ipes of retail-trade-Itinerant and small sale fixed shops retailers cae tetailers-Departmental ste tain stores - concept Ca. (Goods and Services Tax) “oncept and key-features Learning Outcomes After going through this unit, the student/ leaner would be able to: Srate the meaning and types of inten Appreciate the services of wholesilers and retailers Explain the different types of retail trade atures of departmental stores, chain stores Highlight che distinctive f order business. pt of GST and mail Understand the conce,thin the bo the products are purchase Hr eoundaries of a na depart St cet OM any door-te- don git? 2 & locality of a centeal mackee or a ezrls of ineoal ade asthe pods are pura an icar{sPeton oF from an exhibition, all these are or establishment within a country. of domestic production and are meant goods are pare ally, payment has to be made in th ¢ legal tender of th Types of Internal Trade ‘ a Pat renal trade can be classi Mto two broad categories v I} Wholesale trade Purchase and sale of goods and services in large idan’ | quantities for the purpose of resale or intermediate ves einen “ | isrferred to as wholesale trade. J Wholesaling is concerned with the activities of those persons v Y 's Which sell to retailers and suber eae }) wholesale trade and (ii) retail trade. pial Wholesalers serve as an important link between manufacturers and retailers, | mid, » They enable the producers not only to reach large number of buyers spread over a wide geographical area (through = a poral to Pe form a variety of sakes in oo Sones eeaeeets ” They generally take the title of the goods and bear the business risks by purchasing and selling the buyenat in their own name & : eae sade Th » They purchase in bulk and sell in small lots to retailers or industrial users, ics, oo > They undertake various activities such as grading of products, packing into smaller lots, storage, transportation, promotion of goods, collection of market information, collection of small and scareered orders of retailers and distribution of supplies to them They also relieve the retailers of maintaining large stock of articles and extend credit facilities to them. Ou ae } Most of the functions performed by wholesalers are such which cannot be eliminated. if there are no wholesalers, these functions shall have to be performed either by the manufacturers or the retailers. Retail trade Purchase and sale of goods in relatively small quantities, generally to the ultimate consumers is referred to 4 retail trade, : : : i i the ultimate consumers, Avetileris a busi ise that is engaged in the sale of goods and services directly to su ness enterprise that is engage : he retailer eer ae in large quantities from the wholesalers and sells them in small quantities to ultimate consumers ae Aeuiler performs different Functions in the distribution of gods and rey ed Elo * Purchases a variety of products from the wholesale distriburors * Arranges for proper storage of goods+ Sells the goods in small quantities + Bears business risks + Grades the products + Collects marker information + Extends credit to the buyers + Promotes the sale of products through en en ee ae Mca ca ious schemes, et splays, participation in vat ae and a Retailer Services of Wholesalers Wholesales provide various services to manuficrurers 2s well as reailers and provide immense help iy 4 distribution of goods and services. Services to Manufacturers Fa Major services offered by wholesalers to the producers of goods and services are given as below: 1. Facilitating large scale production: Wholesalers collect small orders from a number of retailers and ‘on the pool of such orders to the manufacturers and make purchases in bulk quantities. This enabley the producers ro undertake production on a large scale and take advantage of the economies of scale, 2 Bearing risk: Wholesales deal in goods in their own name, take delivery of the goods and keep te goods purchased in large lots in their warehouses. In the process, they bear variety of risks such ase tisk of fall in prices, thet, pilfeage, spoilage, fire, erc. To that extent, they relieve the manufacturers fun bearing these risks 3. Financial assistance: The wholesalers provide financial assistance to the manufacturers in the sense tha they generally make cash payment for the goods purchased by them. Sometimes they also advance money to the producers for bulk orders placed by them, . 4. Expert advice: Wholesalers advice the manufacturers about customer's tastes and preferences, mat 5, iii, competive activites and the features prefered bythe buyers : ee fonction: ie isles take care of the distribution of goods to a numberof Teena turn sell hese goods toa large numberof customers spread over a large geogeaphiedte This relieves the manufacturers from many ofthe marketing activities and enable th Mean . and enable them to concentratean 6. Facilitate production continui avg pee oer us ae facilitate continuity of production activity throughout ) 1 these are produced and storing them till the demanded by reales or consumes in the markeg N° a4 toring them il the te sea 7. Storage: Wholesalers take delivery of ny lees etches, This rad ee, ae oe are produced in factory and keep them in theit Finished products. They thus provide time wily, ° PTOVing for storage faites fore Services to Retailers 3. Grant of credits The wholesalers generally rend aeised knowledge: The wholesalery ie inform the retailers about the new’ oO? the benetic o foes ec decor ober tle aller Printed ‘he elle knowledge to the retailers. isk sharing: The wholesalers purchase in byl hel SPC and IP Bees, ete. They may aso advise 5 peing able £0 purchase merchandise ij ind sell in marae of certain products. Bee pilferage, obsolescence, reduction et es, an duane co che reer. j f Retailers '” prices and demand fain Postion (0 avoid the risk of, ices 0! : an important link between th e 6 0 the produc ey provide useful services to the ease tt fal consume ise Be ess © cones sumers in the distribution of products oot fF reailers are described as below, stm Wholesalers and. manufacturers Some'of de ' joes «o Manufacturers and Wholesalers J ser able services that the retailers rend rei ape let to the wholesa ; Or cee distribution oF peas ea seh salers and Producers are given as here under: Fre prove lp inthe Ubu oho ean it th wholes and manfrrs who may ate over a large geographic area, Thee fing ge a to the final consumers, 2, Personal selling: By undertaking personal sling fore theses aaa 3 ad despeecle eperate oe ae of retailer's services, the manufacturers and wholesalers are fred from the trouble of making individual sales to consumers in small quanti opsae ony at relatively large scale, and thereby fil conommmne on theatherseivie s retailers remai direct and constant é ‘in in direct an int touch with the buyers, they serve as an important source of collecting market information about the tastes, preferences and attitudes of customers. 4, Collecting market information: 5, Help in promotion: From time-to-time, manufacturers and distributors have to carry on various promotional activities in order to increase the sale oftheir products. For example, they have to advertise their products and offer short-term incentives in the form of coupons, free gifts, sales contests, and so on. | Retailers participate in these activities in various ways: and, thereby, help in promoting the sale of the products. Services to Consumers Some ofthe important services of retailers from the point of view of consumers are as follows: 1. Regular availability of products: The most important service of a retailer to consumer is to maintain regular availability of various products produced by different manufacturer. This enables the buyers to buy products as and when needed. | 2, New products information: By arranging for effective display of products and through diss personal Gling efforts retailers provide important information aboue the arrival, epecial features, etc., of new products to the customers. is ies and sell these in small 3. Convenience in buying: Retailers generally buy goods in large quantities and sell these in ; a. f their customers, Also, they are normally situated very near quantities, according to the requirements of tet ; : Foe long, hous. This offers great convenience to the customers in to the residential areas and remain open for ong e buying products of their requirements. : “a 4 i ic ofa varery of products of diferent manufacturers. Wide selection: Retailers generally keep cai fo aS eee enable their choice noes : : fas poe ee ene importancafersals serves in the form of home delivery, supply rs ices: Re «, fsPat parts and attending to customer * Provide credit facilities: The retailers som enables the consumers to increase thei level of le credit facilities to their regular buyers. This is ide jetimes Prov thereby, their standard of living.able tom vonract between the seller and the buyer in fed Be cceae niga cron Fee gree) ar be bore by sll a esl 2 the poo of every to a caer ee Galea wich nclades nt ony te of goody ta wt and Freight (CEPI Tithe pre Fgh chugs pylon gods upto deviation Fe in whch ls wed In tae documents gp we? 44. Errors and Onision Exeepte( EOF): eer phe) that have been forgotten should be taken into acu sh pet neon te) cara Itinerant Retailers enn La Ikinerane retailers are traders who do not have a fixed place 2 i They keep on moving with 2, Th of business 10 operate from. They keep 3 eI their wares from street to street or place to place, in search Bs cee itinerant retailers Fixed Jalen ava a Characteristics 1. They are small traders operating with limited reso ‘ypes af 2. ‘They normaly deal in consumer products of daily use such as toiletry products, fruits and vee | 1 Sa and so on. ‘ 3. The emphasis of such traders is on providing greater customer service by making the products ali | 3 the very doorstep of the customers. dla 4, As they do not have any fixed business establishment to oper limited inventory of merchandise either at home or at some o ‘Types of Irinerant Retailers ate from, these retailers have to keep tht ther place, in terms of quality and price. 2. Market traders: Market traders days or dates, such as every Sat These traders may be dealing in one toys, or crockery, or alternatively, th They are mainly catering to lower-incometraders (pavement vendors); 5, fees where huge floating population covet de pe tems Of COMMON wee, ee RET, for cane all const! USC, such a5 stations Fetailer azine’ ationery inet DERE fail mmon| ret Groen market wade ne ay ee farments, newspapers and. 8 who are coy nae fey a : tly. freque Seip jacks: Cheap jacks are “< They keep on changi ipearea. However, the change of pl ‘ey deal in consumer i rasta ; Pending upon the potentiality of cat of hawkers or market watches, shoes, buckets = ea shop Retailers IO ere shops who maintain permanent es Jace to place to serve their customers shmEnE 10 sell fom P a ’ heir merchandise. They, therefore, do not istics characteris ® Compared with the itinerant traders, norma sale, However, there are different size a sesof Fixed Shop Retailers 1, Small Scale Fixed Shop Retailers * General stores * Speciality shops acer srl holders + Second-hand goods shops 2, Large Scale Retailers * Departmental stores * Multiple shops or Chain stores Small Scale Fixed Sh 1General stores Gwe ores are most commonly found in a local market and residential areas. These shops camry stock of a vi z : is ley of products required to satisfy the day-to-day needs of the consumers residing in nearby localities. Sich stores remain open for long hours at convenient timings and often provide credit facilites to some ,, Sither regular customers : ie biggest advantage of such kily use such as grocery items, soft drinks, ce to the customers in buying products of h stores is in terms of convenient confectionery toiletry products, stationery an Nop Tip ame locality, an important factor contributing to thelr success is the Asm ea their customers are residents of the of the owner and the rapport he has establis Special: aly shops Modu et retail store is becoming very popular, OF different types, these retail stores specialise hed with them. They provide a wide choice to the 3. Street stall holders/Street shops . = her places where flow of traffic ig heal Lome spacer oom > Than seg pgm ee ga their needs. J 4. ae er used goods, like books, clothes, automobiles, furniture and thera, a Boods. The goods are sold at lower prices. * Generally persons with modest means purchase g00ds from such shops. > Such shops may aye rare objects of historical value and antique items which are sold at rather heavy prices to people who have special interest in such antique goods * The shops, selling second-hand goods may be located at street crossings or in busy streets in the form of a stall having very lide structure — a table ot 2 temporary Platform to display the books or may have reasonably ood infrastructure, as in the case of those selling furniture or used cars or scooters or motorcycles. Second hand goods shop 4 Large Scale Fixed Shop Retailers Ch Departmental Stores Cha A departmental store is a large establishment offeting a wide variety of products, classified mw ori defined departments, aimed at satisfying practically every customer's need under one roof, ITthas a number of departments, each one confining its activities to one kind of product, For ample there may be separate depattmenn ie bt toiletries, “medicines, furniture, groceries electronics, clothing and dress material within a stone : Thus, they satisfy diverse market segments with a widePe sade departmental store may provi booth, restrooms, ies ephone ete. As such ¢ Nich as restaura ee pach orceadg oe tant ave and information buren _Seplapaategrenet ds service to higher class of customers a ae Place in the he Fexstomers w heart of a city, which caters to a large number alte size of these stores is very large, they are generally for Aboard of directors. There is a rmed ing dice nally formed as joie stock company managed by sranagers l by a general manager and several department A departmental store combines both the functions of re directly from manufacturers and operate se iesirable middlemen berween the pr arate ware es producers and They have cencralised purch i ailing as well as warehousing. They purchase « rarchouses, That way they help in eliminating ing arrangements, All by the purchase department of the store, where the purchases in a department store are made centrally as sales are decentralised in different departments. advantages oradvantages of retailing through d. = igh departmental stores may be listed as follows: 1. Attract large number of customers: As these stores are seuly cease central places, they attract a large number of customers during che best pare ofthe day aa mavenience in buying: By offering larg 7 E 2. Convenience ying: By offering large variety of goods under one roof, the departmental stores provide great convenience to customers in buying almost all goods of their requirements at one place. As 2 result, customers do not have to run from one place t another to complete theit shopping, 3, Attractive services: A departmental store aims at providing maximum services to the customers. Some of the services offered by it include home delivery of goods, execution of telephone orders, grant of credit facilities and provision for restrooms, telephone booths, restaurants, saloons, etc 4, Economy of large-scale operations: As these stores are organised at a very lange scale, the benefits of large scale operations, particularly, in respect of purchase of goods are available to them. 5, Promotion of sales: The departmental stores are in a position to spend considerable amount of money on advertising and other promotional activities, which help in boosting their sales. Chain Stores or Multiple-shops Chain stores or multiple shops are networks of retail shops that are owned and operated by manufacturers or intermediaries. ® These different shops normally deal in standardised and branded consumer products, which have rapid sales turnover: ® These shops are run by the same organisation and have identical merchandising strategies, With identical products and displays Chain stores are most effective in handling high-volume merchandise, whose sales are relatively constant throughout the yeat In India, Bata Shoe scores are typical examples of such shops. Similar type of retail outlets ae coming up in other products also. For ample, the exclusive showrooms of D.CM., Raymonds and the fast food chains of Nirula's and McDonalds. Fast Food Chains of McDonaldseee eet Give is regards tha mal NOU aver ments 49d throm 5 age of Mall Order Busioest sy cena Features/ Advantage ‘ent: Mail order business do a ae roan 1. Listed capital reat, Therefore, it can be started oi eh re pee ve of mail-order business from the other infastructu cee ; 2. Elimination of middlemen: Te 5 BE ae ycen the buyers and sellers are eliminated Thang sis that unnecessary middleme me consumers i Bee Se Te cs extend credit facilities to in lot of savings b i ee the mail order houses do not extend cred d 10 theca : 3. Absence of bad de = thances of any bad debt on account of non payment sean there is cash trading, there are no cha ods can be sent to all the places having, postal services, Thy gg ut the country can be served thay 8 |. Wide reach: Under this sytem the go ; c e number of people througho! wide scope for business as a large ougtout te ona Convenience: Under this sytem goods are delivered at the doorstep Tha © great convenience to the customers in buying these products ting. @ unified mate, order to ensure the smooth flow of goods across the country implemented the Goods and Services Tax (on, from July 1, 2017. The aim is ro generate additional revenue for the government and to reduc yy evasion. Key Features 1. Goods and Service Tax (GST) is the single comprehensive indirect tax on supply of goods and seks right from the manufacturer/service provider to the consumer 2. risa destination based consumption tax with facility of Input Tax Credit (ITC) in the supply chain. The Provision of availing input credit at cach stage of value chain helps in avoiding the cascading fn on tax) under GST, which is expected to red and benefit the consumers As there have been a number of intermediate goods/services, which were manufactured/provided in te the pre GST tax regime imposed taxes not on the value added at each stage but on the total ved! ation of Input Tax Credit. The total value included taxes pail luce prices of commoditie economy, the good/service with minimum ficily of utils on intermediate goodsservices. This amounted to cascading of tax, Under stage of supply and the credit of tax of goods andlor services, GST is, thus, effectively a tax on value addition at each stage of supply of goods andlor serves addresses to establish parity in taxation acros the country, and cag Principles of ‘value-added wait to all goods and services. } + GSTs applicable throughour the country with one rate for one type of goods/service. Under GST thet ize > (Bre) eandard rates aplicd, i. 0%, 59%, 1296, 189% and So, on ane of all goods and sen across the country Tex ablty arises when the taxable person crosses exemption limit 20 lath,pe GST has replaced 1 ‘ ing the need for fii entral + 9 s¢ fiminating nultiple return rate levels) and | nd services along the supply chain from ee ascents, al ae of the Centre and the Sates ] Bose he mar tor hea? cer 10 consumers "t"ionalisng the tax weatment of goods } 4y the Central G, x Central Sales The major State taxeseesses which har net Sales T Encry Tax, Octroi, Luxury Tax, cesses on goods, etc ral Excise Duty, Service ou ea Service Te ernment which have by Ee ve been subsumed in GST are mae ase like KKC and SBC. GST are: VAT ISales ‘Tex, Entertainment Tax, (CGST) and the State GST (SGST), subsuming levies Central and the State governments respectively. GST comprises Central GST ( previously charged by the stage of value addition and the supplier off-sets the levy on inputs ugh the tax credit mechanism, The last dealer in the supply chain 1g GST a destination-based consumption tax. including Jammu and Kashmir. >. GST (CGST + SGST) is charged at each in the previous stages of value chain through the Passes on the added GST to the consumer, makin The territorial spread of GST is the whole country,would be subject to i as incer-Seace supplies ae i A sods and services is ereared ro-rated. the applicable custom (SEZ Jare 2 week ao che expayer including Interne hap NI “T)/Real Time Gross Settlement (Rqgge Aa ts sconomic Zone 8 Exports and supplies co Speci Po There are various modes of F redit card and National Electronic al F Special i nt of tax av Funds Transfer neces collectec by the c Pier ee ae CGSTISGST is payable on all intra-state supply of goods or services or both, whereas IGST is payable on all inter-state supply of goods and services Some Facts about GST 1. GST aims to subsume a plethora of taxes into one single txacross the country and make goods uniformly priced across Ti albeit some goods become costly and some become cheaper 2. With theimplementation of GST, luxury goods have hecome cosilier, while tems of mass consumption have become cheapie 8. GST isnot taxation at source. Its a destination tax or rather it’s consumption tax. A product is manufactured in Tamil Nadi and travels through the country before it reaches Delhi, where the buyer or consumer pavs tax for it. Both the Cente and it State have their share inthis tax. 4 The Indian GST wil have a mechanism of matching of invoices Input tax credit of purchased goods and services wil eal plies received by the supplier. The Goods and Services Tax networks self-regulating mechanism, which not only checks tax frauds and ta 5 + fax frauds and tax evasion, but also brings in more and more busi be the formal economy. reas oa a available ifthe taxable supplies received by the supy Anti profitering measure is one of the key features of the recent impleme tited Goods and Services Tax law. These mass Ws With the input tax credit, is eventually expected to BANE) tobe set up to ensure that the benef due enacts % i ‘ensure that the benefits accrued to entities! duton in oss i pase onto the consumers. Also, ents that hike res neve ng GST a reson oe ecksiipne bat uvately, citing GST as Prevent entities from making excessive profits. Since the GST. alon down prices, a National Anti-profiteering Authority (NAA) is— oe as wo 3 omar oe oe ders who carry the products On 2 bicycle ory an ate me (7) Geap lacs: Cheso Jaks oP Trrems and provide services to consums ea 7 cm om naw eS — eee consumers, residing in nearby locali es em sec mh of can ea Seren ey cn et ochre Sanco ce oe roman oun a et coring ote aces wher ow (iti) Street stall holders: small vendors are ne ee » pasa and deal minty in goods of cheap variety like hosiery product, toys, igarettes, soft drinks, etc. ~ These shops deal: nd hand or used goods of different kinds lke furniture, books, iw) Second hand goods shap: These shops deals in seco land other household articles which are sold at lower prices. riety of goods stocked is large. Fixed shop large stores: n fixed shop large stores, the volume and variety of goods stocked is larg snail shopkeepers and (b) large: Examples: i) Departmental stores (i) Chain stores or multiple shops Departmental stores A departmental store is a large establishment offering a wide variety of products, classified into well-designed d aimed {at satisfying practically every customer's need under one root, Advantages: {a) attracts large number of customers (b) convenience in buying {) attractive services (4) economy of large scale operation (e) promotion of sales Chain stores or multiple shops ‘These shops are networks of retail shops that are owned and operated by manufacturers or intermediaries standardised and branded consumer products having rapid sales turnover. Advantages: {a} economies of scale (b)_ elimination of middiems ren, {c) no bad debts (4) transfer of goods {e) diffusion of risk (€) low cost (f) flexibility Mail order houses (2) limited capital ta aptamer {b) elimination of middlemen absence of bad debts (4) wide reachpee allowed +1 hour 1, Join Jacob has a consume Maximum Marks : 25 ‘Which type of retail trade is he doing? (Choose the correct alternative) (\ mark) t electronic “stonle goods shop in South Del (a) General store ) Cheap jack (@) Secg ind hi “ond hand goods sho, -ategory of retailers? : (©) Chain store (€) General store 3 “The loss incurred by one shop may be cover Advantage of which type of retail trade has hens a ae me other shops, reducing risk of an organisation” refered to here? 2 (math) {© Specialty shop MeDonald’s comes under which e. Departmental store (@) Departmental stor (Choose the correct alternative) (\ mark) (© Specialty store g4 GSTisa single tax on the supply of goods &e services ffom the manuf rom the manufacturer to consumer. (Fill up the blank with correct answer) (\ mark) 5 Sandeep & Sons Delhi orders pear jewellery from Nase Bros, Hydabad [o> cerin thatthe paymenc willbe made only on sings ade Pai ok Gat a (@) Identify the term of trade in the above example, ane (b) Explain any two other terms of trade. (3 marks) | | Q6 Rohit displays lots of magazines on a busy street commer near the ralway tation. Identify and explain the type of G marks) retail referred here. Q7 Mention the name and features of the store in which there are a number of departments in the same building (4 marks) selling different types of commoditi 1B YP What is meant by itinerant traders? Explain any four types of itinerant trader. what difficulties do you think the manufacturers would have to face? Qs (5 marks) Q9 Ifthe wholesaler is eliminated, (6 marks): a — Sources of Business Finance ae | ers S I Business and Entreprens Unie 8: Smal it Internal Trade | Unit inter Maxim Ma wm Marks. | | Time allowed : 1 hour 30 minutes QL Which eax is called ‘One Nation and One Ta’ | (@) Sales tax | (© Cascom duty () GsT (@ None of these | __ indirect taxes and ___ Q2. GST has replaced Q3_ Big Bazzar is an example of which rype of fixed shop? | (a) Specialty shop (©) Deparment store (© Chain store @) General store Qe Which of these is included in Owner's Fund? (2) Debenture (b) Loan from SBI (© Equity share (@) Trade credit Q5 Trade credit is example of (@)_ Long-term finance (&) Medium-term finance (© Short-term finance (@) All of the above Trade. investment limit in such cases? Sukhvinder? Explain, of Directors right in thinking ? Give valid reasons. Q7_ Why is entrepreneurship regarded as a creative activity? QuU1_ Explain briefly the characteristic features of itinerant retailers. (Choose the correct alterat | ato) (. a) cesses of the Centre and the States, | (Choose the correct alternative (\ ny) (Choose the correct alternative) (1 rx) wrrect alternative) (\ ma (Choose t Q6 Trade involving buying and selling of goods and services within the boundaries of a nation is called Interatoal (True/ Fade) (1 ma) (1 at Q8 A micro small scale industry has investment of €24 lakhs and engaged in manufacturing business. Now it wis to increase its investment by €4 lakhs. What type of small business will it become and what is the maximus (aa Qs oe Singh designed an sofware application to monitor pulse rate, blood pressure, BMI, etc, of a ust ince this idea was new, his fiend Rajesh asks him to get an IPR for it, What use do you think will ie have (3 mats) has to pay dividend to equity shareholders only whe 10 pay fo equity nly when it ears profits, Boar ided that record loses forthe fis 3 yeas so that they dont have t pay anp divers a ane the B 6 (matt)eee on ‘avika Led.” company, an IT giant company in amount of resout * or orth nd eenon fm US rip tt ne te a me rs to mect its medium cum short term needs tie sopany i fhowing aan F ployment to under privileged youth. 509 of i office ~— 7 Which two sources of finance should be used by theo cducating and giving ity s generated through solar power. "pany to mect its requirement? Explain their Fearures. walter nr (4 marks) (5 marks) Raveena decided to enter into a sartup busines. She wants to explore n 'ews of adulteration being found in the milk all over Delhi. She does feashilry svudies and fled there Is detaand for beak sna qualcy peodien es es teckel I about the options available to her for her rartup. Suggest any $ ways hrough which she can finance I qd What do you understand by multiple shops? Qs After completing MBA from FMS, Dehi Give two examples. State its four features. the diary product business after hearing i (5 marks) (6 marks) Q16 Describe the services rendered by wholesalers to manufacturers and retailers, (chece each)19, 20. 2 2, 2. 24. 25. 26. Pe ea Questions 0 Objective Type Perea ara. @ © © © @ @ destination-based 28 per cent Neva Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT)/Real Time Gross Seelement (RTGS) (@ Chain stores or Multiple shops ; (i) Departmental stores Chain Scores or Multiple Shops False: They purchase in bulk fom manufacturers and sellin smal lors to retailers of industrial uses. Fake Wholesalers serve an imporane link berveen manufacturers and retailers. They do nor sll product 10 the uae Fake A reniler is an important link beeween wholesalers and consumers. He buys goods in large quanties om ‘wholesalers and sells them in small quantities tothe ultimate oo True: A retailer is in direct and regular contact link with consumers “Teue: A hawker carries goods on his head or on 2 bicycle ora handcart, an .d move from place to place to sell their goods athe doorstep of the customers, False: Departmental stores need a large amount of capital for esta because they provide many attractive services to their customers (e.g. free telephone booths) alee: Multiple shops are networks of retail shops located throughout in specific areas of a country, ¢.g, Bata shoe stores Big Apple. () Customers’ rastes and preferences lishment. Moreover, their operating costs are very high home delivery of goods, provision for retoons (i) Activities of competitors (Personally on door-to-door bass (e.g, sale of cosmetics/detergent powder), at Hotspor) (i Ina store (eg, sale of mobile phon Ikinerants Cheap jacks, eg., shoe repairing, watch repairing, ec. eee ‘not change their place of busines so frequently. They sll stationery icems, eatables, newspapers, etc. near us sunt or railway stations. Departmental store Chain stores or Multiple shops