Cambridge IGCSE™

* 6 3 7 6 0 2 7 4 8 9 *

BIOLOGY 0610/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2022

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (RW/CB) 302037/5
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) Some students were studying the activity of yeast. They made a fact file, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Organism: yeast

Scientific name: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Structure: single cells

Main cell structures: cell wall, cell membrane,

vacuole, nucleus, mitochondria, rough
endoplasmic reticulum

Main energy source: sugars

Fig. 1.1

(i) State the kingdom in which yeast is classified.

Lungi
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the process that occurs in mitochondria to provide energy for yeast cells.

derobic respiration.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Yeast cells make the enzyme sucrase. Sucrase catalyses the breakdown of sucrose to
glucose and fructose.
-

Enzymes are made of protein.

Explain how the shape of a sucrase molecule is related to its function.

sucrase molecule has

complimentary shape
...................................................................................................................................................
to the substrate sucrose. Sucrose has an
...................................................................................................................................................

active site, its where the substrate binds

...................................................................................................................................................

with the enzyme to form enzyme substrate

...................................................................................................................................................

complex.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The students made an extract of sucrase from yeast cells.

---
They investigated the activity of the sucrase extract at different pH values. They determined
the rate of reaction at each pH.

They then calculated the rate of each reaction as a percentage of the fastest reaction, to give
the percentage activity of sucrase.

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 3

The results of this investigation are shown in Fig. 1.2.

100

90

80

70

60
percentage
activity of 50
sucrase
40

30

20

10 -

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH

Fig. 1.2

Describe and explain the effect of pH on the activity of sucrase shown in Fig. 1.2.
the percentage
activity of sucrose increases
...................................................................................................................................................
50 to 100, as the pH value increases from 2 to
...................................................................................................................................................
6. The activity of sucrose has reached its
...................................................................................................................................................

Optimum pH6, its where the rate of reaction

...................................................................................................................................................
is the
highest. After pH6 the enzyme activity
...................................................................................................................................................
started decreasing from 180 to 10. The
...................................................................................................................................................

enzyme activity started decreasing because

...................................................................................................................................................

enzymes denature, the enzyme deformes

...................................................................................................................................................
and the active site deforms as well.
...................................................................................................................................................
Therefore the substrate can'tbind with enzyme
...................................................................................................................................................
to form enzyme substrate complex.
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over
 4

2 Mammals have a double circulation.

Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of a section through the heart of a mammal. The arrows show the direction of
blood flow through the heart and blood vessels.

C
A

X septum

Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) State the name of the chamber of the heart with the thickest wall.
left ventricle
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) D is a vein. State the name of this vein and describe its structure.

vena cava
name .................................................................................................................................

transports deoxygenated
description of structure ......................................................................................................

blood from the body to the heartand

...........................................................................................................................................

sends it to the rightatrium for the

...........................................................................................................................................

deoxygenated blood to be oxygenated

...........................................................................................................................................
blood.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 5

(iii) Identify the structure labelled X in Fig. 2.1 and state its role in the heart.
semilunar value, prevents back of
...........................................................................................................................................
blood from pulmonary artery to the
...........................................................................................................................................
ventricle.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

 6

(b) Fig. 2.2 is a diagram that shows the double circulation of a mammal. The arrows indicate the
movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood.

capillaries in
the lungs

capillaries in
respiring tissues

Fig. 2.2

(i) Shade the blood vessel in Fig. 2.2 that transports blood with the highest oxygen
concentration. [1]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 7

(ii) Describe the evidence shown in Fig. 2.2 that the mammal has a double circulatory
system.
The blood
passes through the heart
...........................................................................................................................................
twice. Has 4 Chembers
...........................................................................................................................................
&

two set of artery and vein

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain the advantages of a double circulation.

prevent mixture of deoxygenated

...........................................................................................................................................
and
oxygenated blood. Higher
...........................................................................................................................................
rate ofb lood flow the the whole
...........................................................................................................................................

body. Higher metabolic rate.

...........................................................................................................................................

High Good pressure.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

 8

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 9

3 The pancreas is an organ that has roles in the digestive and hormonal systems of humans.

Fig. 3.1 shows part of the alimentary canal and some of the associated organs.

J
stomach

K
pancreas
L
pancreatic duct

Fig. 3.1

(a) State the names of organs J, K and L.

liver
J ................................................................................................................................................

gall bladder
K ...............................................................................................................................................
duodenum
L ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) The pancreas secretes hormones into the blood and enzymes into the pancreatic duct. The
enzymes are released into the alimentary canal.

Complete Table 3.1 by stating the hormones and enzymes that are secreted by the pancreas.

Table 3.1

hormones secreted by the pancreas enzymes secreted by the pancreas

glucagon
...................................................................... amylase
......................................................................
Insulin
...................................................................... trpsin
......................................................................

lipase.
......................................................................

[5]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

 10

(c) Chloride ions also move along the pancreatic duct.

-

CFTR proteins in the cells lining the pancreatic duct move chloride ions out of the cells into
the duct. -

Fig. 3.2 is a diagram of a cell from the lining of the pancreatic duct showing the location and
activity of CFTR proteins.

inside the pancreatic duct

CFTR
protein

pancreatic Key:
duct cell chloride ion

not to scale

Fig. 3.2

Explain how CFTR proteins move chloride ions across the membrane of the cell shown in
Fig. 3.2.

By chloride ion moves

active
transport,
...................................................................................................................................................
across the membrane
against the concentration
...................................................................................................................................................

gradiant. From lower concentration to

...................................................................................................................................................

higher concentration, by using

energy,
...................................................................................................................................................

protein carrier.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 11

(d) The movement of chloride ions into the pancreatic duct causes water to move from the cells
into the duct to help the flow of liquid in the duct.

Explain how water moves from the cell shown in Fig. 3.2 into the pancreatic duct.

By osmosis, water moves across

...................................................................................................................................................
down concentration
the
membrane
gradient.
...................................................................................................................................................
From higher water
potential to lower water
...................................................................................................................................................
Net movement of water molecules
potential.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

 12

(e) If CFTR proteins do not move chloride ions, the liquid in the pancreatic duct becomes very
-

sticky and the duct can become blocked.

Blocked pancreatic ducts are one effect of cystic fibrosis, which is an inherited disease. Cystic
fibrosis is caused by a mutation of the gene that codes for the CFTR protein.

Fig. 3.3 shows the pedigree diagram of a family that has two people who have cystic fibrosis.
x"Y xxt

xxt XiY xix+ xYY

Xt XTY XTxt
1 2 3

4 5 6 7
XTY xty xxt x*yt
Key:

female without cystic fibrosis

male without cystic fibrosis

female with cystic fibrosis

male with cystic fibrosis

Fig. 3.3

(i) The allele that causes cystic fibrosis is a recessive allele.

Describe and explain the evidence shown in Fig. 3.3 that cystic fibrosis is caused by a
recessive allele.

person 3 had an recessive allele because

...........................................................................................................................................
3 was notaffected but was
person a
...........................................................................................................................................

carrier, the persons offspring

...........................................................................................................................................
was affected with cystic fibrosis.
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 13

(ii) Person 7 is expecting a child with a man who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis.
- -

Complete the genetic diagram to predict the probability of person 7 and the heterozygous
man having a child with cystic fibrosis.
-

Use the symbol A for the dominant allele and a for the recessive allele.

parental genotypes
AG
................ ad
................

gametes A 9 + aa

A A

9 A
9 aa

A AG aq

An, aa, An, a4

genotypes of offspring .......................................................................................................

cerson withoutcystic fibrosis, person with

cystic
I
phenotypes of offspring .....................................................................................................
fibrosis, person without cystic fibrosis, person with cystic fibrosis.
0.58
probability of having a child with cystic fibrosis .................................................................
[5]

[Total: 21]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

 14

4 Researchers investigated the effect of adding cattle manure (cattle faeces) to fields where snap
bean plants, Phaseolus vulgaris, were grown. Cattle manure contains some protein. -

(a) Explain how protein in the cattle manure is converted to the type of ions that plants can
absorb.

protein has nitrogen. The nitrogen in atmosphere

...................................................................................................................................................

converts nitrate tons by to

nitrogen-fixing
...................................................................................................................................................
bacteria in soil.
Nitrogen-fixation by
...................................................................................................................................................

lighting converts N2 to NO5, goes the

to
...................................................................................................................................................

soil. Nitrate is absorbed by plants by

...................................................................................................................................................

active transport. The animals feed on

plants
...................................................................................................................................................
and digestprotein and amino and. By
...................................................................................................................................................

deamination ammonium ions formed.

...................................................................................................................................................

By nitrification ammonium ions converts

...................................................................................................................................................
nitrate ions. Whole
to
process repents
...................................................................................................................................................

again
............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) Snap bean plants are legumes which have root nodules that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Fig. 4.1 shows some root nodules.

root nodules

Fig. 4.1

(i) Suggest the advantage to farmers of having snap bean plants that have a large number
of root nodules.

profit for farmers, because the plant

...........................................................................................................................................
itself produce nitrogen, so no need
...........................................................................................................................................

buy.
to
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 15

(ii) The researchers investigated the effect of adding cattle manure to fields of snap bean
plants.

• Field 1 was treated with a small quantity of cattle manure.

• Field 2 was treated with a medium quantity of cattle manure.
• Field 3 was treated with a large quantity of cattle manure.
• Field 4 was not treated with any cattle manure.

The researchers counted the number of root nodules on samples of plants from each
field when the snap beans were harvested.

The results of the investigation are shown in Fig. 4.2.

160
=

140
- 156

120

100
average number
of root nodules 80
per plant
60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4
field -

Fig. 4.2

Calculate the percentage increase in the average number of root nodules per plant when
-
snap bean plants were grown with a large quantity of cattle manure (field 3) compared
with no cattle manure (field 4).
-

Give your answer to two significant figures.

-

Space for working.

156 -
96
x10 62.5
=

-
96

63
.............................................................%
[3]
© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over
 16

(iii) When large quantities of manure are put on fields it can lead to eutrophication of streams
and rivers. This can lead to the death of fish.

Describe how eutrophication of streams and rivers can lead to the death of fish.

excessive nutrients from fertilisers run-

...........................................................................................................................................
off from the land to water, aquatic plants
...........................................................................................................................................

grow rapidly, algae also show rapid growth,

...........................................................................................................................................

algae prevents sunlight from reaching

...........................................................................................................................................

aquatic plants. oxygen level drops. Decomposition

...........................................................................................................................................

rate increases, death of fishes du

...........................................................................................................................................

to low concentration of oxygen in dissolved

...........................................................................................................................................

water.
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 13]

5 The Mulanje cedar, Widdringtonia whytei, is the national tree of Malawi. This species of tree
grows naturally only on Mount Mulanje in Malawi. Many of the trees have been overharvested or
destroyed by wildfires, resulting in deforestation, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1

(a) State the genus name of the Mulanje cedar tree.

Widdringtonia
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 17

(b) Explain the undesirable effects of deforestation on habitats that are on mountains, such as
Mount Mulanje.

loss of habitats for animals.

...................................................................................................................................................
more concentrated carbon dioxide
...................................................................................................................................................
atthatarea. Causes soil erosize
...................................................................................................................................................
and climate
change. fewer crops
...................................................................................................................................................
unable to find God.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Scientists in Malawi are working to prevent the extinction of the Mulanje cedar tree in its
natural habitat. -

Explain the benefits to other organisms on Mount Mulanje of conserving the Mulanje cedar
tree in its natural habitat.
e n

tree is a producer producer

...................................................................................................................................................
converts heatenergy chemical energy. to
...................................................................................................................................................
other feed on the tree which
organisms
...................................................................................................................................................

gives them energy. Some organisms get

...................................................................................................................................................

shelter by consering the tree.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) The seeds of many endangered tree species are kept in seed banks.
-

Suggest why it is important to collect seeds from many individual trees of each species rather
than just one tree.

genetic diversity and have

to
...................................................................................................................................................
variation. Save for the next
...................................................................................................................................................

generation to be able to experie

...................................................................................................................................................
and see.
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

 18

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 is a flow diagram showing the events that occur to form a human fetus.

organ P ovary

diploid diploid
cell cell
MeloSIS
process Q

haploid haploid
sperm cell egg cell
fertilization
process R

diploid
cell S
mitosis
process T

embryo
Implantation
process U

fetus

Fig. 6.1

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22

 19

Complete Table 6.1 by using the information in the flow diagram to identify the cell, the organ
and the processes shown in Fig. 6.1.

Table 6.1

cell, organ or process name of the cell, organ or process

organ P testis

cell S
zygote
process Q produces
haploid sperm and eggs meiosis
process R produces
diploid cell S fertilization
process T occurs so that
cell S can grow into an mitosis
embryo
process U occurs so that
the embryo can gain
oxygen and nutrients Implantation
from the mother’s blood
[6]

(b) (i) State why it is important that sperm and egg cells are haploid and not diploid.

to contain 46 chromosomes
...........................................................................................................................................
When both are turned
zygote.
to
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the function of the jelly coat that surrounds egg cells.
to prevent many sperms from
...........................................................................................................................................

entering.
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

 20

(c) Complete the sentences with the appropriate words.

gas exchange
The placenta provides a large surface area for the ............................................... of oxygen

and carbon dioxide between maternal and fetal blood. Dissolved nutrients also pass across

aming
the placenta. Examples of dissolved nutrients are: ............................................... acids,

nitrogen phosphorus
............................................... and ............................................... .

Antibodies pass from the maternal blood giving natural ............................................... passive
immunity to the baby for some infections that the mother has had or has been vaccinated

pathogen
against. Each different type of vaccine contains one or more ...............................................
weaker bacteria
taken from the ............................................... that causes the disease.
[7]

[Total: 15]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 0610/41/M/J/22