REVIEWER NOTES FOR 1ST SUMMATIVE TEST (4TH QUARTER)

Fossil – they are traces of organisms that lived in the past and were preserved by natural process or catastrophic
events.
- direct evidence for proving evolution.
- were commonly found in sedimentary rocks.

2 KINDS OF FOSSILS
1. Body Fossils (ex. bones, teeth, shells, trace of skin, feathers, etc.)
2. Trace Fossils (ex. footprint, feces, etc.)

• Relative dating – is a method used to determine the age of the rocks by comparing them with the rocks in
the other layer.
• Radiometric dating – is a method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes
present in rocks.
Example: Carbon dating – use to tell the age of organic materials. All organisms have decaying carbon-14
in it. Plants and animals that are still alive constantly replace the supply of carbon in their body and the
amount of carbon-14 in their body stays the same. When organism dies, carbon-14 starts to decay. Half-life
of Carbon-14 is 5,730 years.

Geologic Time Scale – shows the major events in the Earth’s history, it also shows the appearance of various
kinds of organisms in a particular period of time on earth.

Comparative Anatomy – studies the similarities and differences in structures of organisms. Even if organisms
are categorized as different species, there are still similarities in their basic forms.
- Provides clues to the structural changes over time in a group of organisms.

Homologous Structures – physical features or structures shared due to a common ancestor but that do not
necessarily serve the same function.
- Different functions but the same origin.

Ex. forelimbs of dog, bird, lizard, and whale/ whale flipper which are structurally the same, but functionally
different.
The presence of homologous structures is a strong indicator that the organisms evolved from common
ancestors.
Analogous Structures – structures of unrelated species may evolve to look alike, because the structure is
adapted to similar function.
• Similar functions but different origin.

Ex. wings of birds, bats, and insects (like butterfly) that have same function but different origin.

Embryo – is an early stage of development in organisms.

Embryonic development include stages such as blastula, gastrula, and organogenesis.
• Studies shows that species that are closely related exhibit similar embryonic development. Even when in the
adult stage, the organism are quite different.

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

• The greater the similarity in amino acid sequence; the closer the relationship of the organisms.
• The organisms which are similar in structure and also possess similarity at the biochemical level could
probably have a common ancestor.

EXAMPLE:

Which organism is closely related to humans?

• Human - chimpanzee (kasi magkapareho sila ng amino acid sequence, “0” “zero” difference

Which 2 organism is closely related to humans?

• Chimpanzee, rhesus monkey (kasi 0, and 1 lang ang difference nila sa amino acid sequence)

Which organism is least related to humans?

• Human – red bread mold (kasi 48 amino acid difference, madami silang pagkakaiba sa sequence ng
amino acid)
EVOLUTION – is the change in the characteristics of a species over a period of time.
Theories of Evolution
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 – 1829)
- Developed one of the first theories on how species changed over time.
- Concluded that organisms of higher complexity had evolved from pre-existing, less complex organisms.

Lamarck’s three theories:

1. Theory of Need – organisms change because they need to. For an organism to evolve a structure, it
must need the structure.
(nag-evolve kasi may need/pangangailangan, like sa giraffe need nila maabot yung tree leaves para sa
food/to survive)
2. Theory of Use and Disuse – “If you don’t use it, you lose it!” If organism “use” that part of their body
it becomes stronger and more developed, while for parts not used, they become weaker and eventually
disappear. (since lagi nag-stretch ng neck ang giraffe para maabot yung food/extensive use of their
necks, nagiging stronger and more develop yung neck nila, whereas kapag hindi ginagamit, mag-we-
weaken and eventually mawawala)
3. Theory of Acquired Characteristics – if a parent acquires body structure during its lifetime, it could
pass on that characteristic structure to its offspring.
(since nadevelop ng giraffe yung longer neck, maipapasa daw nila ito sa kanilang magiging
offspring/anak)

But always remember na mali or proven wrong itong mga theories ni Lamarck.

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)

- Proposed an entirely different mechanism to account for the evolution of species.

Naglakbay or voyage si Charles Darwin sa ship na ang name is HMS Beagle to gather data para sa kanyang
theory, and the most famous island wherein madami siyang na-collect na data about evolution particularly about
finches (bird specie) is sa Galapagos Islands.
• Darwin’s finches – Charles Darwin was able to see 13 varieties of finches, which varied in size and
shape, from island to island.
• Charles Darwin was able to write a book entitled “On the Origin of Species” here, Darwin presented
his theory of evolution based on natural selection.
• Natural Selection – individuals within a population with the most favorable traits for an environment
survive and pass on those traits. (Survival of the fittest.)
(meaning, kung sino lang yung may favorable traits and kaya maka-adapt sa environment, siya lang
yung makakasurvive and makakapagreproduce and eventually those traits will be passed on to their
offsprings).