CHAPTER 10 RHEOLOGY2 renin nso tid Separation CHAPTER 10 RHEOLOGY 104 Introduction Rheology isthe study ofthe deformation and low of matter. This definition was given by Bingham (1916, 1922) end includes, as special and limiting cases, the solids and the uid. (Characteristics ofthe solids ar their rigidity or elasticity, while aids cannot resist shear forces ‘without continuous deformation. Classical elasticity covers the study of elastic solids and Maid ‘mechanics permits the treatment of fluids, but there are materials that, depending on the circumstances, behave lke solids or ike fluids. These materials are the principal subjects of ‘Rheology. Take, for example, the material called “Bouncing Pty” If placed ina container, it ‘wll slowly fill the space and finda horizontal level, ikea fui However, a ball ofthis material ‘wil bounced when drop on the foe, ike a ease soli. Time i the variable involved in these ‘cases In show ime pense the material Beaves ke slid, while for longer imes it behave like a fui There isan ol saying that everthing flows if you wait long enough. Having this ‘des in mind, i is important to recognize that Rheology is a discipline that studies set of Behaviors, rather than 2st of materials Some of the typical sheological behaviors are: > Shearsrate dependent viscosity. For many fluids the viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, This decrease may be enormous, reaching 10° to 10* times the viscosity extrapolated to zero shear rate ‘Shear viscosity n(7), (ma) i ‘Soar rate 7 (18)(Chapter 10 Rhesto 3 Fig 10.1 Viscosity versus shear rate for a copper tailing at 66% solids by weight, Concha 2004, Intermal Report, Cttem Ltd > Normal stresses in steady shear flows. Some fui have diferent normal stesses, 12;.0,804 0, Which leads to strange behavior such as climbing up a rotating fod. ig. 102 Weissenborg effect. On left a non Newtonian fuid and ‘on the right a Newtonian fluid, XXXXXX. > ‘Transient of unsteady shear flows, There are materials that experience transient phenomena when stressed, for example stress relaxation and creep. Some of ‘Phenomena are used to characterize rheolopial parametersFig. 103 Stress relaxation for a copper ti by weight, Bustamante 2002). ‘A theological study includes the formulation of constitutive equations for the stresses, that is, mathematical relationships between the applied ses and the resultant stain or rate of sain and the experimental measurement or material properties. 102 NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLULDS. 102.18tate of stress ‘The internal ses of body is characterized by the stress tensor, which applied at any internal surface of the body yields the surface foes, of traction, at that surface Concha and Bartientos 1995 =Ton with P=7T (0. were 4, is the traction, 1 the stress tensor and m tho unit normal vestor to the intemal surface. In matvx notation the stress tensor is writen in the form: Ty T Talfe, Poleveseil| ts Ts Ts 02) Ty Ts Tales and in tensor notation: Te Tee Mage Tote + Tyee, *Tatses Tae ios) Tyee, Tes + Tees where J, arethe component ofthe stres tensor and ge, i the unit tensor. “The difference beween a solid and a Mud is expressed through the sites tensor. Fluid is ‘4 body incapable of supporting shear stress without deforming continuously. Since at ‘equilibrium tere is no relative deformation between pars ofthe body (only rigid deformations ae admitted), id may be defined asa body that admis only normal forces at equilibria: e-ph and T= pl (104) “The term p receives the name of presure, In tems of the pressure all fluids may be separated into an equilibrium par pf and an extra pat 7 depending onthe mation: Te-plet® cos) poo +P Ta Ty r=5'|0 -p o|s+s"| t trp Ty |B (06) oo - Te Tate, where is the Cartesian bse of wit vectors. ‘The extra sess 7, in tum, may be separate into a normal stress and a shear tess:‘Shapter 10 Rhestagy ri Lurt)rofre Hers) 07) 10.2.3Rate of deformation ‘The rate of deformation of @ body is measured though the velocioy gradient, L, which ives a linear approximation fo the velovty ata pont, ithe velocity at # neighboring point is known, wir tdraeviedt)s Lede (io) a 2, where pave eee, 0s ‘The rate of deformation may be separated into thee parts, the rate of expansion, the rate of shear and the rate of rotation: = kt Dew (20.10) «aoa (10.12) (10.13) For ncompressible mate, ¥7=0, en (10.10) eds to Lovee) elo") «aoa eens = oe 112 coma cqaos ‘The laws of mechanics are valid forall types of deformations (for sols), oF rate of eformation (for Buds), ofall kinds of bodes. Therefore, to characterize pectic properties of a given material, additional information mast be given as constitutive equations relating he sate ‘of stress withthe dofermation or rate of deformation produced. 8) Ideal Fluids A fluid is ideal tit incompressible and supports normal stresses only (no friction). Then, from (104) pt 0.15) 1) Blase Fluidsta rm ron bameresile fd tht spor nly nama ese (0 ion i ane vom (10.4) (10.19) ©) Viseous Fluids ‘A viscous fluid develops friction through the shear stresses. The constiutive equation of viscous Mid is P=-o()t+7(D) 01 incompressible viscous inca Hid ‘The most important Mids, sich as water and air at Tow pestes, have ner relinsbipbeweon te ext Stress eso Tan he shear ate PenplenloreW!) 01s) where isthe coeticent of shear visas. These ids are called Nevionian Mids. ncompressble generale viscous Mud Unforanssly my fli, incnding, polymers, aqusns polymer slaions and suspension donot cone fo equation (1018 For hose merit a eqtion sma o (10.18) used but the coeticen of viscosity is noc a constant inthis cas, but a function of the shear rate trough the second invariant of D> T=-pl+2y(ilp)D (10.19) Whore 7 is the coefficient of viscosity. Since the shear rite tensor is symmetric, BY [Ds DyyD,]B ad My = DD, +D.D, + P,P, Fluids with constitutive equation given by equation (10.19) are known as nom Newtonian fii. ‘Simple shear flows ‘Many important flows, such as Hagen-Poiseille flow in a tbe, rotting flow in a tube, ‘ow between two roatng disks or couete low between parallel pats are simple shear lows. ‘Simple shear flows ae flows whore tho shear stress has the form: Dai (en +en) (1020) whore 7=0% /O5, Example. ‘Consider flow of a Newtonian uid in e tube with velocity v, =v, (r), and eatetate 3) the stress nessa to maintain the ow and he diterenc of te normal stress 2) The consttive equation forthe Newtonian Aid i given by equation (10-18), hen, wridag &y,/Or= 9, webave:1, 7, 0) [poo rT, 0|=-10 p ols} 0 0m) lo op ToT, oT, atm yy 1) Ditxence of normal sess: =Ty=T=-P Typlts values of the vies of Newton fide a Hg Hy =10° [Pas] Example. Consier Now oF non-Newrian Mi ina tube wih vloctyv, =y, (7), end cael ) he sss necessary fo maaan he Nand) he ferns of the noma res. 4) The conatutiveexuition forthe oe-Newtonsn Mid ie given by eqution(J0.19). IF we write 21,/8r= 7 the, the second invaantof F's Hy = DD, =}? and: }0°[Pa-s] and 1, T, 0) [poo oF 7, 7, 0|=-|0 p olsn(y}7 0 0 0 0m! [0 op 000 eat =1,2r=n(P)y 1) Difereceofromal arses: 12 Ty =Ty =P T-T=0 T,—Ty=0 1024 Non-Newtonian Fluid Models Newtonian fluids show a Jinear relationship between the shear stress + and the share rate 7. Fora simple shear rate flow, we have: Mr en where jis the coefficient of shear viscosity or simple, the shear viscosisy and itis a ‘constant. Figures 12.1 and 12.2 show the shear stress versus shear rate and the viscosity ‘versus shear rate for water, which isa Newtonian uid. For non-Newtonian fluids in simple shear flows we can use the expression: yy (10.22)set on Sot sani Separation ya bon fear ibs wt os a ent on i dene * — : B ‘Shear viscosity 1, (mPa-s) ‘Shear stress, (Pa) (earecner re rmrea } om wo 0 oo om ‘Shear rate y, (1s) lg, 104 Shear stress ern shear eal or water,» Newtonian Hid os Shear rate 7, (11) ig, 108 Shear viscosity of water,a Newtonian Mi,(Chapter 10 Rhestogy —_ Shear stress r, (Pa) ‘Shear rate 7, (1s) ing: a non-Newton Fig. 106 Shear stress ver shear rate fora copper ms ‘uid (Cette 2005 Shear viscosity (7), (mPa-s) & Shear rate 7, (18)wo Testhook on S ld Separate Fig. 1.7 Shear vitosty vere shear rate for copper malin ‘a, (Cettem 2005) 123 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID MODELS ‘The modeling of non-Newtonian fluids consists in establishing # mathematical relationship between the shear viscosity and the shear rate. There are several models of ‘hich the most useful are the povser law model and the viseo-plastic models. Within the visco-plastic models the most well known are the Bingham model and the Herschel Bulekiey model 103.1 Power Law Model Newtonian ‘Many materials present a power law relationship between the shear stress and the sheat rate: renj" 10.23) For this material a loge-log plot gives a straight line where the shear viscosity is: nem (10.24) 000000 | Power Law Model netasay*™ é © soo = 100 | ‘ — as 1 10 ‘10 4000 ‘Shear rte y, (18) Fig. 108 Logg plat ofthe shear vncosity ofa simple of copper tangs, (Cette 2005) For the case in the figure m=1723.4 (mPa-s) and n—1=~0.727 , and therefore the sear stress models: 723.497 Pa (1025) ‘The parameter m is called the consistency index and is called the power law index.(Chapter 10 Rheology mn ‘Materials with m=1 are Newtonian fluids. Materials with <1 are ealled pseudo- Plastic of shear thinning, whereas materials with n>1 are called dilatants or shear ‘thickening. Most tailings are pseudo-plastic materials but, in some cases, tailings show pcudo-plastie behavior for low shear rates and dilatancy for high shear rates, “ann=0, Preudoplactc Shear viscosity, (mPa-2) ° ‘0 0 ie 0 00 Shar rate 7, (11) ig. 109 Shear vicorty verses shear rate for Newt sand Dilatant terial n> + Pseudo-plastic 3d, and rotate it ta constant velocity smaller that 10 pm, increasing the torque as a function of time. The torque-time curve increases with a linear elastic deformation up to a maximum T, and than fills. The relationship between this maximum torque and the yietd tes is: roth 1039) rat? (103) ‘whore 7, is the maximum torque in an experiment. dand & are the values of vane diameter and height and m isan empirical parameter. "The valuc of yield stress obiained i this form depends the size ofthe vane selectedTie tf) Fig 1019 Maximum torque obtained fora given vane sis and certain oncentation ofa copper tallng. “For this reason its convenient ro make tets with at lest thre different vane sizes ‘The Viseotester Hauke 550 offers the following vane sizes‘Table 10.1 Sizes of vanes available Von FIO d=40 £60 FL d=22, b= 16 FL d=10 f-088 Equation (10:33) can be written inthe form: at (1034) Ploting ¥=27, na? versus {fd a stouight line is oblained, where +, line and x, /(m+3) is the intercept with the ordinate the slope of the 8 = 32-0ax -25557) Re=osi07 [a 8 K Dimensionless torque K=2Ti/3. 140 g ‘Vane dimension ratio X=ut Fig, 1020 Plot of Y versus {/d for diferent vane ste, withthe concentration as parameter, (Cettem 2005) rom the plot we obtain: 28551 > m=835, (1035) med Figure 10.21 shows.a plot ofthe dimensionless yiels stress versus concentration ratio for 4 copper flotation tailing oblained by this method (Cettem 2005) for four different ‘concentrationsto 455 Mes ft =(0/0,) [0-0/0 | ge pey [ gut Serie cere pect ¢ Ba [ Bas is A 6 Seca ace lca ac Volume faction of $0835 Pm "ig 1.20 Plot ofthe dmenslonles yield stress versus concentration ratio, (Cettem 2005) Figure 10,21 shows thatthe model of equation (10.31) is convenient for expressing the yield stress with two parameters rand 9, 12.4 REFERENCES, Bames, H.A., Hutton, JF. and Walters, K, 1989. An Introduction to Rheology, Blesevier, Amsterdam, Bingham, .C., 1916. US Bur. Stand. Bull, 13,309. 1929 Bingham, F.C., 1922. Fluidity and Plasticity, McGraw-Hill, New York, p.215. Bustamante, 0, 2002. Modelacién matematica del tensor esfuerzo y la viscosidad de ‘una suspension mineral, Tesis de doctorado, Departamento de Ingenieria Metalingica, ‘Universidad de Concepcion, p. 43. CCettem Lid, 2005, Internal Report Chhabra, K.P. and Richardson, J.P, 1999. Non Newtonian flow in the Process Industry, Buttervorth-Heinemann, p. 436. Concha, F. y Barrientos, 1993. Mecinica Racional Modema, Volumen IL, ‘Termomecinica del Medio Continuo, Universidad de Concepcién, Proyectos de Docencia, pp.266.a____ textbook on Sots Separation Cross, MM., 1965. Rheology of non-Newtonian fluids: a new flow equation for pseudo-plastic systems, J. Colloid Sci, 20, 417-437, Keieger, LM, and Doberty, TJ. 1959. A mechanism for non-Newtonian flow in suspensions of rigid spheres, Trans. Soe. Rheol., 3, 137-152. Macosko, C.W., 1994. Rheology, Principles, measurements and applications, CCH Publishers Inc, New York. Nguyen, QD. and Boger, D.V., 1983. Yield stress measurement for concentrated suspensions, J. Rheology, 27,321-349 Sofia, F., 2005. Understanding feed rheology in Nickel Laterite Processing, In Paste 2005, Jewell, R-and Barrera, S. Editors, Santiago, 29-44(Chapter 10 Rheology 2s