Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime

Transport

College of Engineering and Technology

Electronics & Communication Department

Low noise block

Presented By:
Madonna Nobart

Supervised By:
Dr.Abu el dahab
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………….1

CONSTRUCTION……………………………………………………………………………2

BLOCK AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM …………………..……………………………………3

SELECTION OF VL……………………………………………………………………………..4

ANTENNA USED……………………………………………………………………………….5

NOISE FACTOR……………………………………………………………………..…………..6

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………..4
 ChapterOne

Low noise block

Introduction:
low noise block is a device used in satellite dish systems to amplify and convert the signals received
from the satellite into a frequency range that can be easily processed by the set-top box or receiver.
The LNB is placed at the focus of the parabolic dish, where it receives the incoming signals and sends
them down a coaxial cable to the receiver.
The LNB consists of three main components: the feedhorn, the low noise amplifier (LNA), and the
local oscillator (LO). The feedhorn is a cone-shaped metal device that collects and focuses the
incoming signals onto the LNA. The LNA amplifies the signals while adding as little noise as
possible, hence the name "low noise". Finally, the LO generates a stable local frequency that is mixed
with the incoming signals to produce an intermediate frequency that can be easily processed by the
receiver.
There are different types of LNBs available, including single-band and multi-band units. Single-band
LNBs are designed to receive signals from a specific frequency range, such as the Ku band (10.7-
12.75 GHz) or C band (3.4-4.2 GHz). Multi-band LNBs, on the other hand, can receive signals from
multiple bands, making them more versatile and suitable for use in areas with a wide range of satellite
services.
Overall, the LNB plays a crucial role in satellite dish systems, and choosing the right one can make a
big difference in terms of signal quality and reliability
Construction of low noise block:
Gather the materials: You will need a printed circuit board (PCB), a low noise amplifier (LNA)
module, a mixer module, an oscillator module, a local oscillator (LO) frequency generator, a voltage
regulator module, a power supply, and several capacitors and resistors. Assemble the circuit board:
Solder the LNA, mixer, oscillator, and voltage regulator modules onto the PCB according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Connect the modules using the appropriate resistors, capacitors, and
wires. Add the power supply: Attach the power supply to the PCB and connect it to the voltage
regulator module. Ensure that the power supply can deliver the appropriate voltage and current
required by the LNB. Connect the LO frequency generator: Connect the LO frequency generator to
the mixer module and the oscillator module. The LO frequency generator generates a signal that mixes
with the signal received by the LNA to produce an intermediate frequency (IF). Test the LNB: Once
the LNB is assembled, it should be tested to ensure that it is working correctly. Connect it to a satellite
dish and a receiver to verify that it is amplifying the signals from the satellite dish without adding
significant noise to the system.

1
Block diagram:

The diagram shows input waveguide which collect the signal from the dish and pass it to the LNB,
waveguide which collects the signal from the dish and passes it to the LNB, low noise amplifier which
amplifies the signal with minimal added noise, local oscillator which generates a signal at a specific
frequency, which is mixed with the incoming signal to produce intermediate frequency. A mixer which
combines the incoming signal with the local oscillator signal, producing an IF signal, filter to remove
unwanted signals from IF signal, amplifier to amplifies IF signal, a demodulator which extracts required
data.

2
 ChapterTwo

2.SELECTION OF VL
VL represents the voltage applied to the Local Oscillator (LO) port. The VL is an important parameter to
consider when designing or selecting an LNB for a particular application. The selection of VL depends on
a few key factors.
1. Frequency range: The frequency range of the LNB's output should match the frequency range of the
satellite signal that you want to receive. Different VL values are generally required for different
frequency ranges, so you'll need to choose an LNB that is appropriate for the frequency range you are
working with.
2. Noise figure: The noise figure of the LNB is the amount of noise that the LNB adds to the signal. A
lower noise figure is desirable because it means that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal
will be higher. Generally, a lower VL value results in a lower noise figure. So, you should choose an LNB
that has an appropriate VL value for your desired noise figure.
3. Transponder bandwidth: The bandwidth of the transponder that you want to receive is another factor
that should be taken into consideration. The transponder bandwidth is usually specified by the satellite
service provider. To receive a particular transponder, you need to choose an LNB with a VL that
corresponds to that particular transponder.
4. Dish size: The size of your satellite dish affects the received signal strength. A larger dish means that
you'll need less amplification, so a lower VL value may be appropriate. On the other hand, a smaller dish
may require a higher VL value.

3
 ChapterThree

3.ANTENNA OF LNB
In a low noise block (LNB) system, the antennas used are satellite dish antennas. The LNB is mounted on the
feedhorn of the dish antenna which catches the signals reflected by the dish and focuses them onto the LNB.

A satellite dish antenna is an outdoor antenna designed to receive signals from satellites, which are in
geostationary orbit above the Earth's equator. The dish antenna has a parabolic shape and is designed to
reflect radio waves and focus them onto a small area. This area is known as the focal point of the antenna or
the focus. The LNB is mounted here to receive the signals that are reflected by the dish.

Different dish antennas have different specifications, including size, shape, and gain, which are important
factors to consider when selecting an antenna for your LNB system. The larger the dish, the stronger the
signal, and the better the reception. The gain of the antenna is also important because it determines how
much the signal is amplified as it passes through the LNB. Higher gain antennas are recommended for users
who are farther from the satellite, while smaller gain antennas are sufficient for users who are closer to the
satellite. In summary, satellite dish antennas are used to receive signals in an LNB system, and their size and
gain are important factors to consider when selecting the appropriate antenna for your application10. Thread
the wire through the opening and create a rain drop loop just outside the door.

Noise factor:
the higher the frequency, the higher the noise will be. What is a good LNB noise figure? Look for 1.5 dB for Ka-
band frequencies, 0.8 dB for Ku and X-band, and 0.4 dB for C-band.

4
 CONCLUSION
The low noise downconverter circuit was designed and successfully intergrated onto single printed
circuit board and analysed together with the simulated results.

REFRENCES
https://www.satsig.net/lnb/explanation-description-lnb.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Onyebuchi-Nosiri/publication/
282733846_Modelling_Simulation_and_Analysis_of_a_Low-
Noise_Block_Converter_LNBC_Used_For_Communication_Satellite_Reception_Using_Matlab/
links/561a92e108ae78721f9f8ae9/Modelling-Simulation-and-Analysis-of-a-Low-Noise-Block-
Converter-LNBC-Used-For-Communication-Satellite-Reception-Using-Matlab.pdf?
origin=publication_detail
http://www.marinesatellitesystems.com/index.php?page_id=103