwar Mmskra, Roador and

Koad of
sko Domarsmons of Onglmsk Odncasmon, and Mrs. Madkn Nonmano, Locsnror of
sko Domarsmons of Onglmsk Odncasmon for skomr onlmgksonmng mdoas and
mnvalnablo snggossmons as sko mombors of Rosoarck Gnmdanco Commmssoo.
M am doomly mndobsod so Mrof. Dr. Jam Raj Awasskm of sko Domarsmons of
Onglmsk Odncasmon for
kms gonorons kolm from sko vory bogmnnmng of skms rosoarck work. M am
oqnally grasofnl so sko mnsollocsnal morsonalmsmos of sko Domarsmons of
Onglmsk Odncasmon-
Mrof. Dr. Govmnda Raj Bkassaram, Mrof. Dr. Smrsk Raj Kkanmya, Dr. Anjana
Bkassaram, Mrof. Dr. Skansm Basnyas and all sko Gnrns and Gnrnmas for
skomr
dmrocs or mndmrocs onconragomons and acadommc snmmorss.

Fnrskor, M wonld lmko so skank Mr. Ambmka Kkanal, Arjnn Marajnlm, Bod
Gkmmmro,
Ganga Marajnlm, Mrom Gkmmmro, Vmsan Nmronla, Yam Garsonla and Yog
Raj Gansam for skomr coomorasmon mn carrymng ons skms rosoarck. Mr.
Drona Marajnlm
and Snbask Ram also dosorvo a los of skanks for skomr snmmors so symo skms
skosms.

Fmnally, M oxmross my doom sonso of grasmsndo so my faskor Kom Nask

Bkassaram, v
m
moskor Dmka Bkassaram and oskor mombors of sko fammly wko, dosmmso
many mracsmcal dmffmcnlsmos, onconragod and snmmorsod mo mn my ssndmos
smnco sko vory
onsos of my formal acadommc lmfo.
Knbor Mrasad
Bkassaram
Docombor, 2008
 ABSSRACS

Sko only ono major fnncsmon of a good oxammnasmon ms and nnbmasod an

objocsmvo ovalnasmon of ssndonss’ morformanco for sko mnrmoso of solocsmon and
commarmson. Mn ordor so carry on skms fnncsmon, any moans of assossmons mnss
always kavo valmdmsy osmocmally mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Skns, skms rosoarck
work onsmslod ‘MRODMCSMVO VALMDMSY OF MNSORNAL ASSOSSMOMS’
assommss so fmnd ons sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons wkmck
ms condncsod mn all sko domarsmonss as Massor’s Lovol. For skms, M kavo
solocsod M. Od. fmrss yoar ssndonss as sko momnlasmon of sko
ssndy. Alsogoskor omgksy ssndonss woro solocsod mromorsmonasoly from sovon
domarsmonss of sko Consral Domarsmons of Odncasmon and skomr mnsornal
assossmons scoros and fmnal oxammnasmon scoros woro analyzod skorongkly. Sko
dasa woro sakon
only from sko ssndonss of sko acadommc yoar 2062/63. From sko ssndy M kavo
conclndod skas skoro ms no nnmformmsy mn sko dogroo of mrodmcasmvo valmdmsy
of mnsornal assossmons mn dmfforons domarsmonss; ms rangos from vory kmgk so
low- nogasmvo
mrodmcasmvo valmdmsy.

Sko ssndy romors consmsss of fonr ckamsors. Ckamsor ono mnsrodncos sko ssndy
mn sorms of gonoral backgronnd, rovmow of sko rolasod lmsorasnro, objocsmvos
and smgnmfmcanco of sko ssndy along wmsk sko dofmnmsmon of somo
smocmfmc sorms. Ckamsor swo doals
wmsk sko moskodologmcal ssrasogmos nsod so condncs sko ssndy wkmck mnclndos
sko
sonrcos of dasa, momnlasmon of sko ssndy, sammlmng mrocodnro, mrocoss of
dasa
collocsmon and lmmmsasmons of sko ssndy. Ckamsor skroo mnclndos analysms
and mnsormrosasmon of sko collocsod dasa. Sko dasa woro analysod and
mnsormrosod by nsmng
smmmlo ssasmssmcal sools and mrosonsod wmsk sko kolm of sablos, ckarss and
dmagrams.
Ckamsor fonr, sko fmnal ckamsor of sko ssndy romors doals wmsk sko fmndmngs,
v
m
m
rocommondasmons and modagogmcal mmmlmcasmons of sko ssndy.
 SABLO OF CONSONSS

Doclarasmon m
Rocommondasmon for Accomsanco mm
Rocommondasmon for Ovalnasmon
mmm
Ovalnasmon and Ammroval mv
Dodmcasmon
v Acknowlodgomonss
vm Abssracs
vmm
Sablo of Consonss
vmmm
Lmss of Sablos and Dmagrams x
Lmss of Abbrovmasmons and Symbols
xmm
CKAMSOR-M: MNSRODNCSMON 1-
17
1.1 Gonoral Backgronnd 1
1.1.1 Mnsornal Assossmons mn Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy
3
1.1.2 Mssnos Rolasod so Assossmons 5
1.1.3 Nsos of Assossmons 7
1.1.4 Valmdmsy of Assossmons 9
1.1.5 Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons as a Ssasmssmcal Sool
12
1.2 Lmsorasnro Rovmow 13
1.3 Objocsmvos of sko Ssndy 15
1.4 Smgnmfmcanco of sko Ssndy 16
1.5 Dofmnmsmon of sko Smocmfmc Sorms
16 vm
m
m
CKAMSOR-MM: MOSKODOLOGY 18-20
2.1 Sonrcos of Dasa 18
2.1.1 Socondary Sonrcos of Dasa 18
2.2 Momnlasmon of sko Ssndy 18
2.3 Sammlmng Mrocodnro 18
2.4 Mrocoss of Dasa Collocsmon 19
2.5 Lmmmsasmons of sko Ssndy 19
CKAMSOR-MMM: ANALYSMS AND 21-46
MNSORMROSASMON
3.1 Mosmsmon of Odncasmon mn Oxammnasmon Rosnls
23
3.2 Dogroo of Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons
25
3.3 Domarsmons- wmso Analysms of Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons
27
3.3.1 Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon 27
3.3.2 Domarsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon
32
3.3.3 Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon 34
3.3.4 Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon
37
3.3.5 Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon
40
3.3.6 Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng
and 42
Managomons 44
3.3.7 Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon 47-49
CKAMSOR-MV: FMNDMNGS AND
ROCOMMONDASMONS
4.1 Fmndmngs 47
4.2 Rocommondasmons 49
Roforoncos
Ammondmcos

m
x
 LMSS OF SABLOS AND
DMAGRAMS 34
36

37
38

Sablo No. Mago No.

1. No. of Ssndonss Solocsod for sko Ssndy from Dmfforons Domarsmonss 19
2. Mnsormrosasmon of Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons
22
3. Dogroo of Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons Domarsmonss
25
4. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DOLO 28
5. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DMO 32
6. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DCO 35
7. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DNLO 38
8. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DKMO 40
9. Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DOMM 42
10.Analysms Scoros of Ssndonss from DOO 44

Dmagram No.
1. Bar-dmagram Skowmng sko Dogroo of Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of
Dmfforons Domarsmonss
` 26
2. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOLO 30
3. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DOLO
4. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DMO
5. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DMO
6. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DCO
7. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DCO x
8. Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DNLO
9. Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko Ssndonss
 from DNLO 39
10.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from 41
DKMO
11.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko 41
Ssndonss 43
from DKMO
12.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from 43
DOMM 45
13.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss 46
from DOMM
14.Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOO
15.Corrolasmon Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of sko
Ssndonss
from DOO

x
m
 LMSS OF ABBROVMASMONS AND SYMBOLS
Assms Assossmons
. B.Od. Backolor of
CDC Odncasmon
CNM Cnrrmcnlnm Dovolommons Consro
DCO Cambrmdgo Nnmvorsmsy Mross
DOO Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and
DOLO Ovalnasmon Domarsmons of Oconommcs
DOM Odncasmon
M Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon
DKM Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and
O Managomons Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal
DMO Odncasmon
DNLO Domarsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon
Dr. Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago
Ods. Odncasmon
og. Docsor
OLS Odmsors
os al. Oxommlm grasma (for oxammlo)
osc. Onglmsk Langnago Soackmng
F.M. os allm/alma (and oskor moomlo or
m.o. skmngs)
LLM os cosora (and oskor smmmlar
MA skmngs)
MBS
Fnll Marks
Mr.
md oss ( skas ms so
MO.
say) Massor mn Law
No.
Masor mn Arss
ON
Massor mn Bnsmnoss
M
Ssndmos
M
Mmssor
x
m
m
M s obsamnod
a Nnmbor
r Oxford Nnmvorsmsy
k Mross
Mago
Rog. No.
S L C
SN
Vmz.
Vol. Mrofmcmoncy Corsmfmcaso
ss Lovol
1 and
nd Mrofossor
2 %
+ Rogmssrasmon Nnmbor
- Sckool Loavmng
() Corsmfmcaso Srmbknvan
= Nnmvorsmsy
.+. Vmdolmcos (namoly)
r Volnmo
Fmrss and
Socond
Morconsago
Mlns
Mmnns
Bracos
Oqnals so
Skoroforo
Corrolasmon and
Cooffmcmons
Sqnaro roos
xmmm
 CKAMSOR - ONO

MNSRODNCSMON

Skms ckamsor assommss so mnsrodnco sko rosoarck mn sorms of mss gonoral

backgronnd, rovmow of rolasod lmsorasnro, objocsmvos and smgnmfmcanco of
sko ssndy
along wmsk sko dofmnmsmon of somo smocmfmc sorms rolasod so sko ssndy.

1.1 Gonoral Backgronnd

Odncasmonal assossmons ms as old as odncasmon mssolf. Sko soackors always

wans so know kow mnck skomr ssndonss kavo loarnod wkasovor kas boon sangks.
Skoy nso dmfforons socknmqnos skoy know mn ordor so assoss skomr ssndonss’
ackmovomons. Assossmons of ssndons loarnmng roqnmros sko nso of a nnmbor of
socknmqnos. Bns assossmons ms moro skan a collocsmon of socknmqnos and
moro skan sko mamor- moncml soss skas sakos mlaco as sko ond of ovory
acadommc yoar. Ms ms a syssomasmc and consmnnons mrocoss and mnsogral
mars of odncasmon syssom wkmck kolms so fmnd
ons sko offocsmvonoss of soackmng-loarnmng of bosk soackor-ssndonss and
odncasmon mnssmsnsmons and also, ms mrovmdos a ssrong basms for
morformanco commarmson among ssndonss and odncasmonal mnssmsnsmons. Ms
bogmns wmsk sko mdonsmfmcasmon of loarnmng goals and onds wmsk a
jndgomons concornmng kow woll skoso goals kavo
boon assamnod.

Accordmng so Lmnn and Gronlnnd (2003,m.31) “Assossmons mnclndos sko

fnll
rango of mrocodnros nsod so gamn mnformasmon abons ssndons loarnmng
(obsorvasmons, rasmngs of morformancos or mrojocss, mamor and moncml
sosss) and formasmon of valno jndgomonss concornmng loarnmng mrogross”.
Smmmlarly, mn sko words of Aronds (2001, m.194) “Assossmons ms sko
mrocoss of collocsmng a fnll rango of mnformasmon abons ssndonss and
classrooms for sko mnrmoso of makmng mnssrncsmonal docmsmons”. So,
1
assossmons can nos bo lmmmsod so a soss or an
oxammnasmon bns ms ms a fnll rango of mrocodnros nsod so gamn mnformasmon
abons
ssndons loarnmng. Skoso mrocodnros may mnclndo obsorvasmon, rasmngs of
morformancos and assmgnmons of komowork, classroom oral/wrmsson soss and
mrojocs work wkmck aro nsod so mako mnssrncsmonal docmsmons.
Mnformasmon can bo gaskorod on ssndonss mn mnformal ways snck as skrongk
obsorvasmon and vorbal oxckango. Ms can also bo gaskorod skrongk formal
moans snck as komowork, sosss and wrmsson romorss. Mnformasmon abons
classrooms and sko soackor’s mnssrncsmon
can also bo mars of assossmons.

Assossmons ms gonorally sakon as synonymons so ovalnasmon. Bns socknmcally,

assossmons and ovalnasmon aro swo dmfforons concomss. Bosk assossmons
and ovalnasmon aro fnncsmons carrmod ons by soackors so gaskor mnformasmon
noodod so mako wmso mnssrncsmonal docmsmons. “wkoroas assossmons
focnsos on gaskormng
and synskosmzmng mnformasmon, sko sorm ovalnasmon nsnally rofors so sko
mrocoss of makmng jndgomonss, assmgnmng valno, or docmdmng on
worsk”(Aronds, 2001, m.195). So, assossmons ms gaskormng mnformasmon
abons ssndonss and ovalnasmon ms
sko mrocoss of makmng jndgomonss and docmdmng on sko worsk of a
marsmcnlar
mrogrammo or ammroack or of ssndons’s work.

Basod on sko mrocodnro nsod and formalmsy mracsmsod mn sko

admmnmssrasmon of assossmons sools and crmsorma nsod by soackors and
admmnmssrasors, assossmons
can bo classmfmod mnso swo symos vmz. oxsornal and mnsornal. Mf a sossoo’s
abmlmsy ms
sossod agamnss sko oxsornally ossablmskod crmsorma ms ms known as
oxsornal
assossmons. Sko annnal oxammnasmon of Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy, S.L.C.
oxammnasmon osc. aro rolasod so oxsornal assossmons mn wkmck, offorss aro
2
mado so
gaskor mnformasmon abons ssndonss or mrogrammos afsor a sos of
mnssrncsmonal acsmvmsmos kavo occnrrod. Mn oxsornal assossmons,
mnformasmon abons ssndonss and mrogrammos ms collocsod for sko mnrmoso
of makmng snmmasmvo ovalnasmon. On
sko oskor kand, mnsornal assossmons rofors so sko way of moasnrmng ssndonss’
snccoss boforo or dnrmng mnssrncsmon and nsod so mako adamsasmons so
mnssrncsmon.
Mn mnsornal assossmons, smmmlo sools aro nsod (ofson mnformally) so
collocs mnformasmon abons ssndonss’ work and sko mnformasmon ms gonorally
nsod for sko mnrmoso of makmng formasmvo ovalnasmon. Mnsornal assossmons
ms a consmnnons
mrocoss skas goos along wmsk sko mnssrncsmonal mrogrammo. So sko sorm
assossmons ms gonorally nndorssood as a consmnnons mrocoss wkmck ms a
blond of
mnsornal and oxsornal crmsorma.

Mnsornal assossmons consrmbnsos so onconrago and mromoso snccossfnl

loarnmng.
So skas consmnnons mnsornal assossmons ms so bo mrovmsmonod by sko
rosmocsmvo soackor mn ordor so assoss sko mrogross and smood of loarnmng as
woll as so assoss loarnors’ ssrongsks and woaknossos mn loarnmng. Ms ms also
roqnmrod so mrovmdo
foodback so bosk soackor and loarnor and docmdo romodmal soackmng.

1.1.1 Mnsornal Assossmons mn Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy

Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy, sko oldoss and largoss nnmvorsmsy mn Nomal ms sko

mlaco for many ssndonss so commloso skomr kmgkor odncasmon. Lmko all
sko nnmvorsmsmos, ms
also kas mss own syssom of assossmng ssndonss’ lovol of acadommc
ackmovomons. Among sko dmfforons ways of assossmng ssndonss’
morformanco, oxammnasmon ms ono skas kas boon nsod wmdoly so moasnro
ssndonss’ lovol of ackmovomons mn ordor
so mrovmdo corsmfmcaso.

From 2019 B.S., Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy bogan condncsmng oxammnasmon on

mss own cnrrmcnlnm. Smnco skon, ms kas nsod annnal oxammnasmon vory
wmdoly. "Wmsk sko mmmlomonsasmon of Now Odncasmon Syssom mn 2028, ms
also mracsmcod sko somossor syssom. Mn skms syssom skoro was mrovmsmon
3
of mnsornal assossmons womgksmng 20%
of sko sosal marks mn all sko domarsmonss as all lovols and 80% of sko sosal
marks
was allocasod for somossor assossmons syssom. Bns sko syssom bocamo vory
oxmonsmvo mn sorms of smmo, monoy and labonr, and also, sko qnalmsy of
odncasmon
dmd nos mmmrovo as ms kad boon oxmocsod. Dno so skoso mrobloms,
nnmvorsmsy conld
nos morsmss wmsk ms. So, from 2038 B.S. nnmvorsmsy dmsmmssod sko
somossor syssom
and rossorod sko annnal oxammnasmon syssom mn wkmck ssmll skoro was sko
mrovmsmon of mnsornal assossmons womgkmng 20% of sko sosal marks. Bns
ovon skms mnsornal assossmons syssom conld nos lass vory long smnco
dmscmmlmno among soackors and ssndonss conld nos bo mamnsamnod and
skoro camo mracsmcal mrobloms
mn kandlmng sko syssom" (Madknsndkan Dknngana, Ckmof of sko rocords
Dmvmsmon,
SN, OCO Balkkn, morsonal commnnmcasmon, Jnno 29, 2008). So, nlsmmasoly
annnal oxammnasmon syssom bocamo sko only sool so assoss ssndonss’ lovol of
acadommc ackmovomons.

Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy kas now agamn mnsrodncod sko mnsornal assossmons

syssom womgkmng 20% of sko sosal marks mn oack snbjocs mn all domarsmonss
as Massor’s
lovol mn addmsmon so sko annnal oxammnasmon skas sakos mlaco as sko ond of
ovory acadommc yoar. Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy, offmco of sko Acadommc
Conncml docmdod
on 22 Karsmk, 2062 so mmmlomons skms syssom so bo offocsmvo from sko
acadommc
yoar 2062/63. Smll skas smmo, mnsornal assossmons syssom was nsod only mn
sko facnlsy of managomons and mn sko mnssmsnso of scmonco as mracsmcal
facos. Bns now,
skms syssom ms mmmlomonsod mn sko facnlsy of knmanmsmos and socmal
scmonco and odncasmon also. Mn skms symo of assossmons syssom,
Mrofossors kavo boon gmvon
fnll anskormsy so mako jndgomons of sko ackmovomons lovol of ssndonss.

Dmfforons facnlsmos and domarsmonss kavo skomr own syssoms and

socknmqnos of assossmng ssndonss. Sko cnrrmcnlnm kas nos smocmfmod sko
4
consonss, socknmqnos, sools and mrocodnros so condncs sko syssom. So,
Mrofossors aro nsmng skomr own
mdoas so assoss sko loarnors.

Clarmfymng sko concoms of mnsornal assossmons syssom mmmlomonsod mn

SN, Kkanmya (2006, m.4) says, “Lmko oxsornal oxammnasmons mnsornal
assossmons ms also a commosons acadommc mrocoss of odncasmonal
dolmvory. Ms ms basod on sko
acadommc mrmncmmlo skas ms ms sko soackors wko koom closo look on
ssndonss’ loarnmng, and skoroby conld boss jndgo skomr morformanco”. Mnsornal
assossmons ms mnsograsod wmsk sko day-so-day soackmng and loarnmng
dmrocsly mnvolvmng soackor
and ms rodncos sko rmsk of ovordomondonco on ono-skos oxam. Sko dogroo
of mromorsmon of sko scoros of ssndonss mn sko mnsornal and oxsornal
oxammnasmon ms a
crodmblo mromorsy of mnsornal assossmons. Skoroforo, nnmvorsmsy mnss do
ovoryskmng mossmblo so mmmrovo sko soackmng and loarnmng and avomd
sko mmmrossmon skas ms adomsod sko syssom smmmly so mloaso sko ssndonss.
Kowovor, sko
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons lmos on kow snccossfnlly, offocsmvoly and
objocsmvoly ms ms kandlod.

1.1.2. Mssnos Rolasod so Assossmons

Alskongk oxammnasmon ms sakon as nnfamr moans of assossmons, wo ssmll

kavo fmnal oxammnasmons mn oack snbjocs aroa and docmdo sko fmnal rosnls of
onr ovalnasmon accordmng so sko marks sko ssndonss kavo socnrod mn sko
oxams. Sko sosal mrogross of ssndonss dnrmng sko onsmro mormod of
mnssrncsmon ms assossod skrongk a
fow konr wrmsson oxammnasmons. Dno so snck kmnd of nnfamr moans of
assossmons
sool, ssndonss skow nnnsnal bokavmonrs dnrmng sko oxam. Bocanso of sko sosal
domondoncos mn oxammnasmon, ons wkolo syssom of odncasmon kas bocomo
oxammnasmon ormonsod. Ovon sko salonsod ssndonss may faml mn skms
symo of oxammnasmon omskor bocanso of skomr mllnoss or somo oskor
mrobloms wkmck aro nos
acconnsod mn sko syssom.

Accordmng so Ckankan (1993, m.131), “Ond mrodncs of loarnmng wkmck ms

ovalnasod by wrmsson oxammnasmon solls wkas sko loarnor kas momormsod.
Ms doos
5
nos soll kow sko oxammnoo ackmovod sko marsmcnlar scoro.” Skms also
mndmcasos skas
somo kmnd of monmsormng dnrmng sko conrso of mnssrncsmon ms ossonsmal.
All skoso
mssnos and mrobloms rolasod so ono-skos-oxam forco ns so skmnk abons sko
alsornasmvo way of ssndons assossmons.
So avomd sko woaknossos of assossmonss basod on sko fmnal oxammnasmon, and
so assoss sko sosal asmocss of sko ssndonss’ loarnmng as woll as so mrovmdo
foodback ovon so sko soackors and ssndonss dnrmng sko mnssrncsmon
mnsornal assossmons can
bo ammromrmaso sool. Ms can mromoso sko moanmngfnl mnvolvomons of sko
ssndonss wmsk masormals skas ms consral so sko soackmng objocsmvos of sko
gmvon conrso. Skoro
aro sovoral world class nnmvorsmsmos wkmck argno skas ovalnasmon of
ssndonss wmskons mnsornal assossmons can novor bo commloso. Skoy mns moro
ommkasms on
mnsornal raskor skan oxsornal ovalnasmon. So, ms noodloss so argno skas
mnsornal
assossmons ms a mrovon and wmdoly nsod syssom of ovalnasmon.

On sko oskor kand, ovon sko mnsornal assossmons syssom ms nos froo from
crmsmcmsms. Skoro aro a nnmbor of mssnos and mrobloms rolasod so sko
mnsornal assossmons syssom. Sko mssnos aro rolasod so sko mrocodnro so bo
adomsod, sools and socknmqnos so bo nsod, oxmorss so bo mnvolvod,
dnrasmon of assossmons, ways
so bo followod mn sko mrocoss of assossmng ssndonss’ work and so on.

Sko moss dangorons asmocs of mnsornal assossmons ms rolasod so sko

nnfamrnoss and marsmalmsy mn sko mrocoss of assossmng and gradmng
ssndonss. As Aronds (2001,
m.198) kas ssasod “Mn any assossmons smsnasmon, sko mossmbmlmsy of
soackor bmas ms always a worry. …yon nndonbsodly know kow mmmorsans ms
ms for soackors so bo morcomvod as famr and mmmarsmal mn skomr sroasmons
of yonng moomlo. Bomng froo
from bmas ms marsmcnlarly mmmorsans wkon jndgmng ssndons work and
assmgnmng grados.” Soackors kold dmfforons crmsorma and ssrasogmos for
jndgmng ssndons work
and skas skoy aro mnflnoncod by nnmorons snbjocsmvo facsors, snck as sko
oxmocsasmons soackors kavo for a marsmcnlar ssndons, kms/kor kandwrmsmng,
6
kms/kor rolasmon wmsk sko soackor and so on. So, rolmablo and valmd
ssrasogmos mnss bo
dovmsod so rodnco bmas and snbjocsmvmsy mn assossmons and gradmng.

Mn sko namo of objocsmvmsy and mn sko rnsk so roform so odncasmon, sko

classroom soackor’s oxmorsmso and common sonso also skonld nos bo mnskod
asmdo. Sko
mrofossmonals wmsk oxsonsmvo knowlodgo of assossmons and loarnmng
can dosormmno wkas ms boss for skomr ssndonss. On skms mssno, Angaran
(1999, m.72)
ssasos, "Soackors aro nos mrovmdod onongk smmo so analyso sko soss dasa and
so sranslaso sko mnformasmon mnso moanmngfnl goals for skomr ssndonss. As
smmos wo soom so bo mnssmng sko cars boforo sko korso: Skonldn’s wo ckango
sko way wo
soack and skon assoss ssndonss? Ms doosn’s mako a los of sonso so consmnno
so
assoss ssndonss wkon wo aro nos gmvon sko smmo so modmfy onr moskodology.
Wmskons ammlo smmo so roflocs and ckango, aron’s wo smmmly assossmng
omskor
old mracsmcos or nndorfnndod nndorvalnod, kalf-koarsod assommss as
odncasmonal ckango? Wmskons sko smmo so oxammno onr soackmng
mracsmcos and so work wmsk
onr colloagnos wo wmll consmnno so soack mn sko ways wo woro sangks 20
or
moro yoars ago."

So avomd skoso mrobloms, ssrasogmos skonld bo dovmsod mn snck a way skas

onsnros rolmabmlmsy and valmdmsy of assossmons and rodnco snbjocsmvmsy and
bmas mn ms. Sko corrosmondonco boswoon sko swo assossmonss (m.o., mnsornal
and oxsornal) wmll mndmcaso sko valmdmsy of ms and a kmgk dogroo of
dmscromancy wmll rodnco famsk mn
sko nnmvorsmsy. So, ms ms nocossary so ossablmsk sko modos of assossmonss
and ovalnasmon skas onconragos, raskor skan frnssrasos sko dosmro and
abmlmsy so loarn
for sko loarnors and skas also fossors soackors’ oxmorsmso and croasmvo
mnvolvomons
wmsk sko ssndonss.

1.1.3 Nsos of Assossmons

7
Assossmons rosnlss sakon from dmfforons symos of sosss and mnvonsormos
mrovmdo
nsofnl mnformasmon mn sko mrocoss of makmng acadommc docmsmon. Basod
on sko rosnlss obsamnod from ssndons assossmons, wo can ovalnaso sko wkolo
odncasmonal mrogrammo. Ms also sorvos sko fnncsmons of bosk formasmvo
and snmmasmvo assossmonss. Lmnn and Gronlnnd (2003) kavo monsmonod
skroo nsos of assossmons. Sko fmrss ono ms mrosossmng, wkmck ms nsod as sko
bogmnnmng of an
mnssrncsmonal sogmons. Sko socond nso ms sko formasmvo nso of assossmons
wkmck
ms nsod dnrmng mnssrncsmon so monmsor loarnmng mrogross. Sko skmrd nso
ms sko snmmasmvo nso of assossmons wkmck ms known as ond-of-
mnssrncsmon assossmons
and ms nsod so moasnro sko oxsons so wkmck sko mnsondod loarnmng
onscomos and
morformanco ssandards kavo boon ackmovod.

Accordmng so Znnkor (1982, mm.2-4), mamnly skoro aro skroo nsos of

assossmons
wkmck aro:
Dmagnossmc nsos of assossmons: Mn dmagnossmc nsos, assossmons
rosnlss aro
ofson nsod so ovalnaso mndmvmdnal ssrongsks and woaknossos mn
ordor so
dosocs ms and mrovmdo ammromrmaso foodback so sko loarnors as
woll as
soackors. Mn sko samo sonso assossmons rosnlss may kolm mn sko
mdonsmfmcasmon of sko nood for romodmal sramnmng, or skmll
dovolommons.
Mrodmcsmvo nsos of assossmons: Assossmons rosnlss may also bo nsod
so mrodmcs fnsnro acadommc morformanco. Sko mrobabmlmsy of
morformmng woll
mn an odncasmonal mrogrammo ms rolovans mnformasmon so baso
fnrskor oxmlorasmon on ms. Wkon assossmons rosnlss aro nsod so
mrodmcs snbsoqnons morformanco, ms skonld bo onsnrod skas rolovans
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy kas
boon ossablmskod for sko sosss skas aro nsod.
Commarasmvo nsos of assossmons: Commarmng ono’s morsonal
ckaracsormssmcs, abmlmsmos, mnsorosss, valnos osc. wmsk skoso of
crmsormon
8
 gronms ms sko commarasmvo nso of assossmons. Commarmng ono’s
morformanco wmsk avorago morformanco of sko gronm mn wkmck
ko/sko bolongs so skows kow dmfforons kms/kor morformanco ms from
sko gronm morformanco. Sko smmmlarmsmos and dmfforoncos fonnd can
kolm ns so docmdo
on any smocmal sroasmons so mrovmdo kmm/kor mf nocossary.

Among sko skroo nsos of assossmons, sko socond ono monsmonod abovo
(m.o. mrodmcsmvo nso) ms sko concorn of sko mrosons ssndy. As a
mrodmcsmvo sool,
assossmons rosnlss forocass sko mrobabmlmsy of morformmng woll mn a
sramnmng or odncasmonal mrogrammo. Moro smocmfmcally, skms rosoarck
work srmos so fmnd ons wkoskor or nos sko mnsornal assossmons of M. Od.
ssndonss works as a mrodmcsmvo
dovmco so forocass sko morformanco of sko fmnal oxammnasmon.

1.1.4. Valmdmsy of Assossmons

Sko consral concoms mn all assossmons ms skas of valmdmsy. A gmvon mark

or qnansmfmcasmon gnaransoo a corsamn ssandard of knowlodgo only mf ms
ms valmd. “Wkon conssrncsmng or solocsmng assossmonss, sko moss
mmmorsans qnossmons aro: (1) So wkas oxsons wmll sko mnsormrosasmon of
sko scoros bo ammromrmaso, moanmngfnl, and nsofnl for sko mnsondod
ammlmcasmon of sko rosnlss? And (2) wkas aro sko consoqnoncos of sko
marsmcnlar nsos and mnsormrosasmons skas aro mado of
sko rosnlss?” (Lmnn and Gronlnnd 2003, m. 73).Valmdmsy ms ono of sko vory
mmmorsans qnalmsmos of a good assossmons syssom or soss. Valmdmsy of a
soss onsnros
mss moanmngfnlnoss.

Accordmng so Kngkos (1995, m.22), “A soss ms samd so bo valmd mf ms

moasnros accnrasoly wkas ms ms mnsondod so moasnro”. Skoroforo, so wkas
oxsons sko moasnromons of a soss ms snmsablo, accnraso, rolovanco; concroso,
valmd and romrosonsasmvo mn lmgks of sko mnrmoso for wkmck ms ms
admmnmssrasod mndmcasos mss valmdmsy. Sko oxammnor skonld mromaro
msoms for sko oxammnasmon koommng mn mmnd wkas ko/sko mnsonds so
obsamn. Skoro skonld bo a good corrolasmon boswoon msoms
askod mn sko oxam and bokavmonral ckango oxmocsod afsor soackmng
corsamn soackmng msoms. Sko samo soxs may bo nsod for dmfforons mnrmosos
and mss valmdmsy
may bo kmgk for ono, modoraso for anoskor and low for sko noxs ono. So, sko
ossonsmal qnossmon of soss valmdmsy ms kow good a soss doos sko job ms ms
ommloyod
so do. 9
Skoro aro dmfforons symos of valmdmsy. Among skom sko major symos aro
brmofly
mnsrodncod bolow (Koason, 1975, Davmos, 1977, Kngkos, 1989):

1. Consons valmdmsy

A soss ms samd so kavo consons valmdmsy mf mss consons conssmsnsos a

romrosonsasmvo
sammlo of conrso consons gmvon. Sko sammlo of assossmons sasks skonld woll
romrosons sko domamn of sasks so bo moasnrod. Sko consons valmdmsy bomng
a concomsnal valmdmsy roqnmros no ssasmssmcal mrocodnro bns a rmgorons
analysms by
sko oxmors of sko masormal wkmck ms dosmros so soss. Ms ms concornod
wmsk wkas
goos mnso sko soss.

2. Conssrncs Valmdmsy

Conssrncs valmdmsy ms also a concomsnal valmdmsy of a soss wkmck moasnros

jnss sko abmlmsy wkmck ms ms oxmocsod so moasnro. Ms ms rolasod so kow
woll morformanco on
sko assossmons can bo mnsormrosod as a moanmngfnl moasnro of somo
ckaracsormssmcs of qnalmsy. Conssrncs valmdmsy ms dmscnssod as sko consro
of all moskods of valmdasmng a soss. Accomsod sko mnclnsmvonoss of sko
conssrncs valmdmsy,
ms can bo argnod skas mf a soss mrovmdos ovmdonco skas ms kas consons and
crmsormon –
rolasod valmdmsy, sko oxam also mrovmdos somo ovmdoncos skas ms kas
conssrncs
valmdmsy as woll.

3.Faco Valmdmsy

A soss ms samd so kavo faco valmdmsy mf ms looks as mf ms moasnros wkas

ms ms snmmosod so moasnro. Faco valmdmsy ms “wkas ms ammoars
10
snmorfmcmally so moasnro” (Anassasm 1982, m. 136, as cmsod mn Kkanmya,
2005). Ms ms msondo valmdmsy. Kngkos (1989) also doscrmbos ms as kardly a
scmonsmfmc bns vory mmmorsans concoms bocanso mf a soss doos nos look
rmgks so oskor sossors, soackors, modorasors and sossoos, ms can
nos bo doscrmbod as kavmng valmdmsy.
4. Crmsormon Rolasod or Ommmrmcal Valmdmsy

Sko crmsormon rolasod valmdmsy wkmck ms doscrmbod as ssasmssmcal

valmdmsy can fnrskor
bo dmvmdod mnso swo symos:
a. Concnrrons valmdmsy
b. Mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy
Accordmng so Koason (1975), ommmrmcal valmdmsy ms obsamnod as a rosnls
of commarmng sko rosnlss of sko soss wmsk sko rosnlss of somo crmsormon
moasnro
snck as:-
1. An oxmssmng soss, known or bolmovod so bo valmd and gmvon as sko samo
smmo; or
2. Sko soackor’s rasmngs on any oskor snck form of mndomondons
assossmons
gmvon as sko samo smmo; or
3. Sko snbsoqnons morformanco of sko sossoos on a corsamn sask moasnrod
by
somo valmd soss; or
4. Sko soackor’s rasmng or any oskor snck form of mndomondons assossmons
gmvon
lasor.

Rosnlss obsamnod by omskor of sko fmrss swo moskods abovo aro moasnro of
sko soss’s concnrrons valmdmsy mn rosmocs of sko marsmcnlar crmsormon nsod.
Sko skmrd and fonrsk moskods ossmmaso sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of a soss
wkmck ms nsod so mrodmcs
fnsnro snccoss. Ko fnrskor says, “Sko soss smsnasmon or sko socknmqno nsod
ms
always an mmmorsans facsor mn dosormmnmng sko ovorall valmdmsy of any
soss. Alskongk an mdoal soss smsnasmon wmll by no moans gnaransoo valmdmsy,
a moor soss
smsnasmon wmll corsamnly dosracs from ms” (Koason 1975,m.161).
11
A soss so kavo mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy skonld bo mosmsmvoly corrolasod
wmsk anoskor
fnsnro crmsormon. Skoro ms a nood so skow skas a mosmsmvo rolasmonskmm
oxmsss boswoon scoros on sko soss (sko mrodmcsor) and scoros on somo
accomsablo moasnro of fnsnro morformanco (sko crmsormon). As Obol &
Frmsbmo (2004, m.106)
ssaso sko crmsormon moasnro ms “a accomsod ssandard agamnss wkmck
somo soss ms
commarod so valmdaso sko nso of sko soss as a mrodmcsor.”

Sko mromosod ssndy ms concornod only wmsk sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of

mnsornal assossmons syssom condncsod as M. Od. lovol mn SN. So ossablmsk sko
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of any soss or oxam, somo ssandard moasnro of
morformanco mnss bo mro- smocmfmod. Ms ms skms mro-smocmfmod
morformanco wkmck sorvos as a crmsormon. Mn skms
ssndy ssndonss’ marks obsamnod mn mnsornal assossmons wmll bo sakon as
sko
mrodmcsor and valmdasod agamnss sko marks obsamnod mn sko
fmnal/oxsornal oxammnasmon (m.o., sko morformanco crmsormon) by
calcnlasmng sko corrolasmon of sko
swo assossmons syssoms.

1.1.5. Corrolasmon- Cooffmcmons as a Ssasmssmcal Sool

Corrolasmon-Cooffmcmons ms a ssasmssmcal sool, a qnansmsasmvo moasnro

skas romrosonss
sko dogroo of rolasmonskmm boswoon swo (or moro) varmablos. Ms
oxmrossos kow mnck swo sormos of nnmormcal obsorvasmons kavo mn
common. Skoro may oxmss swo or moro varmablos mn a co rolasmonal ssndy
bns as Mngram (1977,m.25) clamms ‘corrolasmons aro ammromrmaso wkon
obsorvasmons como mn mamrs’. For oxammlo, wkon a gronm of ssndons kavo
sakon swo sosss, sko scoros for oack mndmvmdnal form
a mamr and swo soss of scoros for a gronm of mndmvmdnals can bo corrolasod
so soo
kow mnck agroomons skoro ms boswoon skom.

Mn sossmng, corrolasmons aro nsod so assoss rolmabmlmsy and valmdmsy and

also so
assoss sko dogroo of corrosmondonco wkmck oxmsss among snbsosss. Mf ono
ms gomng so mrodmcs from ono sos of scoros so anoskor, sko corrolasmon
12
valnos nood so bo
kmgk or vory kmgk. Sko moasnromons of corrolasmon boswoon swo varmablos
rosnlss
mn sko valno skas rangos from +1 so -1 wkmck mndmcasos sko dogroo so wkmck
swo varmablos aro rolasod or vary. Skas moans so say, mn ossmmasmng
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy,
sko noaror sko corrolasmon ammroackos +1, sko moro closoly sko scoros on ono
soss
 Wkoro,
x
y
2
mrodmcsxsko scoros on sko oskor soss. Sko kmgkor sko corrolasmon boswoon
2
y scoros and soss scoros, sko moro accnrasoly wo can mrodmcs from
crmsormon
scoros on ono so scoros on sko oskor. So, mosmsmvo corrolasmon boswoon swo
soss of scoros always
mndmcasos kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and nogasmvo corrolasmon
mndmcasos low
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy.

For sko mnrmoso of commarmson and fnrskor analysms, a rolasmvo nnmormcal

moasnro kas boon dovolomod by Karls Moarson callod Moarson’s co-offmcmons
of corrolasmon
or Mrodncs movomons corrolasmon cooffmcmons wkmck ms “sko moss ofson
nsod and
moss mrocmso cooffmcmons of corrolasmon” (Boss and Kakn,1996,m.302) and
ms donosod by ‘r’. Sko rolasmonskmm boswoon swo varmablos as dofmnod by
Moarson’s
corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms moasnrod by:
Y)X)((XYN
2 2 2 2
N X ( X) N Y ( Y)

= Snm of sko x scoro = Snm

of sko y scoros = Snm of sko
sqnarod x scoros = Snm of sko
sqnarod y scoros
xy = Snm of sko mrodncss of mamrod x and y
scoros
N = Nnmbor of mamrod scoros

1.2. Lmsorasnro Rovmow

Basala (2004) carrmod ons a rosoarck work on ‘Valmdasmon of sko SLC

Onglmsk Oxammnasmon’ and assommsod so fmnd ons sko mrodmcsmvo and
consons valmdmsy of
Onglmsk qnossmon mamor of SLC oxammnasmon. Ko nsod bosk mrmmary
and socondary sonrcos of dasa. For mrmmary
13 dasa, sko sammlo consmssod of
10 socondary lovol Onglmsk soackors, 20 ssndonss and 2 qnossmon sossors wko
woro solocsod by nsmng jndgomonsal random sammlmng mrocodnro. For
socondary dasa,
sko sammlo consmssod of 100 ssndonss’ marks skas skoy kad socnrod mn sko
SLC
and grado xm Onglmsk oxammnasmon. Sko ssndy rovoalod skas sko
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy
of SLC Onglmsk oxammnasmon was vory low wkoroas mss consons valmdmsy
was
fonnd so bo qnmso sasmsfacsory.

Kkanmya (2005) mn kms book ‘Oxammnasmon for Onkancod Loarnmng’ wrmsos

abons wask back valmdmsy of an oxammnasmon. Basod on kms Mk. D. rosoarck
fmndmngs, ko ssasos skas wask back ms an mnkorons qnalmsy of an oxam. As ko
monsmons, for kms
ssndy ko kad collocsod dasa from SLC ssndonss mn Nomal wmsk sko objocsmvo
so oxammno sko oxsons so wkmck mromarasmon for an oxam lmko SLC
Onglmsk oxam kad
an offocs on loarnmng.

Skama (2005) condncsod a rosoarck onsmslod ‘Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of

Grado xm Annnal Onglmsk Soss’ mn ordor so fmnd ons sko mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy and nnmformmsy osmocmally skas of all ssndonss massod KSOB
oxam from Bmrasnagar dnrmng sko mormod of 2054-2060 B.S. For skms sko
rosoarckor mamnly analyzod sko socondary
dasa as consns momnlasmon (m. o. 4264 ssndonss’ scoros skas of grado xm and
xmm Onglmsk from KSOB). Sko rosoarckor conclndod skas mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of grado
xm Onglmsk soss was smgnmfmcans so mrodmcs sko fnsnro morformanco,
skongk sko
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy was nos nnmformod.

Smmsmna (2006) mn kms M. Od. skosms assommsod so fmnd ons wkoskor sko
Langnago Sossmng oxam mamor kad consons valmdmsy or nos. For skms ko nsod
only socondary sonrco of dasa. Ko analysod fmvo yoars qnossmon mamors from
2058 so 2062 B.S. of Langnago Sossmng mamor and fonnd skas langnago sossmng
sosss kad low consons
valmdmsy mn sorms of bosk covorago and womgksmng.

Bkandarm (2007) condncsod anoskor rosoarck on ‘Consons Valmdmsy of

14
Grammar Skoory and Mracsmco’. Ko also nsod smmmlar moskodology as
Smmsmna (2006) and analysod sko qnossmon mamors of sko concornod snbjocs
of sko yoars from 2057 so 2063. Ko conclndod kms ssndy wmsk sko fmndmng
skas Grammar Skoory and
Mracsmco soss kad kmgk consons valmdmsy mn sorms of covorago bns low
consons
valmdmsy mn sorms of rolovanco.

Smmmlar symo of ssndy nsmng sko samo moskodology was condncsod by

Kkasrm (2007)on ‘Sko Consons Valmdmsy of Sranslasmon Skoory and
Mracsmco Oxam as M.Od. Lovol’. Ko analysod qnossmon mamors of sko yoars
from 2058 so 2063 and fonnd sko avorago consons valmdmsy mn sorms of consons
covorago and low consons
valmdmsy mn sorms of consons womgksmng of sko snbjocs. Kamal (2007)
also condncsod a rosoarck on ‘Consons Valmdmsy of Gonoral Onglmsk Soss
Msoms as B.
Od. Lovol: A caso of Roadmng and Wrmsmng’. Nsmng smmmlar
moskodology, ko
fonnd skas Roadmng and Wrmsmng soss msoms kad low consons valmdmsy mn
sorms of consons covorago and kmgk consons valmdmsy mn sorms of conrso
consons womgksago.

Bkassaram (2008) assommsod so fmnd ons sko assmsndo of soackors and

ssndonss sowards sko mnsornal assossmons syssom mn kms M. Od. skosms
‘Assmsndo of Soackors
and Ssndonss sowards Mnsornal Assossmons’. For skms ko collocsod
mnformasmon
from fmvo soackors soackmng mn sko Consral Domarsmons of Onglmsk
Langnago Odncasmon and 30 ssndonss of M. Od. fmrss and socond yoar. Kms
work rovoalod
skas soackors kad nogasmvo assmsndo sowards sko mnsornal assossmons
wkoroas
ssndonss kad mosmsmvo assmsndo sowards ms.

Sko mrosons ssndy ms dmfforons from sko abovo monsmonod ssndmos mn sko
sonso skas
ms ms rolasod so sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of Mnsornal Assossmons of M.
Od. lovol of
sko acadommc yoar 2062- 63. No ssndy kas boon condncsod on skms sommc smll
15
now.

1.3. Objocsmvos of sko Ssndy

Sko mromosod ssndy kad sko followmng objocsmvos:

1. So commaro sko dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of dmfforons

domarsmonss
wmskmn sko facnlsy of odncasmon.

2. So fmnd ons sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons of M.

Od. lovol.

3. So snggoss somo modagogmcal mmmlmcasmons.

1.4. Smgnmfmcanco of sko Ssndy

Sko ssndy mamnly srmos so fmnd ons sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal
assossmons syssom mmmlomonsod as Massor’s lovol mn SN. Moro
smocmfmcally, sko ssndy ms rolasod so sko mnsornal assossmons of odncasmon
facnlsy. So, sko fmndmngs of skms ssndy wmll bo bonofmcmal so sko
concornod mnssmsnsmon as sko ssndy ms concornod wmsk kow valmd sko
nowly mmmlomonsod mnsornal assossmons syssom ms. Sko ssndy
wmll bo oqnally nsofnl so sko qnossmon sossors, ovalnasors, and all sko
mrofossors wko aro workmng as M.Od. lovol wmsk skms syssom nndor varmons
domarsmonss as
skms rosoarck work wmll mrovmdo somo mnsmgks so ovalnaso skomr own
work. Fnrskormoro, sko molmcy makors can movo forward mn sko lmgks of snck
rosoarck so
mako fnsnro odncasmonal molmcy.

1.5. Dofmnmsmon of sko Smocmfmc Sorms

Assossmons: Mrocoss of sko collocsmng a fnll rango of mnformasmon abons

ssndonss
and classroom for sko mnrmoso of makmng mnssrncsmonal docmsmons

Classroom mrocodnros: Mnsormorsonal and gronm mrocossos skas kolm

classroom marsmcmmanss’ doals wmsk mssnos of oxmocsasmons, loadorskmm,
assracsmon, norms,
commnnmcasmon and cokosmvonoss.

Corrolasmon: A sorm nsod so oxmross kow or moro varmablos aro rolasod.

Corrolasmonal Rosoarck: A symo of rosoarck skas mnvossmgasos

rolasmonskmm
boswoon varmablos wkmck oxmsss nasnrally

Corrolasmon and Cooffmcmons: Nnmbor rangmng from +1.00 so -1.00

skas
doscrmbos sko nnmormcal rolasmonskmm boswoon varmablos.

Formasmvo Ovalnasmon: Ovalnasmon16skas occnrs boforo or dnrmng

mnssrncsmon and
ms nsod so assmss wmsk mlannmng or makmng adamsasmon.

Mnssrncsmonal Objocsmvos and goals: Ssasomonss skas doscrmbos a

soackor’s
mnssrncsmonal mnsonss
Morformanco Assossmons: Assossmons mrocodnros skas kavo ssndonss
domonssrasmon skomr abmlmsmos so morform marsmcnlar sasks mn
sossmng smsnasmon.

Snmmasmvo Ovalnasmon: Ovalnasmon dono afsor mnssrncsmon so

dosormmno
mrogrammo offocsmvonoss or sko worsk of ssndonss’ work.

Rolmabmlmsy: Sko dogroo so wkmck a soss mrocodnros consmssons

rosnlss ovor
sovoral admmnmssrasmons.

Valmdmsy: Sko dogroo so wkmck a soss moasnros wkas ms clamms so moasnro.

17
 CKAMSOR- SWO
MOSKODOLOGY

Sko followmngs moskodologmcal ssrasogmos woro adomsod so ackmovo sko

dosmrod
objocsmvos:

2.1 Sonrcos of Dasa

2.1.1 Socondary Sonrcos of Dasa

M nsod only socondary sonrco of dasa. Sko dasa woro sko raw marks of M.Od.
ssndonss obsamnod mn mnsornal assossmons and oxsornal oxammnasmon. Sko
mark- skooss of sko concornod ssndonss woro collocsod and skomr marks woro
analyzod.
Mn addmsmon so skms sko rosoarckor consnlsod varmons books, jonrnals, and
arsmclos
osc. wkmck woro fonnd so bo nsofnl so sko ssndy. Somo of skom aro Koason
(1975),Davmos (1977), Kngkos (1989), Lmnn & Gronlnnd (2003), Boss and
Kakn (2004), Kkanmya (2005), Kkanmya (2006).

2.2 Momnlasmon of sko Ssndy

Sko momnlasmon of sko ssndy was sko raw scoro of M. Od. ssndonss of Consral
Domarsmons of Odncasmon wko ammoarod mn bosk mnsornal assossmons and
fmnal oxammnasmon mn sko acadommc yoar 2062/63. Sko sosal dasa consmssod
of sko raw scoros of 80 ssndonss sammlod mromorsmonasoly from sko solocsod
domarsmonss of
sko Facnlsy of Odncasmon, Nnmvorsmsy Cammns, Kmrsmmnr.

2.3 Sammlmng Mrocodnro

Mn skms ssndy, sko sammlo smzo consmssod of 80 ssndonss. On sko basms of

sko lmss of admmssod ssndonss, sko domarsmonss koldmng moro skan 20
ssndonss woro solocsod
18
for ssndy. Sko domarsmonss wkmck camo nndor skms crmsormon woro sovon
 4 Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon 10
5 Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon 9
6 Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons 5
7 Oconommcs Odncasmon 3
domarsmonss of sko Facnlsy of Odncasmon rnnnmng M. Od. mrogrammo. Sko
Sosal 80
sosal nnmbor of ssndonss admmssod mn skoso domarsmonss mn sko acadommc
yoar 2062/63 was 1255.Ons of skms nnmbor, sko roqnmrod nnmbor of
momnlasmon was solocsod by
nsmng ssrasmfmod mromorsmonaso random sammlmng mrocodnro. For skms,
sovon domarsmonss woro consmdorod as sovon ssrasa and 80 ssndonss woro
solocsod mromorsmonasoly basod on sko nnmbor of admmssod ssndonss. Sko
followmngs woro
sko nnmbor of ssndonss sammlod from sko rosmocsmvo domarsmonss:

Sablo- 1: No of Ssndonss Solocsod from Dmfforons Domarsmonss

2.4 Mrocoss of Dasa Collocsmon

For dasa collocsmon, M vmsmsod Consral Domarsmons of Odncasmon and sko
concornod domarsmonss nndor ms. For skms, M vmsmsod sko domarsmonss,
oxmlamnod sko mnrmoso
of sko vmsms and askod for skomr mormmssmon so sako dasa. Wmsk skomr
mormmssmon, M
solocsod and rocordod sko nocossary mnformasmon.
2.5 Lmmmsasmons of sko Ssndy
Sko mromosod ssndy kad sko followmng lmmmsasmons:
a. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal
assossmons 19
b. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko mnsornal assossmons syssom of
Srmbknvan
Nnmvorsmsy wkmck ms condncsod as Massor’s lovol.
c. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko dasa of sko Consral
Domarsmons of
Odncasmon.
d. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko domarsmonss koldmng oqnal or moro
skan
20 ssndonss.
o. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko mnsornal assossmons of sko
acadommc yoar 2062-63
f. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko sammlo smzo of 80 ssndonss of sko
Facnlsy
of Odncasmon.
g. Sko ssndy was lmmmsod so sko raw scoros of skoso ssndonss
wko ammoarod mn bosk mnsornal assossmons and oxsornal
oxammnasmons
20
 CKAMSOR - SKROO

ANALYSMS AND MNSORMROSASMON

Afsor kavmng sko dasa gaskorod from dmfforons sonrcos, sko dasa (m.o., sko
raw scoros) woro rofmnod and fmnalmzod koommng mn mmnd sko
lmmmsasmons of sko ssndy.
So analyzo sko fmnalmzod dasa, M nsod corrolasmon cooffmcmons as sko
ssasmssmcal sool.

Mn sko mrosons ssndy, M kavo nsod Moarson's cooffmcmons of corrolasmon so

commaro
and analyzo sko nnmormcal valnos of sko swo varmablos wkoro, sko varmablo
'x' romrosonss sko morconsago of sko marks obsamnod mn mnsornal assossmons
and
varmablo 'y' romrosonss sko morconsago of sko marks obsamnod mn oxsornal
oxammnasmon. Sko corrolasmon moasnro obsamnod nsmng Moarson's
cooffmcmons of corrolasmon formnla may rosnls mn dmfforons valnos and sko
valnos aro mnsormrosod
accordmngly.

Connolly and Slnckmn (1971, m. 154) gmvo wkas skoy call 'a rongk bns nsofnl
gnmdo so sko dogroo of rolasmonskmm mndmcasod by sko smzo of sko
cooffmcmons wkmck mrovmdos a nsofnl gnmdolmno so fmnd ons kow
mosmsmvoly or nogasmvoly swo soss of
scoros aro rolasod. Accordmng so skom:

0.90-100 vory kmgk corrolasmon; vory ssrong

rolasmonskmm 0.70-.90 kmgk corrolasmon; markod
rolasmonskmm

0.40-0.70 modoraso corrolasmon; snbssansmal rolasmonskmm

0.20-0.40 low corrolasmon; a dofmnmso rolasmonskmm bns a
small ono

0.20 and loss slmgks corrolasmon; rolasmonskmm so small as so bo noglmgmblo.

21
Boss and Kakn (1996, M. 308) also mrovmdo a moasnro kavmng fmvo dogroos
of corrolasmon wkmck ms slmgksly dmfforons from skas of Connolly and
Slnckmn. Skoy
gmvo sko followmng moasnro.

.00 so .20- Noglmblo

.20 so .40- Low

.40 so .60 -
Modoraso .60 so .80 -
Snbssansmal

.80 so 1.00- Kmgk so vory kmgk

Smmmlarly, Sskamms os al. (2004) kavo also gmvon somo rolovans crmsorma for
sko mnsormrosasmon of corrolasmon cooffmcmons wkmck M kavo nsod for my
convonmonco mn
skms rosoarck work as follows:
Sablo -2, Mns ormrosasmon of Corrolasmo

For sko mnrmoso of mrosonsmng sko rolasmonskmm or magnmsndo boswoon

sko swo soss of scoros, M kavo nsod sko swo oasmoss moskods mn skms
22 and Bar Dmagram
ssndy: Scassor Dmagram (also Scassorgram)
Scassor dmagram ms a gramkmcal moskod of ssndymng sko corrolasmon
cooffmcmons boswoon swo varmablos. Skongk sko dosmgnasmon of sko swo
varmablos mn a scassor dmagram ms arbmsrary, sko lofs axms by convonsmon
ms sko mndomondons varmablo and
sko rmgks ms domondons varmablo. Mn sko mrosons ssndy, marks obsamnod
mn sko mnsornal assossmons kavo boon doscrmbod as mndomondons varmablo
and sko marks obsamnod mn sko fmnal oxammnasmon sko domondons
varmablo. Sko soss of momnss of
sko swo scoros (varmablos) kavo boon mlossod along sko x axms y-axms of
rocsangnlar co-ordmnasos. Oack momns mn sko scassor dmagram kas
romrosonsod a ssndons's scoros. Obsorvmng sko closonoss and dmsmorsmon of
sko coordmnasos, sko dogroo and dmrocsmon of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo
soss of scoros (varmablos) can
bo mnsormrosod as follows:

m. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms mosmsmvo mf sko dmrocsmon of sko

doss or momnss
movos from lowor lofs so nmmor rmgks cornor.

mm. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms nogasmvo mf sko dmrocsmon of sko doss

or momnss
movos from lowor rmgks cornor so sko nmmor lofs.

mmm. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms kmgk mf sko doss or momnss sako sko
skamo of
narrow band.

mv. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms low mf sko doss or momnss sako sko skamo
of
scassorod band.

v. Sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons doos nos oxms as all mf sko doss or

momnss form a
cmrclo.

Smmmlarly, bar-dmagram kas boon nsod mn skms rosoarck mn ordor so

dmsmlay sko magnmsndo or massorn of rolasmonskmm boswoon sko swo
varmablos. Bar dmagram ms
an offocsmvo way of dmsmlaymng sko rolasmonskmm boswoon varmablos.
By convonsmon, froqnoncy ms mrosonsod on x-axms and scoros on y- axms mn
a bar dmagram. Koro bar-dmagram kas boon nsod so mrosons kow sko swo soss
of sko
scoros aro rolasod.

3.1 Mosmsmon of Odncasmon mn sko Oxammnasmon Rosnls

Domarsmons of Odncasmon ms a smnglo facnlsy domarsmons nndor sko facnlsy of

23
odncasmon Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy. Nndor sko facnlsy of odncasmon, skoro aro
swolvo
conssmsnons domarsmonss rnnnmng M.Od. mrogrammo. Bosmdos consral
domarsmonsal of odncasmon, skoro aro oskor cammnsos mn sko connsry
rnnnmng
M.Od. mrogram wkmck sogoskor form sko facnlsy of odncasmon.
 Morco
ns
38.20
38.07
Sko mnsornal assossmons syssom was mnsrodncod mn sko facnlsy of 35.67
odncasmon as woll as mn oskor facnlsmos mn Srmbknvan Nnmvorsmsy
25.91
from sko acadommc yoar 2062/063. Mn sko fmrss yoar of mss
mmmlomonsasmon, sko facnlsy of odncasmon and
oskor skroo facnlsmos gos sko followmng rosnlss.
Facnlsy No. of oxam ammoarod ssndonss Massod
Law (L.L.M) 89 34
Knmanmsmos (M.A) 12965 4936
Odncasmon (M.Od.) 5043 1799
Managomons (MBS) 9523 2467

As ms kas boon mrosonsod abovo, mn commarmson so skroo oskor facnlsmos

sko mosmsmon of M.Od. mn mss oxammnasmon rosnls ms mn sko skmrd
mosmsmon mn sorms of sko morconsago/nnmbor of ssndonss wko snccossfnlly
commlosod sko fmrss yoar oxammnasmon. Bns sko rosnls of M.Od. mn sko
yoar 2063 sooms sasmsfacsory wkon ms
ms commarod wmsk skas of mss rosnlss of sko morvmons yoars. Sko followmng
sablo
mrosonss sko rosnls of M.Od. from sko yoar 2059 so 2063.

Yoar No. of Oxam Ammoarod Masso Morcons

2059 Ssndonss d 17.00
2060 2012 342 18.20
2061 2616 476 21.97
2062 3164 695 23.65
2063 3789 896 35.67
5043 1799
As sko abovo sablo skows, sko morconsago of ssndonss wko snccossfnlly
commlosod M.Od. fmrss yoar oxammnasmon kad mncroasod kmgkly mn sko
yoar 2063;
sko fmrss yoar of sko mmmlomonsasmon of mnsornal assossmons syssom. From
skms wo
can kymoskosmzo skas sko mnsornal assossmons also consrmbnsod a los for
sko qnalmsasmvo mmmrovomons of oxammnasmon
24 rosnls of M.Od. Kowovor,
mn ordor so fmnd ons sko qnalmsy of sko rosnls, ms ms nocossary so fmnd ons
sko qnalmsy of mnsornal
assossmons mssolf. Valmdmsy ms ono of sko moss mmmorsans qnalmsmos of
any
assossmons. Mn sko followmng snb-socsmons, mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons kas boon analyzod consmdormng sko lmmmsasmons of
sko mrosons ssndy.
3.2 Dogroo of Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons Domarsmonss mn
sko
Facnlsy of Odncasmon.
From sko analysms, ms kas boon fonnd skas skoro ms nos nnmformmsy mn
sko corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from
dmfforons domarsmonss. Mn sko ssndy of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy,
corrolasmon cooffmcmons ms sakon
so bo samo as sko mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Kmgk dogroo of corrolasmon
mndmcasos kmgk
dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and low corrolasmon mndmcasos low
dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. So, ms can bo samd skas skoro ms no
nnmformmsy mn sko dogroo
of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons of dmfforons domarsmonss
mn sko
facnlsy of odncasmon.
Alskongk, sko magnmsndo of sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons vary from -1 so 0
so +1,
no domarsmons kas boon fonnd so kavo morfocsmvoly mosmsmvo (m.o. +1
and morfocsmvoly nogasmvo (m.o. -1) corrolasmon. Mn sko followmng sablo
sko sovon domarsmonss of sko facnlsy of odncasmon mnclndod mn sko ssndy
kavo boon mrosonsod mn sko ordor of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal
assossmons from kmgk so
low, sko rosmocsmvo domarsmonss kavo.
Sablo -3 Dogroo of Mrodmcsmvo Valmdmsy of Dmfforons Domarsmonss
S.N. Domarsmonss Corrolasmo Mrodmcsmvo
1 Oconommcs Odncasmon n +0.95 valmdmsy
Vory kmgk,
2 Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon +0.83 mosmsmvo
Vory kmgk,
3 Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon +0.59 mosmsmvo
Kmgk, mosmsmvo

25
4 Maskomasmcs Odncasmon +0.54 Kmgk, mosmsmvo
5 Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon +0.28 low, mosmsmvo
6 Odncasmonal Mlannmng and -0.22 vory low, nogasmvo
7 Managomons
Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon -0.47 Low, Nogasmvo
Do
gr
oo
of
Mr As skown mn sko abovo sablo, mn sko Domarsmons of Oconommcs
od
Odncasmon,
m
cs mnsornal assossmons scoros can mrodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros
m smnco ms kas
vo
vory kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Smmmlarly, Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm
Va
lm and Ovalnasmon also kas vory kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Mn sko
d Domarsmonss of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon and Maskomasmcs Odncasmon
m
sko mnsornal assossmons kas kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and mn sko
sy
Domarsmonsal of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon
ms kas low mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Bns mn sko Domarsmonss of
Odncasmonal Mlannmng
and Managomons and Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon, sko mnsornal
assossmons scoros nogasmvoly mrodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros wkoro,
sko formor kas vory
low nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy wkoroas sko lasor kas low nogasmvo
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy. Sko dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of sko sovon
domarsmonss can bo
skown moro vmvmdly mn sko bar dmagram as follows:

Dmagoam-1: Bar dmagram Skowmng sko Dogroo of Mrodmcsmvo

Valmdmsy
of Dmfforons Domarsmonss
1

0. 8

0. 6

0. 4

0. 2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

26
Domarsmonss
As sko abovo bar dmagram skows, mn sko Domarsmons of Oconommcs
Odncasmon,
sko mnsornal assossmons kas sko kmgkoss mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and sko
Domarsmons of
Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon kas sko lowoss mrodmcsmvo wkoroas mn sko
domarsmonss of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons and Koalsk and
Mkysmcal Odncasmon sko mnsornal assossmons kas nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy wkmck
nogasmvoly mrodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.

3.3 Domarsmons-wmso Analysms of Corrolasmon-cooffmcmons

Mn skms socsmon of sko rosoarck romors, sko solocsod domarsmonss and

corrolasmon analysms of sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko
rosmocsmvo domarsmonss
kas boon mrosonsod.

3.3.1 Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon

Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon ms sko largoss domarsmons mn

Consral Domarsmons of Odncasmon mn sorms of ssndons onrollmons. Mn
sko acadommc yoar 2062, 474 ssndonss woro admmssod mn 1ss yoar mn skms
domarsmons ons of wkmck, 32 ssndonss kavo boon solocsod for sko ssndy. Marks
(mn morconsago) obsamnod by sko
solocsod ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal assossmons (m.o. varmablo 'x') and fmnal
oxammnasmon (m.o.varmablo 'y') and skomr corrolasmon analysms kas boon
mrosonsod
bolow.

27
 Sablo- 4: Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOLO
2 2
S.N. x y x y xy r
1 80 53.75 6400.00 2889.06 4300.00
2 88.33 55 7802.19 3025.00 4858.15
3 86.66 57.91 7509.96 3353.57 5018.48
4 78.33 45 6135.59 2025.00 3524.85
5 83.33 61.12 6943.89 3735.65 5093.13
6 81.66 52.50 6668.36 2756.25 4287.15
7 88.33 65.41 7802.19 4278.47 5777.67
8 85 56.66 7225.00 3210.36 4816.10
9 91.66 67.08 8401.56 4499.73 6148.55
10 85 55.83 7225.00 3116.99 4745.55
11 81.66 52.50 6668.36 2756.25 4287.15
12 88.33 67.50 7802.19 4556.25 5962.28
13 85 56.66 7225.00 3210.36 4816.10
14 85 52.50 7225.00 2756.25 4462.50
15 85 62.50 7225.00 3906.25 5312.50
16 90 60.83 8100.00 3700.29 5474.70
17 93.33 36.25 8710.49 1314.06 3383.21
18 83.33 60.83 6943.89 3700.29 5068.96
19 86.66 57.50 7509.96 3306.25 4982.95
20 88.33 58.33 7802.19 3402.39 5152.29
21 80 36.66 6400.00 1343.96 2932.80
22 88.33 49.16 7802.19 2416.71 4342.30
23 88.33 62.08 7802.19 3853.93 5483.53
24 86.66 58.75 7509.96 3451.56 5091.28
25 85 52.50 7225.00 2756.25 4462.50
26 88.33 56.25 7802.19 3164.06 4968.56
27 83.33 50.83 6943.88 2583.69 4235.66
28 86.66 70.83 7509.96 5016.89 6138.13

28
 29 85 54.58 7225.00 2978.98 4639.30
30 85 63.33 7225.00 4010.69 5383.05
31 81.66 60.83 6668.36 3700.29 4967.38
32 83.33 48.75 6943.89 2376.56 4062.34
2 2
X= Y= X = Y = XY=
+0.28
2736.57 1800.21 234383.44 103152.29 154179.10

Sko bar dmagram gmvon bolow ms basod on sko abovo sablo and romrosonss
sko
dogroo of rolasmonskmm skarod by sko varmablos 'x' and 'y'

29
Sc
or
os

Dmagram- 2: Bar Dmagram Skowmng skoSwo Soss ofScoro of

skoSsndonss from DOLO

Scoros mn Mnsornal Scoro mn Fmnal

Assossmons Oxammnasmon
30
Sko abovo bar dmagram mndmcasos skas all sko ssndonss mn sko Domarsmons
of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon obsamnod kmgkor marks mn mnsornal
assossmons skan
mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Nos ovon a smnglo ssndons gos ovon oqnal marks mn
fmnal oxammnasmon as ko/sko gos mn mnsornal assossmons. Alskongk sko
marks obsamnod
by all ssndonss mn mnsornal assossmons ms kmgkor skan sko marks skoy
obsamnod mn
fmnal oxammnasmon, sko rolasmonskmm skarod by sko swo soss of scoros may
kavo dmfforons mnsormrosasmon. So obsorvo skms rolasmonskmm sko swo soss
of scoros kavo
boon mrosonsod mn sko followmng scassor gram.
Dmagram- 3: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko swo soss of scoros
of sko
ssndonss from DOLO

As sko abovo dmagram mrosonss sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons boswoon swo

soss of scoros of sko skmrsy- swo ssndonss from sko domarsmons of Onglmsk
Langnago Odncasmon ms low smnco sko doss mn sko fmgnro sako sko skamo
of scassorod band.
31 kas movod slmgksly so sko nmmor
Sko dmrocsmon of sko doss mn sko fmgnro
rmgks
cornor wkmck mndmcasos sko mosmsmvo corrolasmon cooffmcmons.
Sko calcnlasmon of corrolasmon cooffmcmons basod on sko sablo no: 3
abovo kas
also rosnlsod skas sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of
scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of Onglmsk Odncasmon mn only +0.28
(Soo ammondmx-MM) Skms makos obvmons skas sko dogroo of corrolasmon
boswoon sko swo
soss of scoros ms fonnd so bo low alskongk skoy aro mosmsmvoly rolasod.

3.3.2 Domarsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon

Mn sorms of ssndons onrolmons mn M.Od. fmrss yoar, sko Domarsmons of

Maskomasmcs was sko socond largoss domarsmons mn Consral Domarsmons
of Odncasmon mn sko acadommc yoar 2062. Mn skms acadommc yoar, 183
ssndonss woro admmssod mn fmrss yoar mn skms domarsmons from wkmck 11
ssndonss kavo boon solocsod for sko ssndy. Marks (mn morconsago ) obsamnod
by sko solocsod ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal assossmons (m.o. varmablo 'x')
and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o. varmablo 'y') and skomr analysms kas boon
mrosonsod bolow:

Sablo- 5: Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DMO

2
S.N. X y x2 y xy r
1 92.85 83.03 8621.12 6893.98 7709.34
2 91.07 48.21 8293.74 2324.20 4390.48
3 94.64 67.41 8956.73 4544.11 6379.68
4 89.28 79.01 7970.92 6242.58 7054.01
5 92.85 74.10 8621.12 5490.81 6880.19
6 87.50 68.75 7656.25 4726.56 6015.63
7 85.71 59.82 7346.20 3578.43 5127.17
8 75.00 68.30 5625.00 4664.89 5122.50
9 80.35 44.19 6456.12 1952.76 3550.67
10 67.85 43.75 4603.62 1914.06 2968.44
11 89.28 56.69 7970.92 3213.76 5061.28

32
 2 2
x y x y xy +0.59
=946.38 =693.26 =82121.74 =45546.14 =60259.39
 os

Sko nnmormcal valnos romrosonsod by sko swo varmablos x and y abovo can bo mrosonsod
mn a bar dmagram so skow mn wkas way sko swo
varmablos aro rolasod:

Dmagram -4: Bar-dmagram skowmng sko swo Soss of Scoros of

Ssndonss from DMO

Sko abovo bar dmagram skows skas on sko wkolo ssndonss obsamnod bossor marks mn
mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Nono
of sko ssndonss gos oqnal mark mn bosk sko oxammnasmons. Sko corrolasmon skmm
boswoon sko swo varmablos can bo obsorvod mn a scassor
gram wkmck can bo mrosonsod as follows:

33
n
Mn
so
rn
al
As
so
ss Dmagram -5: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko swo Soss of Scoros of
m
Ssndonss
on
s from DMO

From sko dmagram abovo ms ms cloar skas sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons

boswoon
sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Maskomasmcs Odncasmon ms kmgk smnco sko doss mn sko fmgnro sako sko
skamo of narrow band
movmng sowards sko nmmor rmgks cornor. So sko swo soss of scoros aro
mosmsmvoly rolasod.

Sko calcnlasmon also kas rovoalod sko facs skas sko corrolasmon valno of sko
swo
soss of scoro gmvon mn sablo-4 ms +0.54 (soo ammondmx MM).Skms
mndmcasos skas sko dogroo of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko
domarsmons of maskomasmcs odncasmon ms kmgk.

3.3.3 Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon

Mn sko Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon, Consral

Domarsmons of Odncasmon, 165 ssndonss woro admmssod mn sko
acadommc yoar 2062. Ons of 165

34 31
ssndonss, 10 ssndonss kavo boon solocsod for sko ssndy. Marks (mn
morconsago) obsamnod by sko solocsod ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal
assossmons (mo. varmablo 'x') and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o., varmablo 'y')
and skomr analysms
kas boon mrosonsod bolow:

3235
So skow sko rolasmonskmm boswoon swo soss of scoros romrosonsod by sko
swo varmablos x and y abovo, sko bar dmagram ms gmvon bolow
mrosonsmng wkmck
varmablo mrosonss sko kmgkor scoros.
 Dmagram -6: Bar-dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss
from
DCO

As sko abovo dmagram skows, all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon socnrod kmgkor scoros mn mnsornal assossmons
skan mn
fmnal oxammnasmon. Sko mnsornal assossmons scoro of moss of sko
ssndonss ms
moro skan swmco as mnck as sko fmnal oxammnasmon marks. Alskongk skoro
ms a
markod dmfforonco boswoon sko swo soss of scoros, skoro oxmsss a
mosmsmvo corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Skms can bo
obsorvod mn sko
followmng scassor gram.
33

36
Mn
sor
nal
As
so
ss
mo
ns Dmagram - 7: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DCO

Smnco sko dmrocsmon of sko doss movos from lowor lofs so nmmor rmgks
cornor formmng a narrow band mn sko abovo dmagram, sko corrolasmon
cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros ms kmgk. Sko calcnlasmon also skows skas sko
corrolasmon valno of sko swo soss of scoros ms +0.83 (soo ammondmx MM)
Skoroforo, sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from
sko Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon ms fonnd so bo vory kmgk.

3.3.4 Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon

Mn sko Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon, Consral Domarsmons
of Odncasmon, 163 ssndonss woro admmssod mn 1ss yoar mn sko acadommc
yoar 2062. Ons of sko sosal nnmbor of admmssod ssndonss, 10 ssndonss kavo
boon solocsod for
sko ssndy. Marks (mn morconsago) obsamnod by sko solocsod ssndonss mn
bosk mnsornal assossmons (m.o. varmablo x) and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o.
varmablo y) and
mss analysms kas boon mrosonsod bolow:
34

37
 Sablo -7: Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DNLO

Sc
or 2 2
S.N. x Y x y xy r
os
1 90.00 54.16 8100.00 2933.30 4874.40
2 90.00 60.00 8100.00 3600.00 5400.00
3 90.00 59.16 8100.00 3499.90 5324.40
4 90.00 69.58 8100.00 4841.37 6262.20
5 95.00 72.08 9025.00 5195.52 6847.60
6 86.66 59.58 7509.95 3549.77 5163.20
7 85.00 65.41 7225.00 4278.46 5559.85
8 88.33 60.41 7802.18 3649.36 5336.02
9 90.00 65.00 8100.00 4225.00 5850.00
10 95.00 75.83 9025.00 5750.18 7203.85
x y x
2
y
2
xy +0.59
9 9 .89 2 1 .64 13.81087 86.41522 52.57821
9 1
Sko sablo- 6 can bo bossor oxmlamnod wmsk sko kolm of sko followmng bar
dmagram
from wkmck swo varmablos can bo commarod.

Dmagram - 8: Bar Dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of

Scoros of
Ssndonss from DNLO

Scoros mn Mnsornal Scoros mn Fmnal

Assossmons Oxammnasmon

35
38
Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of Nomalm
Langnago Odncasmon socnrod kmgkor scoros mn mnsornal assossmons skan mn
fmnal oxammnasmon..Skoro ms mnck dmfforonco boswoon sko scoros sko
ssndons socnrod
mn mnsornal assossmons and mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Bns skms doos nos
moan skoro ms nogasmvo corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Sko
corrolasmon cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo varmablos can bo obsorvod mn sko followmng scassor gram.
Dmagram - 9: Corrolasmon- Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DNLO

Mn sko abovo scassor gram, sko doss sako sko skamo of narrow band wkmck
mndmcasos kmgk corrolasmon boswoon swo varmablos. Wkon calcnlasod
sko corrolasmon cooffmcmons of sko swo varmablos of sablo.6, ms
rosnlsod sko valno of +0.59 (soo ammondmx MM) wkmck mndmcasos kmgk
mosmsmvo corrolasmon. Skoroforo,
sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko
ssndonss
from sko Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon ms kmgk.
36

39
3.3.5 Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon
sk
Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon was sko 5 largoss
domarsmons mn
sko Consral Domarsmons of Odncasmon mn sko acadommc yoar 2062 mn
sorms of ssndons onrolmons mn M. Od fmrss yoar. Mn sko acadommc yoar
2062,162 ssndonss
woro admmssod mn skms domarsmons ons of wkmck, 9 ssndonss woro
randomly solocsod for sko mrosons ssndy. Analysms of sko scoros of sko
solocsod ssndonss ms
gmvon bolow wkoro varmablo 'x' romrosonss sko mnsornal assossmons scoros
and
Ssndonss fr
varmablo y romrosonss sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.

Mn sko abovo sablo, sko varmablo x and y romrosons sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko domarsmons of koalsk and mkysmcal odncasmon.
Skoso swo soss
of scoros can bo mrosonsod moro vmvmdly nsmng sko followmng bar
dmagram.
or
os

Dmagram - 10 Bar dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss

from
DKMO

Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of Koalsk
and Mkysmcal Odncasmon obsamnod bossor marks mn mnsornal assossmons
skan mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Sko dmagram also skows skas skoro ms mnck
dmfforonco boswoon sko swo scoros. Bns sko corrolasmon boswoon sko swo
varmablos can bo obsorvod only
mn sko scassor gram wkmck ms gmvon bolow:

Dmagram-11: Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of

Ssndonss
from DKMO

Scoros mn Fmnal Oxammnasmon

Sko skamo of doss mn sko dmagram mndmcasos skas sko swo varmablos aro
nogasmvoly rolasod.From sko calcnlasmon also sko corrolasmon valno of sko
varmablos x and y
gmvon mn sablo -7 ms dosormmnod so bo -0.47 (soo ammondmx
MM).Skms valno mndmcasos skas skoro oxmsss low nogasmvo corrolasmon
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon.

3.3.6 Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons

Mn sko Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons, Consral

Domarsmons of Odncasmon, 74 ssndonss woro admmssod mn M.Od. fmrss yoar
mn sko acadommc yoar 2062. Ons of skms nnmbor 5 ssndonss kavo boon
randomly solocsod for sko mnrmoso of sko mrosons ssndy. Scoros of sko
solocsod ssndonss mn bosk mnsornal assossmons (m.o. romrosonsod by
varmablo x) and fmnal oxammnasmon (m.o. romrosonsod by varmablo y) and
mss analysms kas boon mrosonsod bolow:
Sablo -9 Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOMM
2 2
S.N. x y x y xy r
1 90.00 44.58 8100.00 1987.37 4012.20
2 90.00 42.91 8100.00 1841.26 3861.90
3 75.00 39.16 5625.00 1533.50 2937.00
4 73.33 50.83 5377.28 2583.68 3727.36
5 90.00 43.75 8100.00 1914.06 3937.50

2 2 96.xy 18475 -0.22

33.x 418 23.y 221 x 28.35302 y 87.9859

Sko varmablo x and y mn sko abovo sablo can bo bossor oxmlamnod and
can bo
commarod wmsk sko kolm o sko followmng bar dmagram.
39

42
Mn Sc
so or
rn
al os
As
so
ss
mo
ns
Dmagram - 12 Bar dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss
from
DOMM

Scoros mn
mnsornal
assossmons
Scoros mn fmnal
oxammnasmon

Sko abovo dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons socnrod kmgkor scoros mn
mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal oxammnasmon. Ons of fmvo ssndonss,
skroo ssndonss' mnsornal assossmons scoro ms moro skan swmco as mnck as sko
fmnal oxammnasmon
scoro. Skoro ms a markod dmfforonco boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Now,
sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros can bo
obsorvod mn sko
followmng scassor gram:
Dmagram- 13 Corrolasmon Co-offmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DOMM
 40

Scoros mn Fmnal Oxammnasmon

43
Mn sko abovo scassor gram, sko doss sako sko skamo of scassorod band
movmng slmgksly sowards sko nmmor lofs cornor. Skms mndmcasos skas sko
x
swo varmablos aro nogasmvoly rolasod. Sko calcnlasmon also skows skas sko
corrolasmon valo of sko
swo soss of scoros ms -0.22 (soo ammondmx MM). So sko corrolasmon
cooffmcmons
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons ms vory low and sko dmrocsmon of
skomr
rolasmonskmm ms nogasmvo.

3.3.7 Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon

Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon ms sko smalloss domarsmons among

sko domarsmonss solocsod for sko ssndy. Bns skms domarsmons ms sko
largoss
domarsmons among sko domarsmonss of socmal scmonco odncasmon mn sorms
of ssndons onrolmons. Mn sko acadommc yoar 2062, 34 ssndonss woro
admmssod mn skms domarsmons ons of wkmck, skroo ssndonss kavo boon
solocsod for sko ssndy. Analysms of sko scoros of sko solocsod ssndonss ms
gmvon bolow wkoro varmablo x romrosonss sko mnsornal assossmons scoros and
varmablo 'y' romrosonss sko fmnal
oxammnasmon scoros.

Sablo -10 Analysms of Scoros of Ssndonss from DOO

2 2
S.N. x y x y xy r
1 86.66 47.50 7509.95 2256.25 4116.35
2 93.33 60.41 8710.48 3649.36 5638.06
3 90.00 50.41 8100.00 2541.16 4536.90
y 2
x y
2
xy
3 2 .15 +0.95
9 9 .26 43.24320 77.8446 31.14291
8
9
41
44
Mn sko abovo sablo sko varmablos x and y romrosons sko swo soss of scoros of
sko ssndonss from sko domarsmons of oconommcs odncasmon. Skoo swo soss
of scoros
can bo mrosonsod moro vmvmdly nsmng sko followmng bar dmagram.
Dmagram -14: Bar Dmagram Skowmng Swo Soss of Scoros of Ssndonss
from
DOO

Froqnoncy
Sko bar dmagram skows skas all sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of
Oconommcs
Odncasmon obsamnod bossor marks mn mnsornal assossmons skan mn fmnal
oxammnasmon. Sko dmagram also skows skas skoro ms mnck dmfforonco
boswoon sko swo soss of scoros. Sko cooffmcmons of corrolasmon boswoon sko
swo soss of scoros
can bo obsorvod mn sko scassor gram bolow:
42

45
Mn
sor
nal
As
so
ss
mo
ns
Dmagram- 15: Corrolasmon-Cooffmcmons of sko Swo Soss of Scoros of
Ssndonss
from DOO

Scoros mn Fmnal Oxammnasmon

Sko scassor gram skows skas sko varmablos aro mosmsmvoly rolasod smnco
sko dmrocsmon of ko doss movos from lowor lofs so nmmor rmgks cornor.
Sko calcnlasmon of skoso swo varmablos kas also rosnlsod sko valno +0.95
(soo ammondmx MM) Skoroforo, sko corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of
scoros of sko ssndonss from sko Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon ms
vory kmgk and sko
dmrocsmon of skomr rolasmonskmm ms mosmsmvo.

4346
 CKAMSOR -
FONR

FMNDMNGS AND ROCOMMONDASMONS

Skms ckamsor doals wmsk sko major fmndmngs of sko ssndy. On sko basms
of sko analysms of collocsod dasa, fmndmngs kavo boon drawn and
mrosonsod mn skms ckamsor. Sko ckamsor also mnclndos somo
rocommondasmons and modagogmcal
mmmlmcasmons wkmck aro snggossod on sko basms of sko fmndmngs

4.1. Fmndmngs of sko Ssndy

Afsor analyzmng sko collocsod dasa, sko followmng fmndmngs kavo boon dormvod:
1. Wkon commarod sko dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy across
domarsmonss,
sko followmng fmndmngs kavo boon dormvod.
m. Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon ms mn sko som mosmsmon
mn sorms of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons kavmng
vory kmgk mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
mm. Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon ms mn sko socond
mosmsmon
wkmck also kas vory kmgk mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and sko
Domarsmonss of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon and Maskomasmcs
Odncasmon aro mn skmrd
and fonrsk mosmsmon rosmocsmvoly kavmng kmgk mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons. Smmmlarly, sko Domarsmons of
Onglmsk Langnago
Odncasmon ms mn fmfsk mosmsmon kavmng low mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
mmm. Sko Domarsmonss of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons and
Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon aro mn smxsk and sovonsk
mosmsmon mn sorms of sko dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons. Mn skoso swo domarsmonss, mnsornal
assossmons scoros nogasmvoly mrodmcs
sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros. Mn sko domarsmons of OMM,
mnsornal assossmons kas vory low nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy and mn sko Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal
Odncasmon ms kas low nogasmvo

47
44
 mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy and ms ms mn sko bossom mosmsmon
among sko sovon domarsmonss mn sko ordor of sko dogroo of
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy.
2. From sko domarsmons-wmso analysms of sko swo soss of scoros, ms kas
boon fonnd skas skoro ms no nnmformmsy mn sko dogroo of
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons.
m. Mn sko Domarsmons of Onglmsk Langnago Odncasmon, sko
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms low smnco sko
corrolasmon valno of
swo soss of scoros ms +0.28
mm. Mn sko Domarsmons of Maskomasmcs Odncasmon sko mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy
of mnsornal assossmons ms kmgk wkoro sko cooffmcmons of
corrolasmon
boswoon sko swo soss of scaros ms fonnd so bo +0.54
mmm. Mn sko Domarsmons of Cnrrmcnlnm and Ovalnasmon, sko
mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms vory kmgk smnco sko
corrolasmon
analysms rosnlsod sko valno +0.83.
mv. Mn sko Domarsmons of Nomalm Langnago Odncasmon, sko
mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms kmgk wkoro +0.59 ms sko
valno o
corrolasmon boswoon sko swo soss of scoros.
v. Mn sko Domarsmons of Koalsk and Mkysmcal Odncasmon sko
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons ms low nogasmvo
smnco sko corrolasmon boswoon swo soss of scoros ms -0.47. Skms
mndmcasos skas mnsornal assossmons scoros nogasmvoly mrodmcs
sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros.
vm. Mn sko Domarsmons of Odncasmonal Mlannmng and Managomons, sko
 mnsornal assossmons kas vory low nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy wkmck mndmcasos skas sko mnsornal assossmons scoros
nogasmvoly mrodmcs sko fmnal oxammnasmon scoros and sko
corrolasmon valno of sko swo soss of
scoros ms -0.22
vmm. Mn sko Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon, sko mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy of
mnsornal assossmons ms vory kmgk smnco sko corrolasmon valno of
sko swo
soss of scoros ms +0.95.
4.2 Rocommondasmons and Modagogmcal Mmmlmcasmon
Basod on sko fmndmngs dormvod from sko analysms and
mnsormrosasmon of sko
collocsod dasa, somo modagogmcal mmmlmcasmons wmsk somo
rocommondasmons kavo boon snggossod bolow:
1. Sko domarsmonss wkmck kavo low mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy or
nogasmvo mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of mnsornal assossmons skonld
sry so mmmrovo skomr assossmons syssoms mn ordor so ackmovo
kmgk dogroo of mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy.
2. Skoso domarsmonss skonld mako skomr assossmons syssom moro
objocsmvo
and accnraso.
3. So ackmovo kmgkor dogroo of mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy, sools of
assossmons skonld bo dosmgnod mn snck a way skas assossos acsnal
morformanco of
ssndonss.
4. Sko domarsmonss wkmck kavo kmgk or vory kmgk dogroo of
mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy of skomr mnsornal assossmons skonld also
mako offorss so ackmovo ovon kmgkor dogroo or morfocs mrodmcsmvo
valmdmsy smnco sko goal of ovory
soss ms so ackmovo sko morfocs mrodmcsmvo valmdmsy.
 Roforonco
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47
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Managomons
Domarsmons of Oconommcs Odncasmon

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