ISSN 0016-7932, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 2018, Vol. 58, No. 7, pp. 857–870. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2018.

Storm Time Ionospheric-Tropospheric Dynamics: a Study Through

Ionospheric and Lower Atmospheric Variability Features
of High/Mid and Low Latitudes1
M. Devia, *, S. Patgiria, A. K. Barbaraa, G. Gordiyenkob, A. Depuevac, V. Depuevc, and Yu. Ya. Ruzhinc
aDepartment
of Physics, Gauhati University, Assam, Guwahati, 781014 India
b
Institute of Ionosphere, National Center for Space Research and Technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
c
Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences
(IZMIRAN), Moscow, Troitsk, 108840 Russia
*e-mail: md555gu@gmail.com
Received March 15, 2018; in final form, April 13, 2018

Abstract– Geomagnetic storm is one of the major disturbances in Earth’s magnetosphere and its effect on
ionosphere is a well studied area, yet there are a few aspects still require attention for possible framing of a
reliable comprehensive model associating lower atmospheric variabilities. One of them is the role of storm
time coupling mechanisms between high/mid latitudes and equatorial anomaly crest region in modifying ion-
ospheric parameters and their simultaneous effect at the lower altitudes. In this background the paper pres-
ents a comparative analysis of the magnetic storm induced effects on the ionosphere for a few events of weak
to very strong intensity, covering periods from 2011 to 2015 by utilizing foF2 data collected at high/mid lati-
tude station of IZMIRAN (55.47° N, 37.30° E, Ф = +50.82°) and mid latitude station Alma-Ata (43.25° N,
76.92° E, Ф = +33.42°) and Total Electron Content (TEC) profiles of Guwahati (26.148° N, 91.73° E, Ф =
+12.30°), an equatorial anomaly crest station. The modulation characters in storm time density at the latitu-
dinal zone of study area are presented in association with lower atmospheric variability. In support to the
observed variations, the role of storm induced electric field in development process of equatorial anomaly is
brought in to ambit of discussion along with possible reason for changes at lower altitudes.

DOI: 10.1134/S001679321807006X

1. INTRODUCTION (Abdu, 1997; Danilov, 2013; Lu et al., 2001; Vlasov et al.,

The decades of studies on magnetic storms and
their associated effects on atmosphere have offered
valuable information on understating storm time
physics and the system dynamics. Such analyses are
mostly based on ionization density, Total Electron
Content (TEC), and electron temperature collected
by ground and satellite based techniques. The accu-
mulated data collected through such extensive obser-
vations are adopted as inputs in framing of storm-time
ionospheric model. The models no doubt offered
quality results in cases but a comprehensive module
with lower atmospheric variabilities as integral system
is not yet available. Need of such integrated model is of
vital importance to understand influences of forcing
from upper atmosphere including magnetosphere to
lower atmosphere and vice versa. This is the basic aim
of the paper.
It is now well established through global studies
that a storm may increase or decrease ionization den-
sity termed as positive and negative ionospheric effects
1 The article is published in the original.
2003; Foster and Rideout, 2005, 2007; Heelis et al.,
2009; Huang et al., 2010; Huang, 2013; Devi et al.,
2013; Jin et al., 2017), depending on latitude, onset
time and the severity of the storm (Lanzerotti et al.,
1975; Fejer et al., 1995; Prölss, 2008; Mendillo and
Narvaez, 2009; Suvorova et al., 2014). Amongst many
factors responsible for storm time modifications in the
atmosphere a few sources known are equator-ward
neutral wind due to heating of high latitude thermo-
sphere, Prompt Penetration of high latitude Electric
field (PPE) to lower latitudes and development of Dis-
turbances in Dynamo Electric field (DDE) (Fejer
et al., 1979; Kaye and Kivelson, 1981; Yeh et al., 1991;
Lin et al., 2003; Abdu et al., 2012). However, many
issues still require serious attention for framing of a
reliable regional storm time ionospheric model and
one such important aspect is to understand develop-
ment/inhibition of equatorial anomaly through cou-
pling dynamics between high latitudes and the anom-
aly region (Zhao et al., 2005; Bagiya et al., 2011).
The other dimension of such work is related to the
design of an integrated module through coupling of

857
858 DEVI et al.
Table 1. List of magnetic storm events taken in this study
No Dates Dst, nT
1 06.08.2011 −115 intensive, strong
2 12.04.2012 −63 moderate
3 07.03.2012 −88 moderate
4 09.03.2012 −145 intensive, strong
5 11.03.2012 −65 moderate
6 14.03.2012 −88 moderate
7 02.10.2013 −72 moderate
8 09.10.2013 −69 moderate
9 15.10.2013 −49 weak
10 30.10.2013 −56 moderate
11 17.03.2015 −222 intensive, very strong
storm time lower atmospheric parameters with upper
atmospheric variabilities. No doubt, global attempts in
the pursuit of understanding coupling dynamics
between lower atmosphere and magnetic storm have
been started in the International Quiet Sun Year (ISY)
about five decades back and are still being made
[Laštovička, 1996; Danilov and Laštovička, 2001), but
the mechanism by which this coupling occur is still not
known. Under these backgrounds the paper analyses
the role of magnetic storms in modifying physics and
dynamics of the upper atmosphere at high/mid lati-
tudes and anomaly crest region covering mid to high
solar activity periods and consequent effects of storms
at lower altitudes.
2. CASE STUDIES ON STORM TIME DENSITY
VARIATIONS AT HIGH/MID LATITUDES
AND ANOMALY CREST STATION
With the above basic aims, ionospheric parameters
like foF2 received respectively from stations IZMIRAN
(55.47° N, 37.30° E, Ф = +50.82°), Alma-Ata
(43.25° N, 76.92° E, Ф = +33.42°) and Total Electron
Content (TEC) data of equatorial anomaly crest sta-
tion Guwahati (26.148° N, 91.73° E, Ф = +12.30°)
during a few weak to very strong magnetic storm cases
shown in Table 1 are analyzed. Further, consequent
impacts of magnetic storm on the near earth atmo-
sphere at low altitudes are presented by examining the
anomalous features in atmospheric temperature if any,
during the studied events.
The prime parameters taken for the study are the
foF2 (peak ionization density of F-region), received
from ground based ionosonde data at IZMIRAN and
Alma-Ata and TEC data collected at Guwahati by
GPS observation.
It is necessary to note that we use here both the
temporal changes of foF2 and TEC, although the
behavior of the maximum density of the F2 layer and
GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY
foF2 data available TEC data available
from stations over Guwahati
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
Alma-Ata IZMIRAN Yes
IZMIRAN Yes
the TEC does not always show the same features. The
electron concentration at the heights of the layer max-
imum is more sensitive to changes in the neutral com-
position, the temperature of the thermospheric gas,
and to neutral winds, while electrodynamic processes
(electric fields of rapid penetration, plasma flows from
the plasmasphere) exert a strong influence on the ion-
osphere at higher altitudes (400–800 km) which make
a significant contribution to the value of TEC. We also
need to keep in mind that the main features of storms
are usually noticeable in the behavior of the TEC,
observed with the help of satellite navigation systems
as reported by Danilov [2013].
As an indicator of the intensity of the magnetic dis-
turbance, the Dst index is used here, as is customary in
majority of works on ionospheric storms.
The data are integrated for every hour covering the
24 hr period and the seasonal and monthly variations
of foF2 and TEC are analyzed for identifying mag-
netic storm signatures in respective parameters. The
approaches adopted in identifying storm induced fea-
tures are presented in the article to be followed.
The process of identifying storm induced effects in
the ionosphere starts with the appropriate selection of
the parameters (here foF2 and TEC data) and then to
define their Quiet day (Q-day) level of excursions.
Next, variation feature of such parameter(s) of any
other day is compared with that of the Q-day excur-
sion level and anomalous feature detected if any, is
then examined in association with magnetic storm.
This is the basic approach adopted for all the cases
studied here.
2.1. Case 1. Magnetic Storm of August 6, 2011
The August 6, 2011 storm started with an SSC
(Dst = 20 nT) and then developed immediately to a
strong event with Dst value of –110 nT. The recovery
was gradual and took almost five days to attain its nor-
Vol. 58 No. 7 2018
 STORM TIME IONOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 859

(a)

foF2, MHz
7

foF2 + sd
5
3 IZMIRAN
1
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
foF2, MHz

foF2 + sd
ALMA-ATA
7
5
3
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
1 × 1016 e/m2

100

TEC + sd
GUWAHATI
80
TEC,

60
40
20
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
30
0
Dst, nT

Dst, nT
–30
–60
–90
–120
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
(b)

IZMIRAN
1
ΔfoF2

–1
–3
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

ALMA-ATA
ΔfoF2

1
–1
–3
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
40
ΔTEC

GUWAHATI
0
–40
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Dst, nT

Dst, nT
–60
–120
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Date

Fig. 1. (a) foF2 (TEC) and (b) ∆foF2 (∆TEC) variation (August, 2011) in IZMIRAN, Alma-Ata, and Guwahati. (a), (b) (bottom
panels)—Dst. Note strong negative storm effect in IZMIRAN with main phase of the storm of August 6; weak association in
Alma-Ata and no relation in Guwahati.

mal value as displayed in Figs. 1a, 1b (bottom panels).
With the approaches as discussed above in view for
identifying storm features, the five Q-day density
(foF2) data of IZMIRAN and Alma-Ata and of TEC
over Guwahati are selected and Standard deviation Sd
of these values of foF2 and TEC at each hour of a day
is calculated and the Q-day excursion level at any hour
of a day is worked out by the relation foF2 Qday level =
[foF2 (Q-day mean of five days ) ± Sd] and also by
TEC Qday level = [TEC (Q-day mean of five days) ± Sd].
Once the Q-day excursion level is obtained, foF2 and
TEC variations at any hour of a day are measured by
subtracting foF2/TEC at that hour with the respective
value of Q-day excursion level by a term ∆foF2 =
[foF2(instantaneous) – foF2Qday level] and by ∆TEC =
[TEC(instantaneous) – TEC Qday level]. Therefore, the main
parameters for the analysis here are ∆foF2 and ∆TEC
calculated each hour of a day along with diurnal
foF2/TEC profiles. The foF2/TEC diurnal profiles
(marked in blue) and foF2/TEC Qday level values
(marked in red) so obtained for IZMIRAN, Alma-Ata,
and Guwahati are presented respectively in Fig. 1a. The
corresponding ∆foF2 and ∆TEC variations are shown
in Fig. 1b for the respective station.
2.1.1. IZMIRAN foF2. Strong negative ionospheric
effect in IZMIRAN is well developed from the time of

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860 DEVI et al.

32

GUWAHATI ALMA-ATA IZMIRAN

28
24
20 (a)
16
12
Temperature, °C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
32
28 (b)
24
20
16
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
38
36
34
32
30 (c)
28
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Date
Storm Day Storm Day

Fig. 2. Day-to-day variations in the near surface temperature values in and around the storm event recorded at (a) IZMIRAN;
(b) Alma-Ata; (c) Guwahati. The arrow heads indicate the storm days.

the SSC and attains its maximum during the main
phase of the storm on August 6, 2011, Fig. 1a. The syn-
chronization of ∆foF2 variations, Fig. 1b, with changes
in Dst magnitude (Figs. 1a, 1b (bottom panels) even
for mild disturbed situations Dst = −20 nT, is another
marked character to note of along with the abnormal
minimum level in night-time density during the entire
recovery phase. This dip in the residual density gradu-
ally disappears and comes to normal level in associa-
tion with the Dst recovery pattern.
2.1.2. Alma-Ata foF2. In Alma-Ata, a mid latitude
station, a less intense main phase negative storm effect
was observed preceded by a short increase in density
with the onset of SSC, Figs. 1a, 1b. The positive den-
sity values seen along with recovery phase are then fol-
lowed by weak negative effect showing a loose associ-
ation with Dst till August 17, beyond which data are not
available. Like in IZMIRAN, dip in residual density
magnitudes exists in this station too.
2.1.3. Guwahati TEC. A weak negative feature in
density during main phase and positive effect with the
onset of recovery of the storm (Fig. 1a), are observed
in Guwahati TEC similar to those of Alma-Ata. The
undulating features in ∆TEC (Fig. 1b) show a loose
association with the Dst, but unlike in IZMIRAN and
Alma-Ata, abnormal minimum in residual electron
content was not observed here.
2.1.4. Lower atmospheric temperature variations.
In search of association between lower atmospheric
variabilities with magnetic storms, the near surface
temperature data collected regularly from the sensor
placed near to the GPS site of Guwahati and also from
Regional Meteorological Centre, Guwahati are exam-
ined during the storm month. The respective tempera-
ture data of IZMIRAN and Alma-Ata (“Weather
archive in Almaty”; meteo9.ru) are also analyzed by
extracting their diurnal maximum values. Figures 2a,
2b, 2c display such diurnal temperature peak value in
around the storm event recorded at the three stations.
A drop in temperature a day or two prior to the each
event (even weak, as marked in the figure) is visible in
Guwahati, less intense in Alma-Ata and with no
apparent relation in IZMIRAN temperature with
storm. More analysis in this aspect will follow in the
following cases studies.
2.2. Case 2. Magnetic Storms of March, 2012
This month experiences a number of storms of dif-
ferent magnitudes (Figs. 3a, 3b, bottom panels). As an
adoptation to our earlier approaches, the parameters
like ∆foF2 over IZMIRAN as well as in Alma-Ata and
∆TEC over Guwahati are extracted from respective
profiles of foF2 and TEC and the outputs so obtained
for the storm events are presented in Figs. 3a, 3b, sep-
arately for each station as discussed below.
2.2.1. IZMIRAN foF2. In this event too, IZMIRAN
density shows strong negative ionospheric effect, Fig. 3a,
during the storm period except for a short time
increase in day time density magnitudes in synchroni-
zation with SSC, Figs. 3a, 3b, bottom panels. As an
example, the positive daytime density values of March 6
and 8, while show association with the SSCs, the neg-
ative densities reflected as drop in critical frequency of
F2-layer by 2 MHz and 5.8 MHz from the Q-day level
on March 7 and 9 respectively, have strong influences
by the main phase of the storm. The responses of foF2
and hence of ∆foF2, Figs. 3a, 3b, towards weak mag-
netic storms of March 11, 14 and 27 are also seen as:
(1) strong decrease in day time density and (2) signif-
icant dip in the residual night time foF2 and ∆foF2 val-
ues, all following in steps with Dst variations.

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 STORM TIME IONOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 861

(a)
12 12

foF2 + sd foF2 + sd
IZMIRAN
MHz
foF2,
8 8
4 4
0 0
14 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 14
MHz

ALMA-ATA
foF2,

10 10
6 6
2 2
1 × 1016 e/m2

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

TEC + sd
120 GUWAHATI 120
TEC,

80 80
40 40
0 0
30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 30

Dst, nT
–30 –30
Dst, nT

–90 –90
–150 –150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Date
(b)
2

IZMIRAN
0
ΔfoF2

–2
–4
–6
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
2

ALMA-ATA
ΔfoF2

0
–2
–4
–8
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

GUWAHATI
ΔTEC

20
–20
–60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
0

Dst, nT
Dst, nT

–30
–90
–150
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Date

Fig. 3. (a) foF2 (TEC) and (b) ∆foF2 (∆TEC) variation (March, 2012) in IZMIRAN, Alma-Ata, and Guwahati during main
phase and recovery period of storms. Note strong synchronization in density modulation over IZMIRAN withDst ((a), (b) bottom
panels) variations.

2.2.2. Alma-Ata foF2. The density profiles over
Alma-Ata for different storm events of this month
show enhancement in day time values during the main
phase occurred in March 7 and the other in March 9
but with mild negative effect during night hours
accompanied by dip in the residual density. Interest-
ingly, the responses of foF2 towards weak magnetic
storms of March 11, 14 and 27 are seen as decrease in
day time density as well as in the residual night time
density values. The modifications in foF2 and ∆foF2,
(Figs. 3a, 3b), features are in synchronization with the
Dst (Figs. 3a, 3b, bottom panels), similar to that reflected
in density modulation pattern over IZMIRAN.
2.2.3. Guwahati TEC. TEC profiles of Guwahati
shown in Fig. 3a also indicate presence of positive
electron content values on 7th and 9th of March in
association with Dst, similar to that observed in Alma-
Ata. But unlike in Alma-Ata and IZMIRAN, the
TEC/∆TEC profiles reflect, Figs. 3a, 3b, positive
effect during the recovery phases of the storm as well
as in the weak storms of March 11and March 14. The
significant differences between IZMIRAN, Alma-Ata
and Guwahati observations are that while IZMIRAN
foF2 shows strong negative effect during the main
phases of the storm even for less intense magnetic
storm events of 11, 14 and 27th March, in Alma-Ata
the main phase effect is positive during day and nega-
tive during night and in Guwahati the positive/nega-
tive effects do not bear any significant relation with the
Dst magnitudes.
2.2.4. Lower atmospheric perturbations. The day-
to-day fluctuations of maximum temperature over
IZMIRAN, Alma-Ata and Guwahati covering storms
of March 7, 9 and 11 are shown in Figs. 4a, 4b, 4c. One
can note a sudden drop in temperature values over
Guwahati by 2 to 4°C, two/three days prior to the

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862 DEVI et al.

6
4 (a)
Temperature
2
0 Linear fit
–2
–4
–6
–8 IZMIRAN
–10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
6
4 (b)
Temperature, °C

2
0
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10 Alma-Ata
–12
–14
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
38
36 (c)
34
32
30 Guwahati
28
26
24
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Date

Fig. 4. Day-to-day variations in the near surface temperature values in and around the storm event recorded at (a) IZMIRAN;
(b) Alma-Ata; (c) Guwahati during magnetic storms of March 7, 9, 11, 15, 28 and during a weak storm of 23, 2012. The arrow
heads indicate the storm days. Note decrease in temperature in Guwahati 2–3 days prior to the storm event and a similar but sub-
dued feature in Alma-Ata.

major storm of March 7, 9 and even in weak storm of
March 15 and 28. A sub dude form of such change is seen
also over Alma-Ata but as we move to IZMIRAN, clarity
in such modification is observed to be significantly
reduced.
2.3. Case 3. Magnetic Storms of October, 2013
2.3.1. IZMIRAN foF2. As in the earlier two cases,
in this event too, the negative storm effect is observed
to be very strong over IZMIRAN in all the events of
this month, Figs. 5a, 5b. Drops in foF2 magnitudes by
40 to 50% are seen in these cases along with large dip
in residual density reaching as low as 1.8 MHz. The
storm time density variations show phase to phase
association with Dst magnitudes, Figs. 5a, 5b (bottom
panels) and the feature continues to its recovery
period.
2.3.2. Alma-Ata foF2. In Alma-Ata, a weak modifi-
cation in density by magnetic storms induced processes
is noted (Figs. 5a, 5b) in all the four moderate storm
events of this month. While shallow positive storm
effect was seen for October 2, 15 and on 30th magnetic
storm events, a decrease in foF2 magnitude was noted
for October 9 magnetic storm, suggesting enhance-
ment in density is more likely a feature at mid latitude
station during moderate storms. Unlike the observa-
tion in IZMIRAN, the Alma-Ata residual density
trend practically shows no relation with Dst.
2.3.3. Guwahati TEC. The diuranl TEC profiles,
Fig. 5a, indicate no control of Dst on its day-to-day
peak magnitudes and also in the residual electron con-
tent values. But negative effects on electron content
prior to the events of October 2, 9 and 15 and positive
effects seen before October 31 storm day, suggest pres-
ence of complex storm induced role over the anomaly
crest station Guwahati.
2.3.4. Lower atmospheric temperature variations.
As in the other two cases, the day-to-day variations of
maximum temperature of lower atmosphere at the
three stations are examined during the storm periods
(Fig. 6). No association between the storm events (as
marked by arrow head) and lower atmospheric tem-
perature could be seen over IZMIRAN. But in Alma-
Ata and Guwahati, a decrease in temperature value
just 2/3 days prior to each storm event is noted, as in
earlier cases.

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 STORM TIME IONOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 863

(a)
14 14

TEC + sd foF2 + sd foF2 + sd

MHz IZMIRAN
10 10
foF2,

6 6
2 2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
ALMA-ATA
12 12
MHz
Dst, nT 1 × 1016 e/m2 foF2,

8 8
4 4
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
GUWAHATI
120 120
TEC,

60 60
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
30 30

Dst, nT
0 0
–30 –30
–60 –60
–90 –90
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Date
(b)
ΔfoF2

IZMIRAN
0
–2
–4
–6
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
2

ALMA-ATA
ΔfoF2

0
–2
–4
–6
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
60
ΔTEC

GUWAHATI
20
–20
–60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
30

Dst, nT
Dst, nT

0
–30
–60
–90
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Date

Fig. 5. (a) foF2 (TEC) and (b) ∆foF2 (∆TEC) variation (October, 2013) in IZMIRAN, Alma-Ata, and Guwahati during main
phase and recovery period of a number of storms occurred during October 2013, as displayed in Dst ((a), (b) bottom panels) vari-
ations. Note strong synchronization in density modulation over IZMIRAN with Dst variations.

2.4. Case 4. Magnetic Storm of March 17, 2015
It is one of the strongest storm amongst the cases
(Figs. 7a, 7b, bottom panels) taken up in this study,
where after a short and sharp SSC on March 17th, the
Dst value started decreasing fast to reach –233 nT at
about 2300 UT on the same day. The relevant varia-
tions in density of IZMIRAN and TEC from Guwa-
hati are presented below, along with respective Q-day
excursion levels. The Alma-Ata data are not available
for analysis.
2.4.1. IZMIRAN foF2. foF2 and ∆foF2, Figs. 7a, 7b,
profiles show one-to-one correspondence with Dst
(Figs. 7a, 7b, bottom panels) right from the SSC time
with a short increase in foF2 by 40%, then followed by
a sharp decrease in foF2 values by around 80%, during
the main phase of the storm. The recovery is gradual
keeping in phase with the Dst. The abnormal decrease
in the residual night/early morning foF2 value to 1 MHz
is similar to that observed in the March, 2012 magnetic
storm.
2.4.2. Guwahati TEC. Figures 7a, 7b unlike the other
events, shows a strong decrease in its value by 80%
during the storm main phase period. However TEC
profiles do not register any abnormal decrease in night
time residual electron content magnitudes as noted in
IZMIRAN foF2 diurnal pattern.
2.4.3. Lower atmospheric perturbations. The tem-
perature in IZMIRAN , Fig. 8a, in this event too does
not show any special behavior during the storm
period, though in Alma-Ata, Fig. 8b, and Guwahati,
Fig. 8c, decrease in its value could be seen from its
normal trend just prior to the event. Of these two sta-
tions, the changes in temperature over Guwahati are

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16

ALMA-ATA IZMIRAN
12 (a)
8
4
0
Temperature, C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
10 (b)
6
2
–2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

UWAHATI
34
(c)
30
26
22
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Date

Fig. 6. Day-to-day variations in the near surface temperature values in and around the storm event recorded at (a) IZMIRAN;
(b) Alma-Ata; (c) Guwahati during magnetic storm of October 2–15, 28, 2013. The arrow heads indicate the storm days. In Alma-
Ata and Guwahati, a decrease in temperature value just 2–3 days prior to each storm event is noted.

more significant with drops by more than 10%, a day
prior to the storm, a feature similar to that observed in
March 2012/October 2013 magnetic storms.
3. DISCUSSION
The effects of magnetic storm in the studied loca-
tions at different solar activity situations have provided
parametric information suggesting existence of possi-
ble forcing mechanisms between upper and lower
atmosphere prior to and during such events. The
observations show that at higher latitude station
IZMIRAN, ionospheric density modifications go in
synchronization with changes in Dst values starting
from the SSC to the gradual recovery period. The neg-
ative storm effect is most pronounced in IZMIRAN
(even for cases of moderate strength), while in mid lat-
itude station Alma-Ata, a weak negative change in
density is though apparent, mild positive increase is
also noted in cases. In Guwahati, an anomaly crest
station, the TEC modifications during storm are com-
plex as also reported by Devi et al. (2002). These over-
all associations between density and electron content
with Dst at the studied stations for all the storm cases
taken up here are clearly seen from the Figs. 9 and 10.
One of the sources generally associated to such
changes is the storm time electric field. Because it is
well known that during magnetically disturbed periods
the shielding layer in the magnetosphere becomes
ineffective and allowing electric fields to penetrate
directly to low latitudes (Fejer et al., 1979), this distur-
bance dynamo electric fields (DDEFs) which is west
ward during day time may thus manifest itself like
ExB/B2 drift and thereby initiating charge movement
from higher to lower latitudes. Such transport of
charges may decrease the density at high latitudes and
may modify the same (may increase/decrease) at
lower latitudes depending on the field strength as well
as on the latitudinal locations (Fejer and Scherliess,
1995; Abdu, 1997; Kaye and Kivelson, 1981; Basu
et al., 2007; Kuai et al., 2015; Carter et al., 2016). This
process of charge movement thus acts in a reverse
mode of operation with respect to that generally work-
ing in creation of equatorial anomaly where east-ward
electric filed enhances the vertical drift and pushing
plasma from equator to high latitudes. Therefore the
resultant storm induced modification in density
depends on the effect of both the electric fields: one
(1) pushing plasma up from equator and the other
(2) carries plasma down from high latitude, resulting
to depletion in plasma density at high latitude and
positive/negative effect with different intensities at
mid latitude and at low latitude anomaly crest station
depending on strength of east ward/west ward fields
which vary with storm magnitudes as well as occur-
rence time and season of the storm as observed in con-
ducted studies here.
It is also important to identify the role of storm
induced processes on growth/development of equato-
rial anomaly. Abdu et al. (2012) have shown that the
equatorial ionization anomaly suffers modification
under storm time electric fields, when a very strong
storm PPE (Prompt Penetration of Electric Field)
may cause the crest of the anomaly to expand resulting
to large increase in the daytime TEC and EIA expan-
sion to mid latitude. Similar observations are also
drawn from the data by Tsurutani et al. (2004), Man-
nucci et al. (2005), Lin et al. (2005) and Zhao et al.
(2005). But in Guwahati unlike their results strong
decrease in density is observed in one of the strongest
storm event of March, 2015 and no enhancement is
noted even during the recovery phases. It is also likely

GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY Vol. 58 No. 7 2018

 STORM TIME IONOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 865

(a)
12 IZMIRAN
12
10 10

foF2 + sd
MHz 8 8
foF2,

6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
1 × 1016 e/m2

160 GUWAHATI 160

TEC + sd
TEC,

120 120
80 80
40 40
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
80
0 0
Dst, nT

Dst, nT
–80 –80
–160 –160
–240 –240
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Date
(b)
2

IZMIRAN
ΔfoF2

0
–2
–4
–6
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
40

GUWAHATI
ΔTEC

0
–40
–80
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
80
0

Dst, nT
Dst, nT

–80
–160
–240
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Date

Fig. 7. (a) foF2 (TEC) and (b) ∆foF2 (∆TEC) variation (March, 2015) in IZMIRAN and Guwahati. (a), (b) (bottom panels)—Dst.

that during severe storms the effective west ward elec-
tric filed may be strong enough to inhibit development
process of an equatorial anomaly, and in such situa-
tion density at anomaly crest station like Guwahati
especially during equinoxial months when anomaly
plays a strong role in enhancing daytime electron con-
tent may show a decrease as in March, 2015 event.
Storm induced depletion in TEC at anomaly zone is
also reflected in the global TEC variations (west
Pacific zone) during this event as displayed in Fig. 11.
The Fig. 11a shows presence of strong anomaly prior
to the storm (usual anomaly feature during equinoxial
season) and a drastically weak anomaly on the main
phase of the storm (Fig. 11b). It is also shown by
Depuev and Depueva (2016) that as the development
of equatorial anomaly has the prominent features spe-
cific to a longitudinal sector, such regional characters
need to be inducted while framing storm time iono-
spheric model.
One cannot however rule out the effect of disturbed
time meridional neutral wind which may work in lift-
ing of ionospheric plasma along geomagnetic field
lines to regions of lower loss rates, thereby enhancing
magnitude of density even at high latitudes, as
observed in March, 2012 magnetic storm. The ther-
mosphere circulation may also modify composition
changes and may result to increase in density at mid
and low latitudes with a delay. Perhaps such processes
are active in March, 2012 storm. Presence of positive
and negative modulations in density at mid and low
latitude stations are also reported by many (Prölss,
1993; Foster and Rideout, 2005; Jin et al., 2017). They
also suggested combined role of magnetic field and
neutral wind also due composition changes like O/N2

GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY Vol. 58 No. 7 2018

866
(a)
IZMIRAN
8 3
6
6
Increase in temperature
4
4
2
2
0 0
–2
–2
12 14 16 18 20 22
Fig. 8. Surface temperature variations during magnetic storms of March, 2015 over (a) IZMIRAN; (b) Alma-Ata; (c) Guwahati.
ratio. The magnetic field lines may extend into the
plasma sphere and the positive phase disturbances
occur as neutral winds and penetrating electric fields
redistribute the low and mid latitude plasma in lati-
tude, longitude and altitudes.
Further, it is essential to consider modulation of
neutral atmospheric variabilities like temperature by
wavelike structures generated by storm induced pro-
cesses. In this connection perhaps temperature fea-
tures and TEC seen during a few storm events taken up
here may be reexamined. We present here October,
2013 storm time TEC variations over Guwahati and
day-to-day magnitude of Tmax during this period,
Fig. 12. Development of an undulating feature modu-
lating both TEC and temperature over Guwahati is
significant. Storm triggered waves propagating down
to lower latitudes may modulate density with apparent
increase/decrease of density/TEC with the phase of
the wave. However the absences of signature of such
waves at high latitudes may be due to the fact that it is
a secondary effect generated at relatively lower lati-
tudes and through energy exchange processes dissi-
pated by wave-wave interactions. Such interactive pro-
cesses could effectively modulate the temperature
more significantly at lower latitudes as seen at Guwa-
hati than that of high latitude stations. Such aspects
will be examined in more case studies in future with a
plan to induct these parameters in framing of compre-
hensive storm time model.
DEVI et al.
Increase in temperature
Linear fit
(b) (c)
Alma-Ata Guwahati
2
1
0
–1
–2
12 14 16 18 20 22 12 14 16 18 20 22
Date
The temperature variation in the atmosphere
observed 1–3 days before the beginning of the mag-
netic storm could be explained as well by three
sources, which are associated with the reason for the
appearance of a magnetic storm: a change in solar
activity.
Thus, in the case of a flash/coronal ejection on the
Sun, in addition to the cloud of dense plasma rushing
to the Earth, electromagnetic radiation (UV, X-rays,
radio and visible spectrum) reaches the Earth in about
8 minutes, and then energetic particles (solar cosmic
particles, SCP) reach the Earth in tens of minutes/
hour (Pudovkin and Raspopov, 1992). Energetic par-
ticles (there are SCP with energies of hundreds of MeV),
depending on their energy, can reach the atmosphere
at an altitude of 3–5 km (see balloon observations
(Stozhkov et al., 2001)), or manifest themselves in the
polar zone and lead to a sharp redistribution of global
electric fields (Tinsley, 2000).
SCP in the atmosphere creates additional conden-
sation centers, which leads to cloud formation and
possible changes in temperature and pressure in the
surface layers. Thunderstorms and changes in local
precipitation are also possible (Stozhkov et al., 2003).
Besides, a dense plasma formation approaching the
Earth can cross/block the path to intergalactic cosmic
ray fluxes (Forbush decrease (Veretenenko and
Pudovkin, 1995)), which can also create conditions for
local variations in temperature and other meteorolog-
ical manifestations, but tens of hours/a day prior to the
GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY Vol. 58 No. 7 2018
 STORM TIME IONOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 867

(a)
2 40
IZMIRAN 2 ALMA-ATA GUWAHATI
30
1 20
1 10
Δ foF2

Δ foF2

ΔTEC
0 0
0
–10
–1 –1 –20
–30
–2 –2 –40
–3 –3 –50
–120 –80 –40 0 40 –120 –80 –40 0 40 –120 –80 –40 0 40
–100 –60 –20 20 –100 –60 –20 20 –100 –60 –20 20
Dst, nT Dst, nT Dst, nT
(b)
3 3 60
2
IZMIRAN ALMA-ATA 50 GUWAHATI
2 40
1 30
0 1 20
10

ΔTEC
Δ foF2

Δ foF2

–1 0 0
–2 –10
–3 –1 –20
–4 –2 –30
–40
–5 –3 –50
–6 –60
–160 –120 –80 –40 0 40 –160 –120 –80 –40 0 40 –160 –120 –80 –40 0 40
–140 –100 –60 –20 20 –140 –100 –60 –20 20 –140 –100 –60 –20 20
Dst, nT Dst, nT Dst, nT
(c)
60
2 IZMIRAN 2 ALMA-ATA 50 GUWAHATI
1 1 40
0 30
0 20
–1 –1 10
ΔTEC

0
Δ foF2

Δ foF2

–2 –2 –10
–3 –3 –20
–4 –4 –30
–40
–5 –5 –50
–6 –6 –60
–70
–80 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40 –80 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40 –80 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40
Dst, nT Dst, nT Dst, nT

Fig. 9. ∆ foF2/∆TEC relation with Dst maginude in (a) IZMIRAN; (b) Alma- Ata; (c) Guwahati for the events of August 2011,
March 2012 and October 2013.

beginning of the magnetic storm. This phenomenon
has already been proposed as a forecast for space
weather (Dorman, 2005). Thus, SCR, energetic pro-
tons and electrons, Forbush effect and changes in the
global electric circuit can lead to local variations of
meteorological conditions on the eve of magnetic
storms.
4. CONCLUSION
The ionization density modification by magnetic
storm is observed to be strong and well defined at
higher latitude station and gets less defined as one
move down to low latitude station. On contrary to this
observation, storm induced effects at the neutral near
surface neutral atmosphere is observed to be more sig-
nificant at low latitude.
One of the sources generally associated to observed
foF2 and TEC changes is the storm time electric field.
At the same time effects of disturbed time meridional
neutral wind and thermosphere circulation which
cause composition changes could not be excluded.
The change in temperature in the atmosphere
observed 1–3 days before the beginning of the mag-
netic storm could be explained by three sources, which
are associated with the reason for the appearance of a
magnetic storm: a change in solar activity. SCP, ener-
getic protons and electrons, Forbush effect and
changes in the global electric circuit can lead to local

GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY Vol. 58 No. 7 2018

868 DEVI et al.

16 2.080
15 Izmiran ΔfoF2 (a) 1.205
0.330
14

Hour
–0.545
13 –1.420
12 –2.298
11 –3.170
10 –4.045
–4.920
9
16 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
63.00
15 Guwahati ΔTEC (b) 44.88
Hour

14 26.75
13 8.625
–9.500
12 –27.630
11 –45.750
10 –63.880
9 –82.000
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
56.00
20 Dst, nT (c) 21.25
16 –13.50
Hour

–48.25
12 –83.00
8 –117.80
–152.50
4 –187.30
0 –222.00
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Date
Fig. 10. Relation between Dst and ∆ foF2/∆TEC in (a) IZMIRAN and (b) Guwahati for the month of March 2015. Note intense
negative effect on daytime density at IZMIRAN and on TEC at Guwahati.

(a) (b)
TECU TECU
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Vertical TEC at 05 UT, 18 Mar 2015 Vertical TEC at 05 UT, 18 Mar 2015
10

20
Geographic latitude, deg

Geographic latitude, deg

10
50 30 50
20 10
20
10
40 20
60 30 10
0 0 30
20 30
40
30 30
10 10
10

–50 –50

0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300

Geographic longitude, deg Geographic longitude, deg
Fig. 11. Global TEC map showing (a) development of normal equatorial anomaly during day time prior to storm of March 2015
and (b) inhibition of the same during main phase of the event.
TEC, 1 × 1016 e/m2

140 (a)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
36 (b)
Temperature, °C

34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
Date, October
Fig. 12. Undulation structures in TEC and in day-to-day variations in temperature over Guwahati during 2013 October storms.

GEOMAGNETISM AND AERONOMY Vol. 58 No. 7 2018

 STORM TIME IONOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICS
variations of meteorological conditions prior to mag-
netic storms.
The proposed multiparameter situation, of course,
requires further research, better statistics and the
detection of possible manifestations of effects in local
meteorological conditions on the eve of a specific
magnetic storm.
Such lower atmospheric parameters along with
regional density features of equatorial anomaly zone
and wave mode of coupling need to be introduced in
framing of future comprehensive storm time model.
This will be the future course of study.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors M. Devi, A.K. Barbara, V. Depuev,
A. Depueva, and Yu. Ruzhin acknowledge with thanks
the financial support received from the DST, India
and RFBR, Russia for partial support received by
them through Grant no. 17-55-45094 a_IND. The
work of G. Gordiyenko has been supported by the
no. 0082/GF4 research grant “Investigate the role of
non-stationary geophysical phenomena in the dynam-
ics of the lower and upper atmosphere”.
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