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ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ
א א א
. אא
א
)ﻋـﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﱰﻧـﺖ ﺃﻭ א אא
ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺒــﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗــﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺪﳎــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻯ
א ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ (
א א .
. א א
٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ[
ﹶﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﺎ ﺯﺭﺗﻪ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺎ ﺯﺭﺗﻪ ﻗﻂ ،ﺃﻭ ﻟﻦ ﺃﺯﻭﺭﻩ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﹰ ،ﻷﻥ )ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ( ﻇﺮﻑ
ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ،ﻭﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ٢٣ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﺔ:
﴿ﺧﺎِﻟﺪِﻳ ﻦ ﻓِﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﹶﺑﺪﺍ﴾ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ )ﹶﻗﻂﱠ(.
)ﺃ ﺕ ﻡ(
ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﹾﺄﺗﻢ:
ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﹾﺄﺗﻢ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﳚﺘﻤﻌﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﳚﺘﻤﻌﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺄﰎ ﻓﻬﻮ :ﻣﺂﰎ.
)ﺃ ﺙ ﺭ(
ﹶﺃﱠﺛ ﺮ ﻓِﻴِﻪ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ِﺑ ِﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃﱠﺛﺮ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﺃﱠﺛ ﺮ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ،
ﺃﻱ :ﺟﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺛﺮﹰﺍ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﲨﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ )ﻋﻠﻰ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ.
)ﺃ ﺥ ﺫ(
ﺁ ﺧ ﹶﺬﻩِ ﺑ ﹶﺬﻧِﺒﻪِ ،ﹶﺃ ﺧ ﹶﺬﻩِ ﺑ ﹶﺬﻧِﺒ ِﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺁﺧﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻧﺒﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺁﺧﺬﻩ ﺑﺬﻧﺒﻪ ﻣﺆﺍﺧﺬﻩ :ﻋﺎﻗﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ:
ﹶﺃ ﺧﺬﹶﻩ ﺑﺬﻧﺒﻪ.
)ﺃ ﺫ ﻥ(
ﺴ ﹶﻔ ِﺮ:
ﹶﺃ ِﺫ ﹶﻥ ﹶﻟﻪ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃ ِﺫ ﹶﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻔﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺫﻥ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﺑﺎﺣﻪ ﻟﻪ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٤
)ﺃ ﺭ ﺏ(
ﹶﻗ ﱠﻄ ﻌﻪِ ﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ ِﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ِﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ ِﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ِﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ ِﺇﺭﺑﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻀﻮﹰﺍ ﻋﻀﻮﹰﺍ.
ﳊﺒ ﹶﻞ ِﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ ِﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ِﻗﻄﹶﻌﹰﺎ ِﻗﻄﹶﻌﹰﺎ .ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﺍ ﹶ
ﻀ ﻮ ﻣﻮﻓﱠﺮ
)ِﺇﺭﺏ( ﺇﻻ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ،ﻷﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ِﺇ ﺭﺏ( ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﻋ
ﻛﺎﻣﻞ.
)ﺃ ﺯ ﻕ(
ﻭ ﹶﻗ ﻊ ﻓِﻲ ﻣ ﹾﺄﺯِﻕ:
ﻕ .ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺄﹾﺯِﻕ :ﺍﳌﻀِﻴﻖ،ﻕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﹾﺄ ِﺯ ٍ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﻣ ﹾﺄ ﺯ ٍ
ﳊﺮِﺝ .ﻭﲨﻌﻪ :ﻣﺂﺯﻕ. ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ،ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍ ﹶ
)ﺃ ﻡ ﺱ(
ﺲ:
ﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻷﻣ ِ
ﹶﺃ ﻣ ِ
ﻭﻳﺨﻄﱢﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﻟﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ .ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ :ﻟﻘﻴﺘﻪ
ﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ .ﻭﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺃﻣﺲ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﻣ ِ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳓﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﻭ)ﺍﻷﻣﺲ( ﺗﺸﻤﻞ )ﺃﻣﺲ( ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ.
)ﺃ ﻡ ﻡ(
ﻒ ﺗﺠﺎﻫِﻲ ﹶﻻ ﺃﹶﻣﺎﹶﻣِﻲ:
ﻭ ﹶﻗ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﺪﺛﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺪﺛﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻲ ﺃﻭ
ﻗﹸﺒﺎﹶﻟﱵ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺯﺍﺋﻲ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ .ﺃﻣﺎ )ﻭﻗﻒ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ( ﻓﺘﻌﲏ :ﻭﻗـﻒ
ﻣﺪﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﱄ ﻇﻬﺮﻩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﻇﻬﺮﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻠﲔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ.
)ﺃ ﻥ ﺱ(
٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ِﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺇِﻧﺴﺎﻧﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻧﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﺔ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ .ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺼـﺺ ،ﻭﺍﺑـﻦ
ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ :ﻓﻼﻧﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻃﻴﺐ ]ﻃﻴﺐ :ﺻﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ[.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻣﻲ :ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ :ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺜـﻰ
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺯ ﺃﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ :ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﺎﳍﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ.
)ﺃ ﻥ ﻑ(
ﺲ:
ﻒ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺪﺭِﻳ
ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﹾﺄﻧ
ﳜﻄﺊ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﺍﺳﺘﺄﻧﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﻋـﺎﻣﲔ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻘـﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ
ﻣﻌﲎ :ﺍﺳﺘﺄﻧﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﺋﺘﻨﻔﻪ :ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺃﻩ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺃﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻞ :ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﻫـﻮ
ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ.
)ﺃ ﻭ ﻥ(
ﺃﹶﻭﺍﻥﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﺰﻭﺭﻧﺎ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﺰﻭﺭﻧﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ،ﻷﻥ )ﺁ ِﻭﻧﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﲨﻊ )ﹶﺃ ﻭﺍﻥ( .ﻭ)ﺍ َﻷ ﻭﺍﻥ( ﻫﻮ :ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﳊﲔ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٦
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ[
)ﺏ ﺃ ﺭ(
ﺑِﺌﹾﺮ ﻋﻤِﻴﻘﹶﺔ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺑﺌﺮ( ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ.
)ﺏ ﺃ ﺱ(
ﺑﺆﺱ ﻭﺑﺎِﺋﺴﻮﻥ:
ﻭﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ )ﺑﺎﺋﺲ( ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺑﺆﺳﺎﺀ( ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑﺆﺱ ﻭﺑﺎﺋﺴﻮﻥ.
ﺃﻣﺎ )ﺍﻟﺒﺆﺳﺎﺀ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﲨﻊ )ﺑﺌﻴﺲ( .ﻭ)ﺍﻟﺒﺌﻴﺲ( ﻫﻮ :ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ.
)ﺏ ﺕ ﺕ(
ﺖ ﺍ َﻷ ﻣ ﺮ:
ﺑ
ﺖ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻣ ﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻧﻮﺍﻩ ﻭﺟﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ.
ﺖ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺑ
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ :ﺑﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ :ﺟﻬﺪﻩ ﻭﺃﺿﻨﺎﻩ )ﳎﺎﺯ( ،ﻭﺑﺖ ﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺗﻪ:ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﺎ ﻻ ﺭﺟﻌﺔ
ﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ :ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﺑﻼ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ.
ﻓﻴﻪ )ﳎﺎﺯ( ،ﻭﺑ
)ﺏ ﺩ ﻝ(
ﹶﺃﺑ ﺪ ﹶﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪ ﹶﻝ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﺗﺒﺪِﻝ ﺍﻟﻌِﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﻞ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻀﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ
ﺗﺒﺪِﻝ ﺍﳉﻬ ﹶﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻫﺐ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺁﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ:
ﺴﺘ ﺒ ِﺪﻟﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻫ ﻮ ﹶﺃ ﺩﻧﻰ ﺑِﺎﱠﻟﺬِﻱ ﻫ ﻮ ﺧﻴﺮ] ﴾ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ.[٦١ :
﴿ﹶﺃﺗ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺑﺪﻝ( ﻭ)ﺃﺑﺪﻝ ( ﻭ)ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻝ( ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﻭﻙ ﻻ
ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫ.
)ﺏ ﺭ ﺯ(
٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺑ ﺮ ﺯ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ِﻌ ﹾﻠ ِﻢ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺑﺮﺯ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﺯﹰﺍ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑﺮﺯ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﱪﻳﺰﹰﺍ
ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺑﺮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﻮ :ﻓﺎﻕ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺑﺮﺯ ﻓﻬﻮ :ﻇﻬﺮ ﺑﻌـﺪ
ﺧﻔﺎﺀ.
)ﺏ ﺭ ﺱ ﻡ(
ِﺑ ﺮﺳِﻴﻢ:
ﺴﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺍﺏ :ﺑ ﺮﺳِـﻴﻢ.
ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺎﺯ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺑ ﺮﺳِﻴﻢ.
)ﺏ ﺯ ﺏ ﺯ(
ﺑ ﹾﻠﺒﻞ ﺍﻹِﺑﺮِﻳﻖ ﹶﻻ ﺑﺰﺑﻮﺯﻩ:
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑ ﺰﺑﻮﺯﹰﺍ .ﻭﺻﻮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺑ ﹾﻠﺒـﻞ ﺍﻹﺑﺮﻳـﻖ.
ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﺑﻼﺑﻞ.
)ﺏ ﻁ ﺥ(
ِﺑﻄﱢﻴﺦ:
ﻭﻳﻔﺘﺤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺑﻄﹼﻴﺦ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺑﻄﹼـﻴﺦ .ﻭﻳﻨﻜـﺮ
ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ))ﺍﳌﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ(( ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﹶﻓﻌﻴﻞ.
)ﺏ ﻁ ﻥ(
ِﺩﺛﹶﺎﺭ ﹶﻻ ﺑﻄﱠﺎِﻧﻴﺔ:
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﻄﱠﺎِﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣِﺮﺍﻣﺎﹰ .ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗ ﻐﻨﻴﻨـﺎ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ
)ﺩِﺛﺎﺭ( ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻴِﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﲔ.
)ﺏ ﻉ ﺩ(
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٨
ﺍﻟِﺒﻌﺎﺩ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺿﲎ ﺃﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺎﺩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺒِﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺑﺎ ﻋ ﺪ( ،ﻳﻘﺎﻝ
ﺑﺎ ﻋ ﺪ ﺑِﻌﺎﺩﺍ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ،ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ :ﺑﺎﻋِﺪ.
)ﺏ ﻙ ﺭ(
ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺑ ﹾﻜ ﺮ ِﺓ ﹶﺃِﺑﻴِﻬﻢ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﺎﺀﻭﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺑ ﹾﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﺑﻴﻬﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﺎﺀﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﹾﺮﺓ ﺃﺑـﻴﻬﻢ ،ﺃﻱ:
ﺟﺎﺀﻭﺍ ﲨﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﺣﺪ.
)ﺏ ﻝ ﻝ(
ﲔ ِﺑﻠﱠﺔ:
ﺯﺍ ﺩ ﺍﻟ ِﻄ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﻞ ﻧﻜﺒﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺈﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ :ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻫـﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺒٍﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﺑﻠﱠﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ِﺑﻠﱠ ﹰﺔ.
)ﺏ ﻥ ﺩ ﻕ(
ﺑ ﻨﺪِ ﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺑﻨﺎﺩﻕ:
ﻭﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺮﻣﻲ ﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺩﻕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ:
ﺑﻨﺪِﻗﻴﺎﺕ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲨﻊ ﺑﻨﺪﻕ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﻘﱠﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻕ :ﺑﻨﺪﻗﺔ.
)ﺏ ﻫـ ﺕ(
ﺖ:
ﺑ ِﻬ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺑﻬِﺖ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺛﻮﰊ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺷﺤﺐ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﹶﺾ
ﺃﻭ ﻧﺼﻞ.
)ﺏ ﻱ ﺽ(
ﳍﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻀﺔ
٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ
ﺴﻮﺩﺓ(.
)ﺑﺘﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺩ( .ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ) ﻣ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٠
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ[
)ﺕ ﻉ ﺱ(
ﺗ ﻌﺲ ،ﺗﺎﻋِﺲ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﺳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺲ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗـﺎﻋﺲ ﻭﺗﻌِـﺲ ﻻ
ﺗﻌﻴﺲ.
ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ :ﺗﻌﺲ ﻳﺘ ﻌﺲ ﺗﻌﺴﺎﹶ = ﻫﻠﻚ ﻭﺳﻘﻂ ﻭﻳﻌ ﺪ.
)ﺕ ﻝ ﻭ(
ﹸﺛ ﻢ ﹶﻻ ﺑِﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟِﻲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﺨﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﻛـﺜﲑﺍﹰ ،ﰒ
ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﺔ ،ﻷﻥ )ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ( ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺭﻛﻴﻜﺔ ﺟﺪﹶﺍ.
١١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ[
)ﺙ ﻑ ﻝ(
ﹸﺛﻔﹾﻞ ﻻ ِﺗﻔﹾﻞ:
ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﹶﻛﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﻢ ِﺗﻔﹾﻞ .ﻭﺻﻮﺍﺑﻪ :ﹸﺛﻔﹾﻞ.
ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﳎﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱡﺜﻔﹾﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌـﺪ
ﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ.
)ﺙ ﻭ ﺏ(
ﺥ:
ﺥ ﹶﻻ ِﺑ ﻤﺜﹶﺎِﺑ ﹶﺔ ﺍ َﻷ ِ
ﻛ ْﹶﺎ َﻷ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﱄ ﻓﻼﻥ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﱄ ﻓـﻼﻥ ﻛـﺎﻷﺥ ،ﻷﻥ
ﺍﳌﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻧﻪ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٢
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﻴﻢ[
)ﺝ ﺏ ﻫـ(
ﺟ ﺒﻬﺔ ﻭ ﺟﺒِﲔ:
ﺨ ِﻄﺌﹸﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ )ﺍﳉﺒﻬﺔ( ﻭ)ﺍﳉﺒﲔ( ﺍﲰﺎﻥ ﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓـ)ﺍﳉﺒﻬﺔ( ﻭﻳ
ﻫﻲ :ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺒﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻣ ﹶﻘ ﺪﻡ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ .ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ )ﺍﳉﺒﲔ( ﻫﻮ :ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻮﻕ
ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻍ .ﻭﳘﺎ )ﺟﺒﻴﻨﺎﻥ( ﻋﻦ ﳝﲔ ﺍﳉﺒﻬﺔ ﻭﴰﺎﳍﺎ.
)ﺝ ﺩ ﺩ(
ﺟﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺟﺪﺓ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺟﺪﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺟﺪﺓ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﻢ(،
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ،ﻻ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺔ.
)ﺝ ﻉ ﺏ(
ﳉ ﻌﺒﺔ:
ﳉ ﻌﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺍ ﹸ
ﺍﹶ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻌﺒﺘﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻌﺒﺘﻪ .ﻭﺍﳉﹶﻌﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ
ﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻜِﻨﺎﻧﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺗ
)ﺝ ﻝ ﻁ(
ﺟﻠﹾﻄﹶﺔ ﻻ ﺟﻠﹾﻄﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﲜ ﹾﻠﻄﹶﺔ ﺩﻣﻮﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﲜ ﹾﻠﻄﹶﺔ ﺩﻣﻮﻳﺔ.
)ﺝ ﻡ ﺩ(
ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻷُﻭﻟﹶﻰ ﻻ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺟﻤﺎ ﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺟﻤﺎ ﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ .ﻭﺟﻤﺎ ﺩﻯ
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﲬﺴﺔ.
١٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻳﺔ .ﻭﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ
ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺳﺘﺔ .ﻭﳜﻄﺊ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﲨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ .ﻭﲨﻊ ﺟ ﻤﺎ ﺩﻯ:
ﺟ ﻤﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ.
)ﺏ ﻙ ﻱ(
ﺖ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﹶﺎﺀ:
ﺸ
ﺖ ﻻ ﹶﺃ ﺟ ﻬ
ﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻧ
ﺑ ﹶﻜ
ﺖ ﻓﻼﻧﺔ ﻭ ﺭﻧـﺖ.
ﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑ ﹶﻜ
ﺸ
ﺖ ﻓﻼﻧﺔ ﻭﺃ ﺟ ﻬ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺑ ﹶﻜ
ﺃﻱ :ﺭﻓﻌﺖ ﺻﻮﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺎﺀ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺟﻬﺸﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺟ َِﻬﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺎﺀ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻭﻛﺴـﺮﻫﺎ(،
ﳘﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻴﺄﺕ ﻟﻪ. ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ :ﱠ
)ﺱ ﺃ ﻝ(
ﺏ ﺳﺆﺍﹶﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻭِﺇﹶﻟ ﻴ ِﻪ:
ﹶﺃﺟﺎ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺟﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺟﺎﺏ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ
ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻪ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٤
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﺀ[
)ﺡ ﺝ ﺝ(
ﳊﺮﺍﻡ ﻻ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ:
ﺖﺍﹶ
ﺞ ﺍﻟﺒ ﻴ
ﺣ
ﺤﺠﻪ ﺣﺠـﹰﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣ ﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﻡ ﻳ
ﻗﺼﺪﻩ.
)ﺡ ﺩ ﺏ(
ﳊ ﺪﺏ:
ﳊ ﺪﺏ ﻻ ﺍ ﹶ
ﺍﹶ
ﳊﺪﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ .ﺃﻱ :ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﺮِﻑ ﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﺑﺎ ﹶ
ﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ.ﳊ ﺪ ِ
ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﺎ ﹶ
)ﺡ ﺩ ﻭ(
ﺣﺪﺍ ﻩ ﻻ ﺣﺪﺍﺑﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺪﺍﻩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺴـﻔﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺣﺜﱠـﻪ
ﻭﺣﺮﺿﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﺑﻞ ﻭﺣﺜﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﹸﺪﺍﺀ )ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻺﺑﻞ( ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘـﻮﻝ:
ﺣﺪﺍ ﺍﻹﺑ ﹶﻞ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍ ﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﻭﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﹰﺍ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍ ًﺀ ﻭﺣِﺪﺍ ًﺀ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺎﺩٍ ،ﻭﻫﻢ ﺣﺪﺍﺓ.
)ﺡ ﺭ ﻙ(
ﺣﺮﺍﻙ ﻻ ِﺣﺮﺍﻙ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﻼ ِﺣﺮﺍﻙ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﻼ ﺣﺮﺍﻙ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ
ﳊﺮﺍﻙ( ﻓﻬﻮ :ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ.
ﺍﳊﺎﺀ( ،ﻷﻥ ﺃﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺃﲨﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻭﻣﻌﲎ )ﺍ ﹶ
)ﺡ ﺭ ﻡ(
ﺣ ِﺮ ﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣ ﱢﻘﻪ:
١٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣ ﺮ ﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘ ﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣ ِﺮ ﻣﻪ) ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺴـﺮﻫﺎ( ﺣﻘﱠـﻪ،
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ) ﺣ ﺮ ﻡ( ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ ﺗ ﻌ ﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﹰﺍ.
)ﺡ ﺭ ﻡ(
ﺤﺮﻡ:
ﺍ ﹸﳌ
ﺤﺮﻡ ،ﻭﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﺝ :ﺃﻥ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﻟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺤﺮﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺍ ﹸﳌ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻱ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ )ﺃ ﹾﻝ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻷ ﺧ ﺮ.
)ﺡ ﺭ ﻱ(
ﺤﺮﻯ ﻓﹸﻼﹶﻥﹲ ﺍ َﻷ ﻣ ﺮ:
ﺗ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺤﺮﻯ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﲢﺮﻯ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺗﻮﺧـﺎﻩ
ﻭﻗﺼﺪﻩ ،ﻷﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺘ ﺪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ.
)ﺡ ﺯ ﻡ(
ﺣ ﺰﻣﺔ ﻻ ِﺣﺰﻣﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥِ :ﺣ ﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻄﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣ ﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻄﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻏـﲑﻩ.
ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ :ﺣﺰﻡ.
)ﺡ ﺯ ﻥ(
ﺴﻬﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﹶﺰﻥ:
ﺍﻟ
ﳊﺰﻥ( ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻠﹸـﻆ
ﳊﺰﻥ .ﻭ)ﺍ ﹶ
ﳊﺰﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻭﺍ ﹶ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻭﺍ ﹶ
ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻭﲨﻌﻪ :ﺣﺰﻭ ﹲﻥ ﻭ ﺣ ﺰ ﹲﻥ.
ﳊﺰﻥ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﹸﺰﻥ :ﻧﻘﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺭ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ ﹶ
)ﺡ ﺱ ﻭ(
ﳊﺴﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳊِﺴﺎﹶﺀ:
ﺷﺮِﺏ ﺍ ﹶ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٦
ﳊﺴﺎﺀ( ﻣـﺎ ﺗﺴـﻤﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ
ﳊﺴﺎﺀ .ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻥ ﺑـ)ﺍ ِ ﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﻢ ﺍ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺷ ِﺮ
ﳊﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﹶﺴﺎ.
ﺑـ)ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭﺑﺔ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺷﺮِﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﻢ ﺍ ﹶ
)ﺡ ﺵ ﺭ ﺝ(
ﺝ:
ﺸ ﺮ
ﺣ
ﺝ.
ﺸ ﺮ
ﺝ ﺻﻮﺗﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣ
ﺸ ﺮ
ﺤ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗ
)ﺡ ﺹ ﻭ(
ﺼﻮﺓ:
ﺣﺼﺎﺓﹲ ﻻ ﺣ
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺣﺼﻮﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺼـﺎﺓ .ﻭﺍﳉﻤـﻊ:
ﺼﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺼﻴﺎﺕ.
ﺼ ﻰ ﻭ ﺣ ِ
ﺣ
)ﺡ ﺽ ﺭ(
ﻀ ﺮ ﻓﹸﻼﹶﻥﹲ:
ﺍ ﺣﺘِ
ﺤﺘﻀِﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺤﺘﻀـﺮ،
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﹸ ِﺧ ﹶﺬ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳ
ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝِ :ﺍ ﺣﺘﻀِﺮ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺣﻀﺮﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ.
ﺲ :ﺣﻀﺮﻩ ،ﻭﻧﺰﻝ ﺑﻪ.
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ ﺣﺘﻀﺮ ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺣﻀﺮ ،ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺍ ﺣﺘﻀﺮ ﺯﻳ ﺪ ﺍﻠ
)ﺡ ﺽ ﻥ(
ﳊﻀﻦ:
ﻀﻦ ﻻ ﺍ ﹸ
ﳊ
ﺍِ
ﺖ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻃﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻀﻨِﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﻌﻠﺘـﻪ ﰲ ِﺣﻀـﻨِﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟ ﻌﹶﻠ
ﻭﺍﳊِﻀﻦ ﻫﻮ :ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺑﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﺸﺢ .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﹶﺸﺢ ﻫﻮ :ﻣﺎ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﻗﺼـﺮ
ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ.
)ﺡ ﻅ ﻱ(
ﻼﻧ ﹲﺔ ﺣ ِﻈﻴﺔ ﹸﻓﻼﹶﻥ:
ﻓﹸ ﹶ
١٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺤ ِﻈﻴﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ: ﺤ ِﻈﻴﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ﻣ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻧﺔ ﻣ
ﻫﻲ ﺣ ِﻈﻴﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ :ﺣﻈﹶﺎﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺍﳊﹶﻈﻴﺔ :ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﻆ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ
ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻱ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﺣ ِﻈ ﻲ ﻳﺤﻈﹶﻰ ﺣﻈﹾﻮﺓ ﻭﺣﻈﹾﻮﺓ ﻭ ِﺣ ﹶﻈ ﹰﺔ.
)ﺡ ﻝ ﺏ(
ﺍﳊﹸﻠﹾﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺍﳊِﻠﹾﺒﺔ:
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍ ﺍﳊﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﰿ ﺑﻪ ) ِﺣﻠﹾﺒﺔ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ) :ﺣ ﹾﻠﺒﺔ(.
ﳊﻠﹾﺒﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ :ﺣﹶﻠﺐ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺍ ﹸ
)ﺡ ﻡ ﺹ(
ﺍﳊِﻤﺺ ﻭﺍﳊِﻤﺺ:
ﺼﺎ ،ﻭﺻﻮﺍﺑﻪِ :ﺣﻤﺺ ﻭ ِﺣﻤﺺ.
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻛﻞ ﺣﻤ
)ﺡ ﻡ ﻝ(
ﳊﻤﻞ:
ﺍِ
ﳊﻤـﻞ:
ﳊﻤﻞ .ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳊﹸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻬﺮﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍ ِ
ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﻭ ِﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ.
ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﺎﻝ )ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ( ﺇﻻ ﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺧﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻬﻤﺎ.
)ﺡ ﻡ ﻡ(
ﺣﻤﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍ ِﺟ ِﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻤﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻟ ﺰﺟﺎﻝ:
ﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺟِﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺟِﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻤـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟ ﺰﺟـﺎﻝ ،ﻷﻥ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹶ
ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺟﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ﺰ ﺟﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳ ﺰﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺪ .ﻭﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺰ ﺟﺎﻝ
ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺿﻴﻒ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.
)ﺡ ﻥ ﻑ(
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٨
ﳊﻨﻔﻴﺔ:
ﺼ ﻨﺒﻮ ﺭ ﻻ ﺍ ﹶ
ﺍﻟ
ﳊﻨ ِﻔﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ :ﻣﻸﺗﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺒﻮﺭ.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﻸﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍ ﹶ
ﺸ ﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻡ ﺭﺻﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻏﲑﳘﺎ.
ﻭ)ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ( ﻗﺼﺒﺔ ﻳ
)ﺡ ﻥ ﻭ(
ﺣﻨﻰ ﺭﹾﺃﺳﻪ ﻻ ﺃﺣﻨﺎﻩ:
ﺤﻨِﻴﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺣﻨﺎ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃﺣﻨﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻄﹶﻔﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﻨﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻳ
ﺤﻨﻮﻩ ،ﺃﻭ ﺣﻨﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﺗِﺤﻨﻴﺔ.
ﻳ
)ﺡ ﻭ ﺝ(
ﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺣ ﻮ ﺟﻨﺎ ِﺇﹶﻟ ﻴ ِﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺣ ﻮﺟﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ﺣ ﻮﺟﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻀـﺎﻣﻦ! ﻭﻣﺜﻠـﻪ
ﻗﻮﳍﻢ :ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻓﺘﻘـﺮ
ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.
)ﺡ ﻭ ﺯ(
ﺣﺎ ﺯ ﺍ َﻷ ﻣﻮﺍ ﹶﻝ ﻭﺍ ﺣﺘﹶﺎ ﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣ ﻮ ﺯﻫﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ،ﺃﻱ ﺿﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ
ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ :ﺣﺎﺯﻩ ﳛﻮﺯﻩ ﺣﻮﺯﹰﺍ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ.
)ﺥ ﺏ ﺯ(
ﻑ:
ﺧﺒﺰ ﺣﺎ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻛﻠﺖ ﺧﺒﺰﹰﺍ ﺣﺎﹶﻓﹰﺎ .ﺃﻱ :ﺧﺒﺰﹰﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺄﺩﻭﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻛﻠﺖ ﺧﺒـﺰﹰﺍ
ﺣﺎﻓﱠﹰﺎ )ﺑﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ( .ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ :ﺍﳋﺒﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﹶﻔﹾﺖ ،ﻭﺍﳋﺒﺰ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘ ﹶﻔﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﳋﺒﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﻖ ،ﻭﺍﳋﺒﺰ ﺍﻟ ﺮﻳﻖ.
١٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
)ﺡ ﻱ ﺭ(
ﺣﺎ ﺭ ﻓِﻲ ﹶﺃ ﻣ ِﺮ ِﻩ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺣﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺎﹶﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺍﺣﺘﺎﺭ( ﱂ ﺗﺘﻔﻮﻩ
ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٢٠
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳋﺎﺀ[
)ﺥ ﺩ ﺭ(
ﺨ ﱠِﺪﺭﺍﺕ:
ﺍ ﹸﳌ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻬﺮﺏ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﳌﹸﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨ ﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ
ﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ .ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣ ﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻛﺎﻷﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳍﲑﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻬﻤﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﹸﳌ
ﺨﺪﺭ .ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ.
ﲨﻊ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ :ﻣ
)ﺥ ﺭ ﺝ(
ﺝ ﰲ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﻌ ﻬ ِﺪ:
ﺨ ﺮ
ﺗ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻛﺬﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﲣﺮﺝ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻛـﺬﺍ ،ﻷﻥ ﲣـﺮﺝ
ﺨ ﺮﺝ.
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ :ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﺏ .ﻭﻫﻮ ِﺧ ﺮﻳﺞ ﻭ ﺧ ِﺮﻳ ﺞ ﻭ ﻣﺘ
)ﺥ ﺭ ﻁ ﻡ(
ﳋﺮﻃﻮﻡ:
ﳋ ﺮﻃﹸﻮﻡ ﻻ ﺍ ﹶ
ﺍﹸ
ﳋﺮﻃﻮﻡ.
ﳋﺮﻃﻮﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺧﺮﻃﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍ ﹸ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺧﺮﻃﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍ ﹶ
)ﺥ ﺯ ﻥ(
ﳋﺰﺍﻧ ﹸﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳋﹶﺰﺍﻧﺔ.
ﺍِ
ﳋﺰﺍﻧـﺔ
ﳋﺰﺍﻧﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ِ ﳋﺰﺍﻧﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻭﺿﻌ
ﺖ ﺛﻴﺎﰊ ﰲ ﺍ ﹶ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹶ
ﳋﺰﺍﻧﺔ.
ﺣﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺛﻴﺎﰊ ﰲ ﺍ ِ
ﳋﺰﻥ .ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ :ﺧﺰﺍﺋﻦ.
ﻭﺍﳋِﺰﺍﻧﺔ :ﻋﻤ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺯﻥ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ :ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍ ﹶ
)ﺥ ﺵ ﺏ(
ﺸﺒﺎ ﹸﻥ:
ﺸﺐ ،ﺧ
ﺸﺐ ،ﺧ
ﺸﺐ ،ﺧ
ﺧ
ﳋﺸﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹶﺃ ﺧﺸﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ:
ﻭﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹶ
٢١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺧﺸﺐ ﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﺒﺎﻥ.
)ﺥ ﺹ ﺏ(
ﺽ:
ﺼﺐ ﺍﻷ ﺭ ِ
ِﺧ
ﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﺧﺼـﺎﺎ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺧﺼـ
ﺍﺧﺘِﺼﺎﺎ.
ﺨﺼِﺐ ِﺧﺼﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻬﻮِ :ﺧﺼﺐ،
ﺨﺼﺐ ِﺧﺼﺒﹰﺎ .ﻭ ﺧﺼﺐ ﻳ
ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺧﺼِﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻳ
ﻭ ﺧﺼِﺐ ،ﻭ ﺧﺼِﻴﺐ.
)ﺥ ﺽ ﺭ(
ﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ:
ﺍﳋﹸﻀﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﹸﻀﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍ ﹶ
ﳋﻀـﺮ ﺃﻭ
ﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﳛـﺐ ﺍ ﹸ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﳛﺐ ﺍﳋﹸﻀﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍ ﹸ
ﳋﻀﺮ ،ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ :ﺧﻀﺮﺓ.
ﺍﹸ
ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺧﻀﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻪ ﺧﻀﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ.
)ﺥ ﻁ ﺏ(
ﹶﺃﹾﻟﻘﹶﻰ ﺧ ﹾﻄﺒ ﹰﺔ ﻻ ﺧِﻄﺎﺑﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺧِﻄﺎﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻌﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ :ﺧﻄﹶﺐ،
ﻷﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺎﻃﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟـﻞ ﺻـﺎﺣﺒﻪ،
ﻭﻧﻘﻴﻀﻪ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ.
ﺧِﻄﹾﺒﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﹸﻋِﻠﻨﺖ ﺧﻄﹾﺒﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺧﻄﹾﺒﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻃﻠـﺐ ﺯﻭﺍﺟـﻪ
ﺑﻔﺘﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﹸﻄﺒﺔ -ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻢ -ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺑﺮ.
ِﺧﻄﹾﺒﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺧﻄﻴﺒﺘﻪ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٢٢
ﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ:
ﻭﻻ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺏ ﺧﻄﻴﺒﺎﹰ ،ﺑﻞ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻛ ﹰ
ِﺧﻄﹾﺒﹰﺎ ،ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻮﺑﺔِ :ﺧ ﹾﻄﺒﺎ ﻭ ِﺧﻄﹾﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺧﻄﹾﺒﺔ ﻭﺧِﻄﱢﻴﺒﻪ ﻭ ِﺧﻄﱢﻴﺒـﺎ ﻭﻫـﻮ ِﺧﻄﹾـﺐ
ﻭ ِﺧﻄﱢﻴﺐ.
)ﺥ ﻁ ﺭ(
ﻣﻨﺬِﺭِ ﺑﺎﳋﹶﻄﹶﺮ ﻻ ﺧﻄِﲑ:
ﳋ ﹶﻄﺮ ،ﻷﻥ
ﳋ ﹶﻄﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍ ﹶ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻄﲑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﻨﺬﺭ ﺑﺎ ﹶ
ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﺧﻄﲑ( ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻑ .ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ :ﺭﺟﻞ ﺧﻄﲑ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺭﻓﻴـﻊ
ﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ )ﺧﻄﲑ( ،ﻭﺭﲟﺎﳋﻄﹶﺮ )ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ( ﻓﻼ ﻳ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ،ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ ﹶ
ﺳﺎﻍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻔﻈﻪ ) ﺧﻄﹶﺮ( ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺧ ﹶﻄ ﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻘﲔ.
)ﺥ ﻁ ﻁ(
ﺧ ﱠﻄﺔﹲ ﻻ ِﺧﻄﱠﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ِﺧﻄﱠﺔ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﱠـﺔ ﻋﺴـﻜﺮﻳﺔ.
ﳋﻄﹼﺔ :ﺧﻄﹶﻂ.
ﳋﻄﱠﺔ :ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮ .ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍ ﹸ
ﻭﺍ ﹸ
ﳋﻄﱠﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ "ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ" :ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﻨـﺰ ﹶﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨـﺰﳍﺎ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ ِ
ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺧ ﱠﻄﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺧ ﻄﺎ ،ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻄﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳ ﻌِﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻂ ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻧـﻪ
ﻗﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺧِﻄﹶﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﺓ.
)ﺥ ﻝ ﺱ(
ﺴ ﹰﺔ ﻻ ﺧِﻠﹾﺴﺔ:
ﺧ ﹾﻠ
ﺴ ﹲﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻬﺰﻫﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺩﺧـﻞ ﺧ ﹾﻠﺴـﺔﹰ،
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ِﺧﻠﹾﺴﺔﹰ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ِﺧ ﹾﻠ
ﺴ ﹲﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ .ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳋﹸﻠﹾﺴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﳓﺔ.
ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺧ ﹾﻠ
)ﺥ ﻝ ﺩ(
٢٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺩﺍﹶﺭ ﻓِﻲ ﺧﻠﹶﺪﻩ ﻻ ﺧ ﹾﻠﺪِﻩ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺧﻠﹾﺪ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻛـﺬﺍ ،ﺃﻱ :ﰲ ﺑﺎﻟـﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﺒـﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺧﻠﹶﺪ ﻓﻼﻥ ...ﻭﲨﻌﻪ :ﺃﺧﻼﺩ.
)ﺥ ﻝ ﻕ(
ﺟﺒﺔﹲ ﺧ ﹶﻠ ﻖ:
ﺏ ﺧﻠﹶـ ﻖ ﻭ ﺟﺒـﺔ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺛﻮﺏ ﺧِﻠﻖ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺑﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﺧِﻠﻘﹶﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺛﻮ
ﺧﻠﹶﻖ .ﻭﲨﻊ ﺧﻠﹶﻖ :ﺧﻠﻘﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻕ.
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺛﻮﺏ ﺃﺧﻼﻕ ،ﻳﺼﻔﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﱢﻠﻪ ،ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ
ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ :ﺟﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﹶﻠﻘﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺧﻠﻘﺘﺎﻥ.
)ﺥ ﻝ ﻭ(
ﺧﻼ ﺑِﻪِ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻰ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﹸﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﻒ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﺧﻼ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺧﻼ
ﻣﻌﻪ.
)ﺥ ﻡ ﺱ(
ﺴﺔﹸ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮ ﹶﻛ ٍﺔ ﻻ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ:
ﺧﺎ ِﻣ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻴﺸﻨﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺧﺎﻣﺴـﺔ
ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴـﱯ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ،ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺻـﻔﺔ
ﻣﻌﺮﻛ ﹲﺔ ﺧﺎﻣﺴ ﹲﺔ ،ﺃﻡ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﺧﺎﻣﺴ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻛ ٍﺔ.
ﺏ ﹶﺃ ﺧﻤﺎ ﺳﹰﺎ ﻷَﺳﺪﺍٍﺱ:
ﺿ ﺮ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﺃﲬﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﺪﺍﺱ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﲎ:
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ :ﻓﺎﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﺃﲬﺎﺳﺎ ﻷﺳﺪﺍﺱ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٢٤
ﻼ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﲢﻴﺮﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ ﻭﱂ ﻳ ﺪ ِﺭ ﻛﻴﻒ
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ :ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﳚﻌﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻳﻌﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳـﺮﺍﻭﻍ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺿﺮﺑﺘﻪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ
ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﻳﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻄﻴﻌﻪ.
ﺍﻷﲬﺎﺱ :ﲨﻊ ِﺧﻤﺲ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺪﺍﺱ :ﲨﻊ ِﺳﺪﺱ ،ﻭﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻇﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺑﻞ.
ﻭﺃﺻﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ :ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺳﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻮﺩ ﺇﺑﻠﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﺏ ِﺧﻤﺴﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻱ
ﻛﻞ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺓ ،ﰒ ِﺳﺪﺳﹰﺎ ،ﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﺻﱪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﻤﺄ.
)ﺥ ﻭ ﺥ(
ﺹ ﻻ ﺍﳋﹸﻮﺥ:
ﺍ ِﻹﺟﺎ
ﻭﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ )ﺧﻮﺥ( ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻮ :ﺍﻹِﺟﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻗﻮﻕ.
)ﺥ ﻭ ﻝ(
ﺤ ﻖ:
ﺧ ﻮﻟﹶﻪ ﺍﹶﻟ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻣﻮﺍﻟﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺧ ﻮﻟﻪ ﺣـﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﺮﻑ
ﺑﺄﻣﻮﺍﻟﻪ.
٢٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ[
)ﺩ ﻙ ﺕ ﺭ(
ﺍﻟ ﺪ ﹾﻛﺘﻮﺭ ِﻧﺰﺍﺭ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ :ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻧﺰﺍﺭ:
ﻧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺣﹰﺎ )ﻻﻓﺘﺎﺕ( ،ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻃﺒـﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻬـﺬﺍ:
ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻧِﺰﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺫﺍﻙ :ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻢ ،ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺚ :ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﲤﻴﻢ :ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ِﻧﺰﺍﺭ ﺇﱁ،
ﻷﻥ )ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ِﻧﺰﺍﺭ( ﻻ ﺗﻌﲏ :ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ِﻧﺰﺍﺭﺍﹰ ،ﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﲏ :ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﻌﺎﰿ ِﻧﺰﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻩ )ﻃﺒﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ(.
)ﺩ ﻙ ﻥ(
ﹶﺃ ﺩ ﹶﻛ ﻦ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺍﻛﻦ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﻛﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﹶﺃﺩﻛﻦ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻛﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ )ﺃﻓﻌﻞ( ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮ ،ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻭﺯﻥ )ﹶﻓﻌﻼﺀ( ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﻛﺄﲪﺮ ﻭﲪﺮﺍﺀ.
)ﺩ ﻝ ﻝ(
ﻣﺘﺪﱢﻟﻠﹶﺔ ﻻ ﻣ ﺪﻟﱠﻠﺔ:
ﺨﻄﹼﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﺩﱠﻟﻠﹶﻪ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼـﺤﻰ :ﺩﻝﱠ ،ﻭﺗـﺪﻟﱠﻞ .ﻭﳍـﺬﺍ ﻭﻳ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﺘﺪﻟﱢﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﺪﻟﱠﻠﺔ .ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺗﺘﺪﻟﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺟﻬـﺎ،
ﻭﺗ ِﺪ ﱡﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺗﺘﺠﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻐﻨﺞ ﻭﺩﻻﻝ ،ﻛﺄﺎ ﲣﺎﻟﻔﻪ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻑ.
)ﺩ ﻩ ﺵ(
ﺩﻫِﺶ ﻻ ﺍﻧﺪﻫﺶ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻧﺪﻫﺶ ﻓﻼﻥ ﳑﺎ ﺭﺃﻯ .ﻭﱂ ﻳﺮ ﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺃﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ
ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ )ﺍﻧﺪﻫﺶ( ،ﻭﱂ ﻳ ِﺮ ﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﲨﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺩﻫِﺶ ﻳ ﺪ ﻫﺶ ﺩ ﻫﺸﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺵ ﻭ ﺩ ﻫﺸﺎ ﹲﻥ.
ﺶ ﻭ ﻣ ﺪﻫﻮ
ﺶ :ﲢﻴﺮ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻞ :ﺫﻫﺐ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻟ ٍﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻫﻮﻝ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﺩ ِﻫ
ﺩِ ﻫ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٢٦
)ﺩ ﻫـ ﻡ(
ﺩﻫﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺩﺍﳘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻏﺸﻴﻨﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺩﻫﻤﻨﺎ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻭﻛﺴـﺮﻫﺎ(
ﻳ ﺪ ﻫﻤﻨﺎ ﺩﳘﹰﺎ.
)ﺩ ﻭ ﺥ(
ﺐ ِﺑ ﺪﻭﺍ ٍﺭ ﻻ ﺩﻭﺧﺔ:
ﹸﺃﺻِﻴ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﹸﺻﻴﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﺧﺔ .ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺩﻭﺧﺔ( ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﰊ ﳍـﺎ:
ﺩﻭﺍﺭ.
)ﺩ ﻭ ﻝ(
ﺗﺪﺍ ﻭﻟﹸﻮﺍ ﺍ َﻷ ﻣ ﺮ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻟﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﺧـﺬﻩ ﻫـﺬﺍ
ﻣﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺫﺍﻙ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ.
ﺍﻟ ﺪ ﻭﹶﻟﺘﺎ ِﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﹾﻤﻴﺎﻥِ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟ ﻌﻈﹾﻤﺘﺎﻥ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ :ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﺘﺎﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔـﺖ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻟﺘﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟ ﻌﻈﻤﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻷﻥ ﻣﺜﲎ ) ﻋ ﹾﻈ ﻤﻰ( ﻫﻮ ) :ﻋ ﹾﻈ ﻤﻴﺎ ِﻥ(.
)ﺩ ﻭ ﻱ(
ﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﻋ ﺪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺩﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺪ :ﺳﻤِﻊ ﻟﻪ ﺩ ِﻭﻱ ،ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺘﺮﺓ:
ﳉﻴﺎ ِﺩ
ﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺭ ﹾﻛﺾ ﺍ ِ
ﺩ ِﻭ ﺖ ﺩﻳﺎ ﺭ ِﻛ ﻨ ﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗ ﺪ ِﻭﻱ
ﹶﻃ ﺮﻗ
ﻭﺗﺠ ِﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ :ﺩﻭﻯ ﺗﺪﻭﻳ ﹰﺔ .ﻭﻧﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺗ ﺪ ِﻭﻱ(
ﰲ ﺑﻴﺖ ﻋﻨﺘﺮﺓ -ﺇﺫﺍ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ -ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺷﻌﺮﻳﺔ.
٢٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ[
)ﺫ ﻕ ﻥ(
ﺣ ﹶﻠ ﻖ ِﻟﺤﻴﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺣ ﹶﻠ ﻖ َِﺫ ﹶﻗﻨﻪ:
ﺤﻴﺘﻪ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﱠﻗﹶﻦ ﻭﺍﻟـﺬﱢﻗﹶﻦ ﻓﻬـﻮ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﻠﻖ ﻓﻼﻥ ﹶﺫﹶﻗﻨﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﻠﻖ ِﻟ
ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻴﺔ.
)ﺫ ﻙ ﺭ(
ﺗﺬﹾﻛﺎﺭ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ) ﹶﺫ ﹶﻛ ﺮ( ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀِ :ﺗﺬﹾﻛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺬﹾﻛﺎﺭ.
ﺱ ﻻ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﻩ:
ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﹾﺬ ﹶﻛ ﺮ ﺍﻟ ﺪ ﺭ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺫﺍ ِﻛ ﺮ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﹾﺬ ِﻛ ﺮ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ،
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺫﺍﻛﺮ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ،ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺫﺍﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟـﺪﺭﺱ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﺳـﻪ
ﻣﻌﻪ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٢٨
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ[
)ﺭ ﺃ ﺱ(
ﺁﹶﻟ ﻤﻪ ﺭﹾﺃﺳﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺁﻟﹶﻤﺘﻪ ﺭﺃ ﺳﻪ ،ﻭﺑﺪﺕ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺁﳌﻪ ﺭﺃ ﺳﻪ ،ﻭﺑﺪﺍ ﺭﺃﺳـﻪ .ﻷﻥ
)ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ( ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ.
ﺴﺔﹸ:
ﺍﻷ ﻋﻀﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟ ﺮﺋِﻴ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ:
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﻟﻔﻆ )ﺭﺋﻴﺲ( ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟـﻴﺲ
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻔﻆ )ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻵﻥ )ﺃﺳﺎﺱ( ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻـﻞ
ﻟﻔﻆ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ.
)ﺭ ﺏ ﺹ(
ﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻟﻪ ِﺑﻔﹸﻼ ٍﻥ:
ﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﺺ ﺑﻔﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗ ﺮﺑﺺ ﺑﻔﻼ ٍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ َﺀ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﹰﺍ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻪ .ﺃﻣـﺎ
ﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺼﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺑﻘﻮﳍﻢ :ﺗﺮﺑﺺ ﻟﻪ ،ﻓﺼﻮﺍﺑﻪ :ﹶﻛ ﻤ ﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻴﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﹰﺍ.
)ﺭ ﺕ ﻝ(
ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ:
ﺭﺗ ﹲﻞ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﲑ ﰲ ﺻﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ :ﺭﺗـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺭﺗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ.
)ﺭ ﺝ ﻉ(
ﺭ ﺟ ِﻌ ﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺟﻮﻋ ﻲ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺭ ﺟ ِﻌ ﻲ ،ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﺭﺟﻌﻴﻮﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣـﺎﻛﻢ
ﺭ ﺟ ِﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺟﻮﻋﻲ ،ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ) ﺭﺟﻊ( ،ﻭﳘﺎ :ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﺟﻌﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ.
٢٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
)ﺭ ﺝ ﻭ(
ﻚ ﻋﻨﻲ:
ﺤ
ﺻ ﹶﻔ
ﹶﺃ ﺭﺟﻮ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺭﺟﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻨﻲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﺻﻔﺤﻚ ﻋﻨﻲ ،ﺃﻭ :ﺃﺭﺟـﻮ
ﻣﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻨﻲ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺭﺟﺎ( ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﲟﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.
)ﺭ ﺩ ﺩ(
ﺗ ﺮ ﺩ ﺩ ِﺇﻟﹶﻰ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﹾﻜﺘﺒ ِﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺟﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﳌـﺮﺓ ﺑﻌـﺪ
ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ.
)ﺭ ﺯ ﺯ(
ﺍ َﻷ ﺭ ﺯ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺮ ﺯ:
ﺨﻄﱢﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ﺭﺯ (ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﹶﺃ ﺭﺯ ،ﻭﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﺻـﺤﻴﺤﺔ، ﻭﻳ
ﻭﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺭﺯ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻷﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺣﺮﻭﻓﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﻔﻆ ﺎ.
ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﹶﺎ :ﺃﹸﺭﺯ ،ﻭﹸﺃ ﺭﺯ ،ﻭﹸﺃ ﺭﺯ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﺭﺯ ،ﻭ ﺭﻧـﺰ.
ﺍ َﻷ ﺭ ﺯ ﻭﺍﻷُﺭﺯ:
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ :ﺃﻥ ﺍ ُﻷﺭﺯ -ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻢ -ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ )ﺭﺍﺟـﻊ
ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ( ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ َﻷﺭﺯ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﰲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ.
ﺍﻟ ﺮﺯﺓ:
ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺭﺯﺓ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻡ.
)ﺭ ﺯ ﻡ(
ﺍﻟ ِﺮﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﺯ ﻣﺔﹸ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﳌﺎ ﳚﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ :ﺭﺯﻣﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺭﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺭﺯﻣـﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ،
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٣٠
ﻭﺃﻣﺜﺎﳍﻤﺎ :ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﻩ َِﺭﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊِ :ﺭﺯﻡ.
)ﺭ ﺯ ﻥ(
ﻓﹶﺘﺎﺓﹲ ﺭﺯﺍﻥﹲ:
ﱴ ﺭﺯﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﺭﺯﺍﻥ.
ﱴ ﺭﺯﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﺭﺯﻳﻨﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓ
)ﺭ ﺹ ﺩ(
ﺻ ﺪ ﻣﺎﻻﹰ ،ﻻ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺎ ﹰﻻ:
ﹶﺃ ﺭ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺭﺻﺪﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺭﺻـﺪﺕ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺬﺍ… ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ.
ﺻ ﺪ ﻳ ﺮﺻﺪ ﺭﺻﺪﹰﺍ ،ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ:
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺭ
) (١ﺭﺻﺪﻩ :ﻗﻌﺪ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻟﻴﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ.
ﺻ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻢ.
) (٢ﺭﺻﺪﻩ :ﺭﻗﹶﺒﻪ .ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺭ
)ﺭ ﻉ ﻉ(
ﻉ:
ﻉ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺮﻋﺎ
ﺍﻟ ﺮﻋﺎ
ﺵ ﺻﻮﺍﺑﻪ :ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻉ )ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ( ،ﻭﻫـﻢ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﺮﻋﺎﻉ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﺎ ٍ
ِﺳ ْﹸﻔﻠﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻏﻮﻏﺎﺅﻫﻢ .ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺿﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ) ﺭﻋﺎﻉ( ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ) ﺭﻋـﺎﻉ( ﻓﻬـﻮ:
) ﺭ ﻋﺎﻋ ﹲﺔ(.
)ﺭ ﻑ ﺕ(
ﲑ:
ﺕ ﺍﻷ ِﻣ ِ
ﻧِ ﻘ ﹶﻞ ﺭﻓﹶﺎ
ﺕ .ﻭﺍﻟ ﺮﻓﺎﺕ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺭﻓﹶﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﲑ )ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﻘﻞ ﺭﻓﺎ
ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻄﺎﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺑِﻠ ﻲ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ،ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﺴﻮﻃﺔ ،ﺃﻣـﺎ
ﻑ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻓﹸﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻳﺼﻠﺤﻬﺎ.
)ﺭﻓﺎﺓ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﲨ ِﻊ )ﺭﺍ ٍ
٣١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺳ ﺮ ﺣﻪ ﻻ ﺭ ﹶﻓﺘﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺭﹶﻓﺘﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳ ﺮ ﺣﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﺰﻟﺘـﻪ.
ﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻳﺮﻓﹸِﺘﻪ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ( ﺭﻓﹾﺘﹰﺎ ﻭ ِﺭ ﹾﻓﺘﺔ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﻬـﺎ(: ﻓﻤﻌﲎ ﺭﹶﻓ
ﺖ ﻓـﻼﻥ:ﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ ،ﺭﹶﻓ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻲ ُﺀ :ﺍﻧﺪ ﺴ ﺮ ﻩ ﻭ ﺩﱠﻗﻪ ،ﺭﻓﹶﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻈ ﻢ :ﺻﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺎﺗﹰﺎ ،ﺭﹶﻓ
ﹶﻛ
ﺖ )ﺍﻟﺘﱭ(.
ﻃﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓ
)ﺭ ﻑ ﻫـ(
ﺶ ﻻ ﺭﻓﺎﻫِﻴﺔ:
ﺭﻓﺎ ِﻫﻴﺔﹸ ﺍﻟ ﻌ ﻴ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺭﻓﺎ ِﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ )ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺭﻓﺎ ِﻫﻴﺔ )ﺑﻐﲑ ﺷﺪﺓ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺭﹶﻓﺎ ﻫﺘﻪ
ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﹶﻬﻨِﻴﺘ ﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺧﻔﹾﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭِﻟﻴﻨﻪ.
)ﺭ ﻕ ﻡ(
ﺍﻟ ﺮﻗﹾﻢ ﻻ ﻟﻠ ﺮﻗﹶﻢ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟ ﺮﻗﹶﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟ ﺮﻗﹾﻢ .ﻭﻳﻘﹾﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺮﻗﹾﻢ ﻫﻨﺎ :ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻘﻪ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﻴﻮﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ،ﻭﻳﻘـﺎﻝ ﳍـﺎ
ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟ ﺮﻗﹶﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ:
) (١ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﻢ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺒﺚ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺕ
) (٢ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻫﻴﺔ.
) (٣ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﻝ.
)ﺭ ﻡ ﺡ(
ﺢ:
ﻋﺪﺍ ﻻ ﺭ ﻣ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻳﺮﻣﺢ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺮﺱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﻌﺪﻭ ﺃﻭ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﺮﺱ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
))ﺭﻣﺢ(( ﻳﻌﲏ:
) (١ﻃﻌﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺢ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٣٢
) (٢ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺲ .ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺭﳏﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺑﺔ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺭﻓﺴﺘﻪ.
ﳉﻨﺪﺏ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﳊﺼﻰ ﺑﺮﺟﻠﻴﻪ.
) (٣ﺭﻣﺢ ﺍ ﹸ
) (٤ﺭﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﱪﻕ :ﳌﻊ ﳌﻌﺎ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﹰﺎ
)ﺭ ﻭ ﺡ(
ﺭﻭﺣﺎﻧِ ﻲ ﻻ ﺭﻭﺣﻲ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﻭ ِﺣ ﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﻭﺣﺎِﻧ ﻲ )ﻧﺴﺒ ﹰﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻭﺡ(،
ﺨﺎِﻟﻔ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ.
ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻣ
ﺭﻭﺣﺎﱐ ﻻ ﺭﻭﺣﺎﱐ:
ﰒ ﺇﻢ ﻗﺪ ﳜﻄﺌﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻄﻖ )ﺭﻭﺣﺎﱐ( ﻓﻴﻔﺘﺤﻮﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
ﱐ :ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﲰﻪ )ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﺎﺀ( ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ.
) (١ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﺎ ﹼ
) (٢ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﺣﺎِﻧ ﻲ :ﻃﻴﺐ.
ﺍﻟ ﺮﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺮﻭﺡ:
ﳜﻠﻄﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺘﲔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ :ﺃﻥ )ﺍﻟ ﺮﻭﺡ( -ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻢ -ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ]ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ[ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ )ﺍﻟ ﺮﻭﺡ( -ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ -ﻓﻴﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ :ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺮﲪﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟـﺮﺯﻕ،
ﺡ :ﻃﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ :ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺡ.
ﻭﻧﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ،ﻭﻳﻮ ﻡ ﺭ ﻭ
ﺴﺘﺮِﻳﺢ:
ﺲ ِﻟﻴ
ﺟ ﹶﻠ
ﻼ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﻠﺲ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻳﺢ ،ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﻠﺲ ﺯﻳﺪ ﻟﲑﺗﺎﺡ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ
)ﺍﺭﺗﺎﺡ( ﻓﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻭﻫﻲ:
) (١ﺍﺭﺗﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻴﺎﺣﹰﺎ :ﺃﺣﺒﻪ ﻭﻣﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.
ﻂ.
ﺸِ) (٢ﺳﺮ ﻭﻧ ِ
٣٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
) (٣ﺍﺭﺗﺎﺡ ﺍﷲ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﲪﺘﻪ :ﺃﻧﻘﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺔ.
ﺭﺍﺋﻊ ﻻ ﻣﺮِﻳﻊ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺮِﻳﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺭﺍﺋﻊ ،ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ :ﺭﺍﻋﻪ ﻳﺮﻭﻋﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻋﺠﺒﻪ.
ﺍﻟ ﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻉ:
ﻻ ﻳﻔﺮﻗﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺘﲔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ) :ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻉ( -ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ -ﻳﻄﻠـﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰ:
ﺍﻟﻔﺰﻉ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺏ ،ﺃﻣﺎ )ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻉ( -ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻢ -ﻓﻬﻮ :ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ،ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﻭﻗﻊ
ﰲ ﺭﻭﻋﻲ ﻛﺬﺍ ،ﺃﻱ :ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ.
)ﺭ ﻭ ﻕ(
ﻕ ﻣﻄﹶﺎﹶﻟ ﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷ ﹾﻃﻔﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ:
ﺗﺮﻭ
ﻕ ﻟﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ .ﻭﺍﳊﻖ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻗﺎﺻﻴﺺ ﺗﺮﻭﻕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳ ﺮ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺮﻭﻕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺮ ﹾﻗﻪ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ.
ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﻳﺮﻭﻕ :ﻳﻌﺠِﺐ.
)ﺭ ﻱ ﺏ(
ﺏ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ:
ِﺍ ﺭﺗﺎ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺭﺗﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺭﺗﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺍﺭﺗﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺍﻤﻪ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣـﺎ
ﻳﺮﻳﺒﻪ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ :ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺼﺢ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٣٤
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻱ[
)ﺯ ﺭ ﻥ ﺥ(
ِﺯﺭﻧﻴﺦ ﻻ ﺯﺭﻧﻴﺦ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺯﺭﻧﻴﺦ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺯ ﺭﻧِﻴﺦ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﺰﺍﺕ ،ﻟـﻪ ﺑﺮﻳـﻖ
ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﻟﻮﻧﻪ ،ﻭ ﻣ ﺮ ﱠﻛﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ،ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﰲ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ.
)ﺯ ﻡ ﺕ(
ﺚ ﺑ ﺮﹾﺃِﻳ ِﻪ ﻻ ﻣﺘ ﺰ ﻣﺖ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ:
ﺸﺒ ﹲ
ﻣﺘ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺘﺰﻣﺖ ﰲ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺘﺸﺒﺚ ﺑﺮﺃﻳﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﻣـﺖ
ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺭ.
)ﺯ ﻫـ ﺭ(
ﺍﻟ ﺰﻫﺮﺓ:
ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻫـﺮﺓ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ.
)ﺯ ﻭ ﻝ(
ﻀﹰﺎ:
ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﹶﻝ ﹶﺃﺧِﻲ ﻣﺮِﻳ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺃﺧﻲ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺃﺧﻲ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻥ )ﻣـﺎﺯﺍﻝ(
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻔﻰ ﺑـ )ﻣﺎ( ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑـ )ﻻ(.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﻠﺖ )ﻻ( ﳏﻞ )ﻣﺎ( ﺃﻓﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﻛﺸﺄﻥ )ﻻ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ
ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ،ﻭﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ:
ﻻﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺍ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ.
٣٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﲔ[
)ﺱ ﺡ ﺏ(
ﺳﺤﺐ:
ﻭﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺏ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻢ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻡ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﺤﺐ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳﺤﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ :ﺳﺤﺎﺋﺐ.
)ﺱ ﺭ ﻱ(
ﺴﺮِﻱ:
ﳊ ﹾﻜ ﻢ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ :ﻳ
ﻳ ﻨﻔﹸﺬﹸ ﺍ ﹸ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﳚﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻨﻔﹸـﺬﹸ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻼ.
ﳝﻀﻲ ،ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻯ ﲟﻌﲎ :ﺳﺎﺭ ﻟﻴ ﹰ
)ﺱ ﻙ ﻑ(
ﻑ:
ِﺇ ﺳﻜﹶﺎ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥِ :ﺇﺳﻜﺎِﻓﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺇﺳﻜﹶﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻑ ﻫﻮ :ﺻـﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﳊـﺬﺍﺀ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻓﺔ :ﺣﺮﻓﺘﻪ.
)ﺱ ﻝ ﺏ(
ﺳ ﹶﻠﺒﻪ ﹶﺛ ﻮﺑﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺳﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺛﻮﺑﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳﻠﺒﻪ ﺛﻮﺑﻪ ﻳﺴﻠﺒﻪ ﺳﻠﹾﺒﹰﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻠﹶﺒﹶﺎ .ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ
ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺍﺳﺘﻠﺒﻪ ﺛﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻼﺑﹰﺎ.
)ﺱ ﻡ ﺡ(
ﺤ ﹲﺔ:
ﺷ ِﺮﻳﻌ ﹲﺔ ﺳ ﻤ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺳ ﻤﺤﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺳﻤﺤﺔ ،ﻷﻥ )ﻓﹶﻌـﻼﺀ( ﻣﺆﻧـﺚ
)ﹶﺃﻓﹾﻌﻞ( ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ )ﹶﻓ ﻌﻞ( ﻓﻬﻮ )ﹶﻓ ﻌﹶﻠﺔ( ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ :ﻫﻮ ﺃﲰﺢ ،ﺣﱴ ﻧﻘـﻮﻝ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٣٦
ﻫﻲ ﲰﺤﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ :ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﲰﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ.
)ﺱ ﻥ ﻥ(
ﲔ ﻋﺎ ﻣﹰﺎ:
ﺖ ِﺳﻨﻪ ﺛﹶﻼِﺛ
ﺕ ِﺳﻨﻪ ﻋِﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﹶﺎﻧ
ﺴ ﺮ
ﻛﹸ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹸﻛﺴِﺮ ِﺳﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ِﺳﻨﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﹸﻛﺴِـﺮﺕ ﺳِـﻨﻪ
ﺴ ﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ،
ﺴ ﻦ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ،ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ِﺳﻨ ﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟ
ﺃﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ.
)ﺱ ﻱ ﺩ(
ﺍﻟﺴﺎ ﺩﺓﹸ ﻻ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺎﺩ:
ﻭﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻴﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺋﺪ )ﺍﻟﻠﺴـﺎﻥ( ﻭﺳـﻴﺎﻳﺪ
)ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺝ( ،ﻭﺳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ.
)ﺱ ﻭ ﺩ(
ﺏ:
ﺴ ﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟ ِﻜﺘﺎ ِ
ﻣ
ﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ:
ﺴ ﻮﺩﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ .ﻭﺍ ﹸﳌ
ﺴ ﻮﺩﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺿﺎﻉ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺋﻒ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﰒ ﺗﻨﻘﺢ ﻭﺗﺤ ﺮﺭ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﺾ.
)ﺱ ﻭ ﻕ(
ﻕ:
ﻫ ِﺬ ِﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺳﺎﻕ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺳﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺿﺨﻢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺳﺎﻕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺳﺎﻕ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻨﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺑـﲔ ﻛﻌـﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ
ﻭﺭﻛﺒﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺟﺬﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ.
٣٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﲔ[
)ﺵ ﺡ ﺭ(
ﺷﺤﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﺤ ﺮﻭﺭ:
ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟ ﻐﺮِﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﻢ ) ﺷﺤﺮﻭﺭ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺷﺤﺮﻭﺭ.
)ﺵ ﻁ ﺭ(
ﻣﺎﻫِﺮ ﻻ ﺷﺎﻃِﺮ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺎﺏ ﺷﺎﻃﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺎﺏ ﻣﺎﻫﺮ ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻉ ،ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﺫﻕ،
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻮ :ﻣﻦ ﻧﺄﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻫﻠﻪ ﻭﺃﻋﻴﺎﻫﻢ ﺧﺒﺜﹰﺎ ﻭﻣﻜﺮﺍ ﻭﺷﺮﺍ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻪ :ﺷﻄﱠﺎﺭ
ﺞ:
ﺸ ﹾﻄ ﺮﻧ
ﺍﻟ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺷ ﹾﻄﺮﻧﺞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺷ ﹾﻄﺮﻧﺞ.
)ﺵ ﻉ ﺭ(
ﺷ ﻌ ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻌ ﺮ ِﺑ ِﻪ:
ﺼﺮ ِﺣﲔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺷﻌﺮﺕ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻫـﻮ: ﺏ ِﻣ
ﺨﻄﱢﺌﹸﻮﻥ ﻋﺮ
ﻭﻳ
ﺕ ﺑﻪ.
ﺷ ﻌ ﺮﺕ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ :ﺷ ﻌﺮﺕ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭ ﺷﻌﺮ
)ﺵ ﻍ ﺏ(
ﺸ ﻐﺐ:
ﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ
ﺸ ﻐ
ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻐﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻐﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺯﻱ ﰲ ﳐﺘـﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻨﲑ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺩﺭﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺟﲏ ﺫﻛﺮﺍ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻐﺐ،
ﺸ ﻐﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ.
ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟ
)ﺵ ﻍ ﻑ(
ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻑ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٣٨
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻮ ﺷﻐﻮﻑ ﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻑ ﺎ ،ﺃﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺐ ﳍﺎ.
)ﺵ ﻫـ ﺩ(
ﺸ ِﻬ ﺪ ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﺃﹸ ﺷ ِﻬ ﺪ ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ:
ﹸﺍ ﺳﺘ
ﺸﻬﺪ،
ﺴﺘ
ﺸ ِﻬ ﺪ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣ
ﺸ ﻬ ﺪ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻛﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹸﺍ ﺳﺘ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﺳﺘ
ﺃﻭ ﺃﹸﺷﻬِﺪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﲔ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ.
)ﺵ ﻫـ ﺭ(
ﻒ ﻭ ﺷ ﻬ ﺮﻩ:
ﺴ ﻴ
ﺷ ﻬ ﺮ ﺍﻟ
ﺸ ﻬﺮﻩ ﺷﻬﺮﹶﺍ :ﺳﻠﱠﻪ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻒ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺷ ﻬ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻒ ﻳ
ﺷﻬﺮﻩ.
)ﺵ ﻭ ﻕ(
ﻕ ِﺇﹶﻟ ﻴ ِﻪ:
ﺍ ﺷﺘﺎ ﹶﻗﻪ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺍ ﺷﺘﺎ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺷﺘﺎﻕ ﻟﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺷﺘﺎﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﺎﻕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ )ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻑ ﺗـﺎﺭﺓ
ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ( ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺎﻕ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻖ.
ﺣﺪِﻳﺚﹲ ﺷﺎِﺋ ﻖ ﻻ ﺷﻴﻖ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺷﻴﻖ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺷﺎﺋﻖ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺩﺍ ٍ
ﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻕ ،ﺃﻣـﺎ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻴﻖ ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﻣﺸﺘﺎﻕ ،ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﺸﺘﺎﻗﹰﺎ.
)ﺵ ﻱ ﺥ(
ﻣﺸﺎﻳِﺦ ﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﺋﺦ:
ﻳﻈﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺸﺎﻳﺦ"( ﲨﻊ ﺷﻴﺦ -ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃـﺎ ﻋﺮﺑﻴـﺔ
ﻓﺼﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ "ﻣﺸﺎﺋﺦ" ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﻄﺄ.
)ﺵ ﻱ ﻥ(
٣٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺷﺎﺋﻦ ﻻ ﻣﺸﲔ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺸِﲔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﺷﺎﺋﻦ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ
ﺿ ﺪ :ﺯﺍﻥ.
)ﺃﺷﺎﻥ( ،ﺑﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﺷﺎﻥ ﻳﺸِﲔ ﺷﻴﻨﹰﺎِ ،
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٤٠
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ[
)ﺹ ﺏ ﺡ(
ﺢ ﻻ ﺻﺒﻮﺡ:
ﺻﺒﻴ
ﺡ ،ﺃﻱ :ﲨﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ. ﺻﺒِﻴ ﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺒﺎ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺭﺟﻞ ﺻﺒﻮﺡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :
ﺸﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺆﻛﹶـﻞ
ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ :ﺻﺒﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺻﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ :ﺻﺒﺎﺡ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻮﺡ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳ
ﻏﹶﺪﻭﺓ )ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ(.
)ﺹ ﺏ ﺭ(
ِﺍ ﻣ ﺮﹶﺃ ﹲﺓ ﺻﺒﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺴﻮﺩ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺻﺒﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺴﻮﺩﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺻﺒﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺣﺴـﻮﺩ.
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ )ﻓﻌﻮﻝ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﻭﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ
ﻓﺤﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﲢﺬﻑ ﺗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺸﺬ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻮﻯ )ﻋﺪﻭﺓ( ،ﺇﺫ ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ :ﻓﻼﻧﺔ
ﻋﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﷲ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ
ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ :ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻔﻮﺯ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﺎﺀ.
)ﺹ ﺩ ﻉ(
ﻉ:
ﺻ ﺪ
ﺧﻀﻊ ﻷ ﻣ ِﺮ ِﻩ ﻻ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺻﺪﻉ ﻷﻣﺮ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺧﻀﻊ ﻷﻣﺮ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ "ﺻﺪﻉ
ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ" :ﺃﺻﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻪ ،ﻭﺟﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ
ﺗﻌﺎﱃ﴿ :ﻓﺎﺻﺪﻉ ﲟﺎ ﺗﺆﻣﺮ﴾ ]ﺍﳊﺠﺮ [٩٤ :ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻸﻣﺮ ،ﻭﻟﻌﻞ
ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ) :ﺻﺪﻉ( ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﻶﻳﺔ.
)ﺹ ﺭ ﺡ(
ﺡ ﹶﻟﻪ:
ﺻ ﺮ
ﹶﺃ ِﺫ ﹶﻥ ﻟﹶﻪ ،ﻻ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺻﺮﺡ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﺃ ِﺫ ﹶﻥ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﺎﺡ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸـﻲﺀ
٤١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺇﺑﺎﺣﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﲰﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﲰﺎﺣﹰﺎ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺻﺮﺡ ﻓﻤﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﺸﺎﻑ.
ﺐ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﻠﺐ:
ﺻﻠ
ﺢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﻠﺢ:
ﺻﻠ
)ﺹ ﻝ ﺡ(
ﺤ ِﺔ ﻓﹸﻼ ٍﻥ:
ﺼ ﹶﻠ
ﹶﻓ ﻌ ﹾﻠﺘﻪِ ﻟ ﻤ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ،ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ :ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻪ
ﻟﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﲑ ﺳﺎﺋﻎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻱ :ﳌﻨﻔﻌﺘﻪ.
)ﺹ ﻫـ ﻭ(
ﺼ ﻬﻴ ﻮِﻧ ﻲ:
ﺍﻟ
ﱐ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺻ ﻬﻴ ﻮ ﹼ
ﺻ ﻬﻴﻮﻥ ﻭِﺯﺍﻥ ﺑِﺮﺫﹶﻭﻥ ﻭ ِ
ﺻ ﻬﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :
ﺻ ﻬﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :
ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺑﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻣﱳ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ .ﻭ ِ
)ﺹ ﻭ ﻥ(
ﻣﺼﻮﻥﹲ ﻻ ﻣﺼﺎﻥ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺳِﺮﻙ ﻣﺼﺎ ﹲﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳِﺮﻙ ﻣﺼﻮ ﹲﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺟﻢ
ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺃﺻﺎﻥ(.
ﻣﺼﺎِﻳ ﺮ ﻻ ﻣﺼﺎِﺋ ﺮ:
ﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ )ﻣﺼﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﺋﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺼﺎﻳﺮ ،ﻣﺜـﻞ :ﻣﺴِـﻴﻞ :ﻣﺴـﺎﻳﻞ،
ﻭﻣﺼﻴﻒ :ﻣﺼﺎﻳﻒ ،ﻭ ﻣ ِﻌﻴﺸﺔ :ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺶ.
ﺿﺒﻊ ﻣﻔﹾﺘﺮﺳﺔﹲ:
ﺿﺒ ﻊ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺿـﺒ ﻊ(
ﺿﺒ ﻊ ﺃﻭ
ﺿﺒﻊ ﻣﻔﹾﺘﺮﺱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :
ﺿﺒﻌﺎﻧﺔ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻬـﺎ :ﺿـﺒﻌﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺿﺒﻌﺎﻥ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻪ :ﺿﺒﺎﻋﲔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰِ : ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮِ :
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٤٢
ﻭﺿﺒﺎﻉ.
ﺿ ﺮﺑ ٍﺔ:
ﺿ ﺮﺑﻪ ﺷ ﺮ ِ
ﺿﺮﺑﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﺿ ﺮﺑ ﻪ ﺷﺮ ِ
ﺿﺮﺑﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺷ ﺮ
ﺍﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ،ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻳﺼﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﺑﻮﺯﻥ ِﻓ ﻌﻠﹶﻪ.
)ﺽ ﺭ ﺏ(
ﻀﺮِﺏ:
ﻀﺮﺏ ﻭ ﻣ
ِﻣ
ﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﺓ ﻭ ِﻣﻀـﺮﺏ
ﻀﺮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ،ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻝ ِﻣ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ :ﺃﻥ ﺍ ِﳌ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ.
ﻀﺮِﺏ ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﺯ :ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﹶﻗﺸﺮﻩ.
ﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻪ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻪ :ﻣ
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﹶﻀ ِﺮﺏ :ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮ
ﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﲔ.
ﻀﺮﺏ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺼﺢ ﰲ ﺃ
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻣ
)ﺽ ﺭ ﺭ(
ﺴ ﹶﻔ ِﺮ:
ﺿ ﹸﻄ ﺮ ِﺇﻟﹶﻰ ﺍﻟ
ﺍ
ﺿ ﹸﻄﺮ ﻭﺳﻴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ .ﺃﻱ :ﺃﹸﳉـﺊ
ﺿ ﹶﻄ ﺮ ﻭﺳﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥِ :ﺍ
ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ.
)ﺽ ﻝ ﻉ(
ﻀ ﱢﻠ ﻊ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ ﱡﻠ ﻐ ِﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻌ ﺮِﺑﻴ ِﺔ:
ﻣﺘ
ﻀﱢﻠ ﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺘﻀـﱢﻠ ﻊ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺘ
ﻀﻠﱠﻊ( ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ :ﺍﻣﺘﻸ ﺷِﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ِﺭﻳﺎ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻪ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻣـﺰﻡ،ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺗ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺇﻻ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ) ِﻣ ﻦ(.
)ﺽ ﻱ ﻕ(
ﻣﻀﺎِﻳ ﻖ ﻻ ﻣﻀﺎﺋﻖ:
٤٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﻀﺎﺋﻖ ﺗﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﻀﺎﻳﻖ ﺗﲑﺍﻥ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻷﻥ )ﻣﻀـﺎﻳﻖ(
ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ) :ﻣﻀﻴﻖ( ،ﻭﻳﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﳍﺎ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٤٤
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ[
)ﻁ ﺏ ﻕ(
ﺍﺗﺒ َﻊ ﹶﻃﺮِﻳ ﹶﻘﺘﻪ ﻻ ﹶﻃﺒ ﻖ ﹶﻃﺮِﻳ ﹶﻘﺘﻪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻃﺒﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺗﺒﻊ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ
)ﻃﺒﻖ( ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺷﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ.
)ﻁ ﻝ ﺏ(
ﹶﻃ ِﻠﺒﺔﹸ ﻻ ﻃﹶﻠﹶﺒِﻴﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﹶﻃِﻠﺒ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ ﻭ ِﻃ ﹾﻠﺒﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ،
ﺃﻱ :ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻄﱠِﻠﺒ ﹸﺔ )ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ( :ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻙ.
ﳊِﻴ ﹶﻠﺔﹸ:
ﺖﺍِ
ﺕ ﺍﳊِﻴ ﹶﻠﺔﹸ ﻻ ﺍﻧ ﹶﻄ ﹶﻠ ِ
ﺟﺎ ﺯ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻧﻄﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﺎﺯﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ
)ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻰ( ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ.
)ﻁ ﻝ ﻱ(
ﻓِﻲ ﺣﺪِﻳِﺜ ِﻪ ِﹶﻃُﻼﻭﺓ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﹶﻃِﻠ ﻲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﰲ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ِﻃﻼﻭﺓ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟ ِﻄﻼﻭﺓ ﻫﻲ:
ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺻﻔﺔ.
)ﻁ ﻫـ ﻭ(
ﻳ ﹾﻄﻬ ﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻄﻬﻲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻳ ﹾﻄﻬِﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳ ﹾﻄﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻳﻄﻬﺎﻩ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻳﻌﺎﳉﻪ
ﺸ ﻲ.
ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ
)ﻁ ﻭ ﻝ(
٤٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻃﹶﺎﹶﻟﻤﺎ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﻳﺮ ﺟﻰ ﺷﻔﺎﺅﻩ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﳑﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﺏ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺍﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ
ﻳﺮ ﺟﻰ ﺷﻔﺎﺅﻩ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﳑﺘﻨﻌﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ ،ﻷﻥ )ﻃﺎﳌﺎ( ﻻ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ،
ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ :ﻗﻠﱠﻤﺎ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﻣﺎ ،ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ،ﺗﻘﻮﻝ :ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻃﺎﻝ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٤٦
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﺀ[
)ﻅ ﺭ ﻑ(
ﻑ:
ﺍﻟ ﱠﻈ ﺮ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﺟ ﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﱡﻄﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﱡﺮﻑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﺟ ﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﱡﻄﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﱠﺮﻑ.
ﹶﺃ ﺣﻮﺍﹸﻟ ﻪ ﺍﻟﹶﻤﺎِﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻇﹸﺮﻭﻓﹸﻪ ﺍﳌﹶﺎِﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃ ﺟﺒﺮﺗ ﻪ ﻇﺮﻭﹸﻓﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺟﱪﺗﻪ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ،ﻷﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ﹶﻇﺮﻑ( ﱂ ﺗﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﲟﻌـﲎ
ﻭﻋﺎﺀ.
)ﻅ ﻫـ ﺭ(
ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ﻇﹶﻬﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬِﻢ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﲔ ﹶﻇ ﻬﺮﺍﻧﻴِﻬﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑﲔ ﻇﹶﻬﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ
ﻭﰲ ﻭﺳﻄﻬﻢ.
٤٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ[
)ﻉ ﺙ ﺙ(
ﺍﻟ ﻌﱠﺜ ﹸﺔ:
ﻑ.
ﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﱠـﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮ
ﻑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻛﻠ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮ ﺖ ﺍﻟ ِﻌﺘ ﹸﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ِﻌ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻛﻠ
ﻭ)ﺍﻟﻌﺜﱠﺔ( :ﺣﺸﺮﺓ ﺗﻠﺤﺲ ﺑﻴ ﺮﹶﻗﹶﺎﺎ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﺒﺴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺴـﻂ.
ﻑ ﺗﻌﺜﱡﻪ :ﺃﻛﻠﺘﻪ.
ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﻋﺚﹼ ﻭﻋﺜﺎﺙ ،ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ :ﻋﱠﺜﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﱠﹼ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮ
)ﻉ ﺕ ﻕ(
ﹶﺃ ﻋﺘ ﻖ ﻻ ﻋﺘ ﻖ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﺘ ﻖ ﻋﺒ ﺪﻩ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻌﺘﻮﻕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻋﺘﻖ ﻋﺒﺪﻩ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣ ﻌﺘـﻖ ﻭ ﻋِﺘﻴـﻖ،
ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﻋﺘﻘﺎﺀ .ﻭﹶﺃ ﻣ ﹲﺔ ﻋﺘﻴﻖ ﻭﻋﺘﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﻋﺘﺎﺋﻖ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﻋﺘﻖ( ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻﺯﻡ .ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﻋﺘ ﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﻳﻌﺘِﻖ ِﻋﺘﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻭ ﻋﺘﻘﹰﺎ )ﺧـﺮﺝ ﻋـﻦ
ﺍﻟﺮﻕ(.
)ﻉ ﺝ ﺯ(
ﻋﺠﻮﺯ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻋﺠﻮﺯ( ﻻ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍ ﹶﳍﺮِﻣﺔ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫـﻮ
ﺍﻷﺻﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺃﺟﺎﺯ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺱ ﻭﻣﱳ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻋﺠـﻮﺯ(
ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻋﺠﻮﺯﺓ( ﻗﺪ ﲰﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ
ﻟﻐﺔ ﺭﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ .ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻮﺯ :ﻋﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﻭ ﻋﺠﺰ .ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺼﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺟـﻞ
ﺍﳌﹸﺴ ﻦ ﻫﺮِﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻴﺨﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃ ﹶﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺔ :ﻋﺠﻮﺯﺍ ﻻ ﻋﺠﻮﺯﺓ ،ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻋﺠﻮﺯ( ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﻭ)ﻋﺠﻮﺯﺓ( ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ.
)ﻉ ﺩ ﻥ(
ﻣ ﻌ ِﺪ ﹲﻥ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٤٨
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻣ ﻌﺪﻥ ﻧﻔﻴﺲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣ ﻌﺪِﻥ ﻧﻔﻴﺲ ،ﻷﻥ ﻓـﺘﺢ ﺍﻟـﺪﺍﻝ ﻻ
ﻳﺼﺢ.
)ﻉ ﺩ ﻱ(
ﺏ:
ﳉ ﺮ ِ
ﹶﺃ ﻋﺪﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﹶ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﺪﻯ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻋﺪﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﳉﺮﺏ
)ﻉ ﺫ ﺭ(
ﺻﻨ ﻊ:
ﻳ ﻌ ِﺬﺭﻩ ﻓِﻴ ﻤﺎ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻌﺬﹸﺭ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﻌﺬِﺭ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ،ﻭِﻓ ﻌﻠﻪ :ﻋ ﹶﺬ ﺭ
ﻳﻌﺬِﺭ ﻋﺬﹾﺭﹰﺍ ﻭ ﻣ ﻌﺬِﺭﺓ.
)ﻉ ﺭ ﺏ(
ﺍﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻻ ﺍﻟ ﻌﺮﺑﻮﻥ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺳﺘﺄﺟﺮﺕ ﻣﻨـﺰ ﹰﻻ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻋﺮﺑﻮﻧﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﻟـﻪ
ﻋﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺑﻮﻧﹰﺎ.
)ﻉ ﺭ ﺱ(
ﻫ ﻮ ﻋﺮﻭﺱ ،ﻻ ﻋﺮﻳﺲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﺮﻳﺲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﺮﻭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﻭﺱ ،ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﳌـﺮﺃﺓ ،ﻭﳘـﺎ
ﺱ ،ﻭﻫ ﻦ ﻋﺮﺍﺋﺲ .ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ ِﻋﺮﺱ ،ﻭﳘﺎ ِﻋﺮﺳـﺎﻥ،
ﻋﺮﻭﺳﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻢ ﻋ ﺮ
ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺱ.
)ﻉ ﺭ ﺽ(
ﻂ:
ﺽ ﺍﳊﹶﺎِﺋ ِ
ﻋ ﺮ
ﺽ ﺍﳊـﺎﺋﻂ ،ﺃﻱ:
ﺽ ﺍﳊﺎﺋﻂ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍِﺿﺮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍِﺿﺮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻋ ﺮ
٤٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺍﺭ ِﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺃ ﻫ ِﻤ ﹾﻠ ﻪ.
ﺽ ﻻ ﻣ ﻌﺮﺽ:
ﻣ ﻌ ِﺮ
ﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻣ ﻌﺮﺿﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣ ﻌﺮِﺽ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ( ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﲰـﻲ
ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺼﺎﻏﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ) ﻣ ﹾﻔﻌِﻞ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ
ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀـﺎﺭﻉ
)ﻳ ﻌﺮِﺽ(.
)ﻉ ﺭ ﻑ(
ﻑ ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ ﻭﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ:
ﺗﻌﺎ ﺭ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺑﻔﻼﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻭﻓﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻋـﺮﻑ
ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻨﺪ
ﺇﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ .ﻭﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﻢ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ
ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ.
ﻑ:
ﺗ ﻌ ﺮ
ﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳـﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ: ﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻭ :ﺗﻌﺮﻓ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻌﺮﻓ
ﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳ ﻖ،
ﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻻ :ﺗﻌﺮﻓ
ﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﺃﻭ :ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻓ
ﺗﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻭ :ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﻓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲤﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ.
ﺸ ﻲ َﺀ:
ﻚ ﺍﻟ
ﻣﻌِ ﺮ ﹶﻓﺘ
ﺸ ﻲ َﺀ ﺧﲑ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﻠﻚ ﺑﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣ ﻌ ِﺮﹶﻓﺘ
ﻚ ﺍﻟ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﻠﻚ ﺑﻪ .ﺃﻣﺎ :ﻋﻠﻤﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﻜﻼﳘﺎ ﺻﻮﺍﺏ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ) ﻋِﻠ ﻢ(
ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ) ﻋﺮﻑ( ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺇﻻ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ.
)ﻉ ﺭ ﻱ(
ﻋﺮﺍﺓ ﻻ ﻋﺮﺍﻳﺎ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٥٠
ﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺍﻳﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ) :ﻋﺮﻳﺎﻧﻮﻥ(ﲨﻌﺎ ﻟﻌﺮﻳﺎﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ) ﻋﺮﺍ ﹲﺓ( ﲨﻌﺎ
ﻟﻌﺎ ٍﺭ.
)ﻉ ﺯ ﺏ(
ﺍﻟ ﻌﺰﻭﺑﺔ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻭﺑﻴﺔ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻗﻀﻰ ﺟﻞﹼ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻋﺰﻭﺑﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻗﻀﻰ ﺟﻞﹼ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻋﺰﻭﺑﺘﻪ
-ﺃﻭ ﻋﺰﺑﺘﻪ -ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺱ.
)ﻉ ﺵ ﺭ(
ﺸ ﺮ ِﺓ ،ﻻ ﺍﳌﹶﻌﺸﺮِ:
ﺴﻦ ﺍﻟ ِﻌ
ﺣ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﻌﺸﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟ ِﻌﺸـﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺷـ ِﺮ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺸﺎ ِﺭ.
ﺻ ﹶﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻋﺸﺮ:
ﳜﻄﹼﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﻗﺮﺃﺕ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻗﺮﺃﺕ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ )ﺗﻘﺼـﺪ ﻋﺸـﺮ
ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ( ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ٣ﺇﱃ ١٠ﻳ ﹶﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﻭﻳﺆﻧﺚ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻭﺩ
ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺷﺮﻃﺎﻥ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻭﺩ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭﺍ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ :ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ،ﺛﻼﺙ ﻧﺴﺎﺀ.
ﻓﺈﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺟﺎﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ،ﻛﻤـﺎ
ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ.
)ﻉ ﺹ ﺏ(
ﺐ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻓﹸﻼ ٍﻥ:
ﺼ
ﺗ ﻌ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻌﺼﺐ ﺿﺪ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻌﺼﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ.ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻳﻘـﺎﻝ:
ﺗﻌﺼﺐ ﻟﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺼﺐ ﻣﻌﻪ.
)ﻉ ﺹ ﻡ(
٥١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﳋ ﹶﻄِﺄ:
ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻡِ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍ ﹶ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ.
)ﻉ ﺹ ﻱ(
ﻋﺼﻰ ﹶﺃ ﻣ ﺮﻩ:
ﺖ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ
ﺼﻴ
ﺖ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﺼِﻴ
ﺼ ﻲ.
ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ :ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﻋﺼﻰ ﻳﻌﺼِﻰ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ :ﻋ ِ
)ﻉ ﻕ ﺭ(
ﺍﻟ ﻌﻘﱠﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓِﻲ ،ﻻ ﺍﻟ ﻌﻘﹶﺎﺭ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﺎﻟ ﻌﻘﹶﺎﺭ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻯ ﺑﺎﻟ ﻌﻘﱠﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﻭﻯ ﺑﻪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ :ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻓﺄﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ :ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻀـﻴﻐﺔ
ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﳓﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﹶﺎﺭ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﳋﻤﺮ.
)ﻉ ﻝ ﻥ(
ﻋﻼِﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻼِﻧﻴﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻠﹸ ﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻼِﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺷﺎﻉ ﻭﻇﻬﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻼَِﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴـﻒ
ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ.
)ﻉ ﻥ ﻥ(
ﻋﻨﺎﻥ ،ﻭ ِﻋﻨﺎﻥ:
ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳜﻠﻄﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺘﲔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻕ
ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ:
ﺍﻟ ﻌﻨﺎﻥ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ( ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﺏ ،ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻩ :ﻋﻨﺎﻧﺔ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ،ﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ :ﻫﻮ
ﻣﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟ ِﻌﻨﺎﻥ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ( ﻫﻮ :ﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﱢﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ
ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺑﺔ ،ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻟﻔﺮﺳﻪ ﺍﻟ ِﻌﻨﺎﻥ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٥٢
]ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ[ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺘﲔ ﺑﻀﺎﺑﻂ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﱐ ﻳﻨﺒـﻪ ﺍﻟـﺬﻫﻦ ،ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ
ﲟﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟ ﻌﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﹸﻮ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ
ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌِﻨﺎﻥ )ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ( ﳐﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ.
)ﻉ ﻥ ﻭ(
ﻋ ﻨ ﻮ ﹲﺓ ﻻ ﻋ ﻨ ﻮ ﹼﺓ:
ﲔ ﻋﻨﻮﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻨﻮ ﹰﺓ ،ﺃﻱ:
ﰊ ﺍﳌﻮﺣ ﺪ ﻓﻠﺴﻄ
ﺶ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﳉﻴ
ﻗﹶﺴﺮﺍ.
)ﻉ ﻥ ﻱ(
ﻳﻌﺎﻧِﻲ ﺁﻻ ﻣﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻓـﻼﻥ ﺁﻻﻣـﹰﺎ ،..ﺃﻱ
ﻳﻘﺎﺳﻲ.
ﺗﻌ ﻮ ﺩ ﺍﳉﻮ ﺩ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗ ﻌ ﻮ ﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗ ﻌ ﻮ ﺩ ﺍﳉﻮ ﺩ.
)ﻉ ﻭ ﺩ(
ﺸ ﻲﺀَ ،ﻭﺍ ﻋﺘﺎ ﺩﻩ:
ﻋ ﻮ ﺩﻩ ﺍﻟ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻮﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻋـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺸـ ﻲ َﺀ
ﺸ ﻲ َﺀ.
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟ
)ﻉ ﻭ ﻕ(
ﻋﺎ ﹶﻗﻪ ،ﻻ :ﺃﻋﺎﻗﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻋﺎﻗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﺎﻗﹶﻪ ﻭﻋﻮﻗﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺣﺒﺴﻪ ﻭﺻﺮﻓﻪ.
)ﻉ ﻭ ﺭ(
٥٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﹶﺃﻋﺎ ﺭ ﻓﹸﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘ ﹶﻠ ﻢ:
ﺕ ﻓﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﹶﻋﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻔﻼﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻋﺮ
)ﻉ ﻭ ﻥ(
ﳊ ﺮﺏ ﺍﻟ ﻌﻮﺍ ﹸﻥ:
ﺍﹶ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻮﺍﻧﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ
ﻃﹶﺤﻮﻧﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﻮﺗﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺓ ،ﻛﺄﻢ ﺟﻌﻠـﻮﺍ ﺍﳊـﺮﺏ
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ِﺑ ﹾﻜ ﺮﹰﺍ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٥٤
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻐﲔ[
)ﻍ ﺭ ﺏ ﻝ(
ﻏِﺮﺑﺎﻝﹸ:
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳ ﻐ ﺮﺑﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ :ﻏﹸﺮﺑﺎ ﹰﻻ .ﻭﺻﻮﺍﺑﻪِ :ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻝ.
)ﻍ ﺹ ﺹ(
ﺺ ﺑِﺎﳌﹸﺴﺎ ِﻓﺮِﻳ ﻦ:
ﹶﻏ
ﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻫـﻮ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹸﻏﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻏ
ﺼﺎ ﻭﻏﹶﺼﺼﺎﹰ.
ﺺ ﹶﻏ
ﺺ ﻳ ﻐ
ﺹ ﻢ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺿﻴﻖ ﻢ ﻭﳑﺘﻠﺊ ،ﻭِﻓ ﻌﹸﻠﻪ :ﹶﻏ
ﻏﺎ ﱞ
)ﻍ ﻝ ﻝ(
ِﻏﻼﹶﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻻ ﺃﻏﻼﳍﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺑﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﻮﻥ ﺃﻏﻼﻝ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑﺎﻋﻮﺍ ﻏِﻼﻝ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ
ﹶﻏﻼﹼﺎ .ﻭﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﹶﻏﻠﹼﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺗﺆﺗﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﹸﺃﻛﹸﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻣﺎ )ﺍﻷﻏﻼﻝ( ﻓﻬﻲ
ﺠﻌﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺍﻷﺳـﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍـﺮﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﲨﻊ )ﺍﻟﻐﻞ( ،ﻭﻫﻮ :ﹶﻃ ﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳ ٍﺪ ﺃﻭ ِﺟ ﹾﻠﺪ ﻳ
ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ.
ﺽ:
ﺖ ﺍﻷ ﺭ
ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﻐ ﹶﻠ ﹾﻠ
ﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ،
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺳﺘ ﻐﻠﱠﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﹶﻏﻠﱠﺘﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﻐﹶﻠ ﹾﻠ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﻐ ﱠﻞ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻠﻰ.
ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ :ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﹾﻘﹶﻠ ﹾﻠﻨﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﹶﻘﻠﱠﻴﻨﺎ.
)ﻍ ﻭ ﻱ(
٥٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻫﺎ ٍﻭ ﻻ ﻏﹶﺎ ٍﻭ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﻏﺎ ٍﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻏﹸﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺎ ٍﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ،ﺃﻣـﺎ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻝﱡ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﻤﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻞ ،ﻭِﻓ ﻌﹸﻠ ﻪ :ﹶﻏ ﻮﻯ ﻳ ﻐ ِﻮﻱ ﹶﻏﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻬﻮ :ﻏﺎﻭٍ ،ﻭﻫـﻢ:
ﻏﹸﻮﺍﺓ ،ﻭﻏﺎﻭﻭﻥ.
)ﻍ ﻱ ﺭ(
ﹶﻏ ﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﹸﺘﻌﻠﱢﻢ:
ﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺟ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻟﻐ ﲑ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻢ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻐ ﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﱢﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺮﺟ ﹶﻞ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﺮﻓ
ﻏ ﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﱢﻢ.
)ﻍ ﻱ ﻱ(
ﹶﺫ ِﻛ ﻲ ِﺟ ﺪﺍ ،ﻻ :ﹶﺫ ِﻛ ﻲ ِﻟ ﹾﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻮ ِﺫﻛﻲﱞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ :ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺮﰊ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺬﻛﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻮ ﺫﻛ ﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻮ ﺫﻛ ﻲ ِﺟ ﺪ ﺫﻛ ﻲ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٥٦
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ[
)ﻑ ﺝ ﻝ(
ﺠ ﹶﻠﺔﹸ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﹸﺠ ﹶﻠﺔﹸ:
ﺍﻟﻔﹸ
ﺠﻠﹶـﺔ،
ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻓﹸﺠﻼﹰ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﹸﺠﻠﹶﺔ ﻭﹸﻓ
ﻼ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻛﻞ ﻓﹸﺠ ﹰ
ﺠﹰ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻛﻞ ِﻓ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ.
)ﻑ ﺭ ﺱ(
ﺍﻟ ِﻔﺮﺍ ﺳﺔﹸ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﹶﺮﺍﺳﺔﹸ )ﺍﻟ ﹶﻔ ﺮﻕ ﺑ ﻴﻨ ﻬﻤﺎ(:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ِﺑﻔﹶﺮﺍﺳﺘﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ِﺑ ِﻔﺮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﲟﻬﺎﺭﺗﻪ
ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮﻫﺎ.
ﳊﺬﹾﻕ ﺑﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻴﻞ ﻭﺃﻣ ِﺮﻫﺎ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﹶﺮﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ :ﺍ ِ
)ﻑ ﺱ ﺡ(
ﺢ:
ﺴ
ﺢ ﻻ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ
ﺴ
ﹶﻓ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻓﺴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻟﻴﺠﻠﺲ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻭﺳﻊ ﻟﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﹶﺴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻴﺠﻠﺲ،
ﻳﻔﹾﺴﺢ ﹶﻓﺴﺤﹰﺎ ﻭﻓﹸﺴﻮﺣﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺗﻔﺴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﺤﹰﺎ.
)ﻑ ﻭ ﻕ(
ﻓﹶﺎ ﹶﻗ ﻬ ﻢ:
ﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺗﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺘﻔﻮﻕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﺎﻕ
ﻻ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺗﻔﱠﻮ
ﺃﺗﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﹶﻓﻮﻗﹰﺎ ﻭﻓﹶﻮﺍﻗﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻼﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻑ ﻭﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﻭﻓﹶﻀﻠﻬﻢ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻓﻬﻮ
ﺍ ﹸﳌﺘ ﺮﻓﱢﻊ.
٥٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ[
)ﻕ ﺭ ﺏ(
ﻗﹸﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻻ ﹶﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﻗﹶﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﹸﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ،ﺃﻭ:
ﻗﹸﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﹶﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘ ﺮﰉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ.
)ﻕ ﺱ ﻭ(
ﻗﹶﺎﺳﻰ ﹶﺃﻟﹶﻤﹰﺎ ﺷﺪِﻳ ﺪﹰﺍ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻗﺎﺳﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﱂ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻗﺎﺳﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﳌﹰﺎ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻱ:
ﻛﺎﺑﺪﻩ ﻭﻋﺎﰿ ﺷﺪﺗﻪ.
)ﻕ ﺵ ﺩ(
ﺸ ﺪﺓﹸ:
ﺍﻟ ِﻘ
ﺸﻄﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟ ِﻘﺸـﺪﺓ،
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ ِﻗ
ﻭﻫﻲ :ﺍﻟﻜﹶﺜﺄﺓ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ(،ﺃﻭ ﺍ ِﻹﺛﹾﺮ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺐ.
)ﻕ ﺵ ﻉ ﺭ(
ﺸ ﻌﺮِﻳﺮﺓ:
ﺍﻟﻘﹸ
ﺸ ﻌ ِﺮﻳ ﺮ ٍﺓ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﺻﺎﺑﺘﻪ ِﺭ ﻋ ﺪﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺑ ﹶﻘ
ﺸ ﻌ ِﺮﻳ ﺮ ٍﺓ.
ﺑﻘﹸ
ﺸ ِﻌ ﺮ .ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﻗﺸﺎﻋﺮ.
ﺸﻌﺮ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣ ﹾﻘ
ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ :ﺍ ﹾﻗ
)ﻕ ﺹ ﺭ(
ﺸ ﻌ ِﺮ:
ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺣﺪِﻳﹸﺜ ﻪ ﻣ ﹾﻘﺼﻮ ﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍﻟ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻗﺎﺻِﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٥٨
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﱂ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ.
)ﻕ ﺹ ﻭ(
ﺗﻘﹶﺼﻰ ﺍﻷ ﻣ ﺮ ﹶﺃ ِﻭ ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﹾﻘﺼﺎ ﻩ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻘﺼﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻘﺼـﻰ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ
ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﻩ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﻰﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺼ ﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ.
)ﻕ ﻁ ﻉ(
ﺻﻘﹾﻊ ﻻ ﻣﻘﹶﺎ ﹶﻃ ﻌ ﹲﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ) :ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ( ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ territoryﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳـﺔ ،ﻭterritoire
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺻﻘﹾﻊ ﺃﻭ ﹸﻗﻄﹾﺮ .ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌـﺔ( ـﺬﺍ
ﺍﳌﻌﲎ.
)ﻕ ﻁ ﻁ(
ﻂ:
ﹶﻗ ﱡ
ﻂ( ﻇﺮﻑ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻟﻦ ﺃﺯﻭﺭﻩ ﻗﹶﻂﱡ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﻄﺄ ،ﻷﻥ )ﹶﻗ ﹼ
ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ )ﻟﻦ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﻳﺼﺢ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ )ﱂ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ،
ﻓﺘﻘﻮﻝ :ﱂ ﺃﹶﺯﺭﻩ ﹶﻗﻂﱡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﻟﻦ ﺃﺯﻭﺭﻩ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ) .ﺭﺍﺟـﻊ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ
"ﺃﺑﺪ"(.
ﺍ ِﻹ ﹾﻗﻄﹶﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺍﻹﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ
ﺍﻹﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ،ﻭﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ :ﺇﻗﻄﺎﻉ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺋﻊ ،ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ :ﻗﻄﻴﻌﺔ.
ﳉﻨ ﺪ ،ﻓﺘﺠﻌﻞ ﳍﻢ ﹶﻏﱠﻠﺘﻬـﺎ ﺭﺯﻗـﹰﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻄﺎﻋﺔ :ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺝ ﻳﻘ ﹶﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍ ﹸ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻌﺔ :ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﹾﻗ ﹶﻄ ﻊ ﻓﻼﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﺿﺎ :ﺃﻱ ﻣﻠﱠﻜﻪ ﺇﻳﺎﻫﺎ.
)ﻕ ﻑ ﻝ(
٥٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻣﻘﹾﻔﹶﻞﹲ ﻻ ﻣﻘﻔﻮﻝ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﻔﻮﻝ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣ ﹾﻘﻔﹶﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣ ﹶﻘﻔﱠﻞ .ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺃﻗﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ،
ﺃﻭ :ﻗﹶﻔﱠﻠﻪ ،ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﹶﻗﻔﹶﻠﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﹶﻗﻔﹶﻞ )ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ( ﺗﻌﲏ :ﺭﺟﻊ ﻻ :ﺃﻏﻠﻖ.
)ﻕ ﻝ ﻝ(
ﺴﻴﺎ ﺭﺓﹸ ﻓﹸﻼﻧﹰﺎ:
ﺖ ﺍﻟ
ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﹶﻘ ﱠﻠ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻼ ﹲﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﹶﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻠﹼﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻼﻧﹰﺎ .ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ:
ﺍﺳﺘﻘ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ :ﲪﻠﻪ ﻭﺭﻓﻌﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘﻠﱠﺔ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ.
ﺖ ﺑِﺮﺃﹾﻳِﻲ:
ﺍﺳﺘ ﹾﻘ ﹶﻠ ﹾﻠ
ﺕ ﺑـﻪ،
ﺖ ﺑﺮﺃﻳﻲ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺍﺳـﺘﺒ ﺪ ﺩ
ﺖ ﺑﺮﺃﻳﻲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﺳﺘ ﹾﻘﹶﻠ ﹾﻠ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺳﺘﻘﱠﻠﻴ
ﺕ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﹸﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳓ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺩ
ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻳﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺇﻻ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻠﱠﻰ(.
)ﻕ ﻥ ﺩ ﻝ(
ﺍﻟ ِﻘ ﻨﺪِﻳ ﹸﻞ:
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﺝ ﹶﻗﻨﺪﻳﻼﹰ ،ﻭﺻﻮﺍﺑﻪِ :ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻞ .ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﻗﻨﺎﺩﻳﻞ.
)ﻕ ﻥ ﻭ(
ﻗﹶﻨﺎﺓﹲ ﻻ ﻗﻔﺎﻝ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻝ )ﻳﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ.
)ﻕ ﻭ ﺩ(
ﻣﻘﹸﻮﺩ ﻻ ﻣﻘﹶﺎﺩ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺮﺏ ﺍﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﹶﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺮﺏ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﹸﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﻗﺎﺩ( ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ،ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻪ ) :ﻣﻘﹸﻮﺩ( ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٦٠
) ﻣﻘﹶﺎﺩ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ )ﺃﻗﺎﺩ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟ ِﻘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻞ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌـﲎ
ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ.
)ﻕ ﻱ ﺩ(
ﻗِﻴ ﺪ ﺷ ﻌ ﺮ ٍﺓ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻗﹶﺎ ﺩ ﺷ ﻌ ﺮ ٍﺓ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﻳﺤِﻴﺪ ﲤﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻪ ﹶﻗﻴﺪ ﺷ ﻌ ﺮ ٍﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ ﳛﻴﺪ ﻗِﻴ ﺪ ﺷﻌﺮﺓٍ ،ﺃﻭ
ﹶﻗﺎ ﺩ ﺷﻌﺮﺓٍ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻣِﻘﺪﺍ ﺭ ﺷﻌﺮﺓ.
٦١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ[
)ﻙ ﺏ ﺩ(
ﺣ ﻤ ﹶﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻻ ﹶﻛﺒ ﺪﻩ ﻋﻨﺎ ًﺀ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺒﺪﻩ ﻋﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﲪﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﺟﺸﻤﻪ ﻋﻨـﺎﺀً
ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ.
)ﻙ ﺕ ﻑ(
ﺴﺮﻯ:
ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜِﺘﻒ ﺍﻟﻴ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﺘِﻒ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﺘِﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮﻯ ،ﻷﺎ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ.
)ﻙ ﺕ ﻡ(
ﳋﺒ ﺮ:
ﹶﻛﺘ ﻢ ﺍ ﹶ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗ ﹶﻜﺘ ﻢ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﳋﱪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻛﺘ ﻢ ﻓﻼ ﹲﻥ ﺍﳋ ﱪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﺧﻔـﺎﻩ ،ﺃﻣـﺎ
)ﺗﻜﺘﻢ( ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ،ﺍﺧﺘﻔﻰ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ.
)ﻙ ﺕ ﻥ(
ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﺘﺎ ﹸﻥ:
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺴﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﺎﺏ ِﻛﺘﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻛﺘـﺎﻥ
)ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ(.
)ﻙ ﺭ ﺙ(
ﺙ ﹶﻟﻪ:
ﺍ ﹾﻛﺘ ﺮ ﹶ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻛﺘﺮﺙ ﺑﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺑﺎﹶﻟﻰ ﺑﻪ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻻ ﻳﻌﺒﺄ ﺑﻪ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺮﺙ ﻟﻪ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﻡ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ )ﺍﻛﺘـﺮﺙ( ﺇﻻ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ،ﻭﺷﺬ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٦٢
)ﻙ ﺭ ﺱ(
ﺴﻪ ﻻ ﹶﻛ ﺮ ﺳﻬﺎ:
ﻒ ﻧ ﹾﻔ
ﻭ ﹶﻗ
ﺴﻪ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ،ﺃﻭ: ﻒ ﻧ ﹾﻔ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺮﺱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﹶﻗ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻬﻢ .ﻷﻥ ) ﹶﻛ ﺮﺱ( ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺩﺧﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ )ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﻛﺮﺱ( ﻳﻌﲏ:
)(١ﻛﺮﺱ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ :ﺿﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ.
)(٢ﻛﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ :ﺃﺳﺴﻪ.
)ﻙ ﺭ ﻭ(
ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜ ﺮﻭﻳﺎ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻜﹶﺮﻭﻳﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﹶﺮﻭﻳﺎﺀ.
)ﻙ ﺱ ﺏ(
ﺐ:
ﺴ
ﺐ ﻻ ﹶﻛ ِ
ﺴ
ﹶﻛ
ﺴﺒﻪ ﻛﹶﺴـﺒﺎﹰ.
ﺐ ﻣﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻛﺜ ﲑﺍ ،ﻳﻜﹾ ِ
ﺴ
ﺐ ﻣﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻛ
ﺴ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﻛ ِ
ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ :ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺗﻜﺴﺒﻪ.
)ﻙ ﻑ ﺀ(
ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛﻔﹶﺎﺀٌ ،ﻻ ﹶﺃ ِﻛﻔﱠﺎﺀ:
ﻻ ﻳﻔﺮﻗﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﹶﺃ ِﻛﻔﱠﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﻔﺎﺀ :ﲨﻊ ﻛﻒﺀ ،ﻭﻫﻮ :ﺍﻟـﻨﻈﲑ
ﻭﺍﳌﺜﻴﻞ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﹶﺃ ِﻛﻔﱠﺎﺀ ﻓﻬﻮ ﲨﻊ ﻛﻔﻴﻒ ،ﻭﻫﻮ :ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺼﺮ.
)ﻙ ﻝ ﻑ(
ﹶﻛ ﱠﻠ ﹶﻔﻪ ﺍﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﹶﻞ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﻠﱠﻔﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻛﻠﱠﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﹶﻞ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻭﺟﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ .ﻭﻛﻠﱠﻔـﻪ
٦٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ :ﻓﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺫﺍ ﻣﺸﻘﺔ.
)ﻙ ﻝ ﻝ(
ﺍﻟﻜﹶﻼﻝ ﻻ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﻠﹶﻞ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻟﻪ ِﻫﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﻠﹶﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﹶـﻞﱠ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻝ،
ﺐ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻴﺎ َﺀ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﺎ ﱞﻝ ،ﻭﻫﻢ ِﻛﻼﹶﻝ .ﻭِﻓ ﻌﹸﻠﻪ :ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﻳ ِﻜ ﹼﻞ ﹶﻛﻼ ﻭ ِﻛﻠﱠـ ﹰﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﹶﻼﻟﹶﺔ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺍﻟﺘﻌ
ﻭﻛﻼ ﹰﻻ ﻓﻬﻮ ﹶﻛ ﱞﻞ ﻭ ﹶﻛﻠِﻴﻞﹲ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﻠﹶﻞ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ.
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ[
ﹶﻟِﺒ ﺪ ﺑِﺎ ﹶﳌﻜﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﻭﹶﺃﹾﻟﺒ ﺪ:
ﻕ( ،ﻭﻳﻈﻨﻮﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ .ﻷﺎ
ﻭ ﹸﳜﻄﱢﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﹶﻟﺒِﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻥ )ﲟﻌﲎ :ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻭﹶﻟ ِﺰ
ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺼﻴﺤﺔ.
)ﻝ ﺙ ﻍ(
ﹶﺃﹾﻟﹶﺜﻎﹸ:
ﺤﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻣـﻦ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﹶﺃﹾﻟﺪﻍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﹶﺃﹾﻟﺜﹶﻎ .ﻭﺍﻟﻠﱡﺜﹾ ﻐ ﹸﺔ :ﻫﻲ ﺗ
ﺣﺮﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﻑ.
ِﻟﹶﺜﺔﹸ ﺍﻷ ﺳﻨﺎ ِﻥ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺒﺖ ِﻟﺜﱠﺔﹸ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺒﺖ ِﻟﹶﺜﺔﹸ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﻠﱢﺜﺔ :ﻫﻲ ﻣـﺎ
ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻐﺎﺭﺯﻫﺎ.
ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ ِﻟﺜﹶﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻟِﺜﻰ ،ﻭﻟﹸﺜ ﻲ.
ﺢ ﻻ ﳊﻮﺡ:
ﻣ ِﻠ
ﺡ.
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﹶﻟﺤﻮﺡ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻛﺜﲑ ﺍﻹﳊﺎﺡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻮ ﻣِﻠﺢ ﻭ ِﻣ ﹾﻠﺤـﺎ
ﻒ.
ﺤ
ﱀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ :ﻭﺍﻇﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﹶﺃﹾﻟ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﹼﻟ ﺢ .ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺃ ﱠ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٦٤
ﺲ ﺍ ِﳌ ﹾﻠ ﻌ ﹶﻘ ﹶﺔ:
ﺤ
ﹶﻟ ِ
ﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺟـﻞ
ﺤﺴﻬﺎ .ﺗﻘﻮﻝ :ﹶﻟﺤِـ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﻟﺤﺲ ﻓﻼ ﹲﻥ ﺍ ِﳌ ﹾﻠ ﻌ ﹶﻘ ﹶﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻟ ِ
ﺴﹰﺎ :ﹶﻟ ِﻌﻘﹶﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠِﻖ ﲜﻮﺍﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺻﺒﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ. ﺤﺤﺴﻬﺎ ﹶﻟ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻌﺔﹶ ﻳ ﹾﻠ
ﺍ َﻷ ﻋﺪﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﱡﻠ ﺪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻢ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺅﻧﺎ ﺍ َﻷِﻟﺪﺍﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻢ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺅﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﱡﺪ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﲨﻊ :ﺃﻟﹶـ ﺪ
ﻼ ﺩ ﻫﻮ :ﺍﻟﺸـﺪﻳﺪ
)ﻣﺆﻧﺜﻪ :ﹶﻟ ﺪﺍﺀ( ،ﻭﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺍ َﻷﹶﻟ ﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ِﻟ ﺪﺍﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻷﹶﻟ ﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ﹼ
ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ .ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ :ﻫﻮ ﻳﹶﻠﻨ ﺪﺩ ﻭﹶﺃﹶﻟﻨﺪ ﺩ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻬﻤﺎ :ﻳﻼﺩِﺩ ﻭﺃﻻﺩِﺩ ،ﰒ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﺎﻥ
ﺑﺎﻹﺩﻏﺎﻡ :ﻳﻼ ﺩ ﻭﺃﻻ ﺩ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﹶﻟﺪﻭ ﺩ ﻓﺠﻤﻌﻪ :ﹶﺃِﻟ ﺪ ﹲﺓ.
)ﻝ ﺯ ﻡ(
ﻳ ﹾﻠ ﺰﻣﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﻟﹶـ ِﺰ ﻡ(
ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ.
)ﻝ ﻉ ﻕ(
ﹶﻟ ِﻌ ﻖ ﻻ ﹶﻟ ﻌ ﻖ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﻟﻌﻖ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ ﺑﺈﺻﺒﻌﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻟ ِﻌ ﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻞ ﺑﺈﺻﺒﻌﻪ .ﻭﻓﻌﻠـﻪ:
ﹶﻟﻌِﻖ ﻳ ﹾﻠﻌﻖ ﻟﹶﻌﻘﺎﹰ.
)ﻝ ﻍ ﻭ(
ﻱ:
ﻱ ﻻ ﹶﻟ ِﻐ ِﻮ
ﻟﹸ ﻐ ِﻮ
ﻱ( :ﻛﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻐﻮ،
ﻱ .ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ )ﹶﻟ ﻐ ِﻮ
ﻱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻟﹸ ﻐ ِﻮ
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﹶﻟ ﻐ ِﻮ
ﺃﻱ :ﺛﺮﺛﺎﺭ )ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻐﻮ(.
)ﻝ ﻕ ﻱ(
ﺍﹾﻟﺘ ﹶﻘ ﻴﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺍﹾﻟﺘ ﹶﻘ ﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ:
٦٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻰ ﺑﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﹶﻟﻘِﻴﻪ ﻭﻻﻗﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﻠﻘﹼـﺎﻩ .ﻭﻛﻠـﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌـﺪﻯ
ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻼ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٦٦
]ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﻢ[
)ﻡ ﺭ ﺝ(
ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﺮﺟﺎ ﹸﻥ ﻻ ﺍ ﹸﳌ ﺮﺟﺎ ﹸﻥ:
ﳊﻤﺮ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﳊﹸﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﻠﻊ
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻶﻟِﺊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍ ﹸ
ﻒ :ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻧﹰﺎ .ﻭﺻﻮﺍﺑﻪ :ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺎ :ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻧﺔ.
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻛﺄﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻜ
)ﻡ ﺭ ﺥ(
ﺦ ﻻ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺮﻳﺦ:
ﺍ ِﳌﺮﻳ
ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﻢ )ﺍ ﹶﳌﺮﻳﺦ( .ﻭﺻﻮﺍﺑﻪ) :ﺍ ِﳌﺮﻳﺦ(.
)ﻡ ﺭ ﻙ ﺵ(
ﻣﺮﺍﻛﹸﺶ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺍﻛِﺶ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛِﺶ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘـﺎﻝ :ﺳـﺎﻓﺮ ﺇﱃ
ﻣﺮﺍﻛﹸﺶ.
)ﻡ ﺱ ﻭ(
ﺴﻴﺔ:
ﺴﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺃﹸ ﻣ ِ
ﺃﹸ ﻣ ِ
ﺴﻴﺔ ﺷﻌﺮﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹸﺃﻣﺴـﻴﺔ ﺷـﻌﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﻷُﻣﺴِـﻴﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹸﺃ ﻣ ِ
ﺍﻷُﺻﺒﻮﺣﺔ.
)ﻡ ﺹ ﺭ(
ﺼﺮﺍﻥ:
ﺼﲑ ﺃﻡ ﺍ ﹸﳌ ْ
ﺍ ﹶﳌ ِ
ﺼﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﻮ ﺭ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺘـﻬﺐ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺐ ﻣ
ﺼﺮﺍﻥ ،ﻓﺎ ﹸﳌﺼﺮﺍﻥ ﲨ ﻊ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﻣﺼِﲑ ﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻮ ﺭ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﲑ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺍ ﹸﳌ
ﻓﻬﻲ :ﲨﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ.
٦٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
)ﻡ ﻝ ﺀ(
ﺍﳌﹸﻼ ُﺀ:
ﺤﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀُ ،ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺻﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ
ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣِﻼﻳﺔ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﹾﺘ ِ
ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ :ﻣﻼﺀَﺓ ،ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﻣﻼﺀ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻴﺤﺔ.
)ﻥ ﺝ ﺏ(
ﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍِﻟﺪﺍ ِﻥ:
ﺠ
ﺃﻧ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﳒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﹰﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﳒﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﺍﻥ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻔﻌـﻮﻝ(،
ﺃﻱ :ﻭﻟﹶﺪﺍ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﹰﺍ ﻧﺠﺒﺎﺀ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ :ﺃﻧﺠﺒﺎ ﺑﺄﻭﻻﺩ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻧﺠﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺃﻧﺠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺃﳒﺐ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻻﺯﻡ.
)ﻥ ﺯ ﻝ(
ﻧ ﺰ ﹶﻝ ﹶﻟﻪ ﻋ ﻦ ﺣ ﱢﻘ ِﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻪ ﳉﺎﺭﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﺰﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻪ.
ﺃﻣﺎ )ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻮﺍ( ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ:
) (١ﺗﻄﺎﻋﻤﻮﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻝ ،ﻭﻫﻮ :ﻣـﺎ
ﻫﻨ ﹶﺊ ﻟﻠﻀﻴﻒ.
) (٢ﻧﺰﻟﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺑﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﺘﻀﺎﺭﺑﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ.
ﻭﻛﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ )ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ( ﳛﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﱂ
ﺺ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.ﻳﻨـﺰﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺷﺨ
)ﻥ ﺱ ﻡ(
ﺴ ﻢ:
ﺴ ﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ ﻴ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴِﻴ ﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٦٨
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﱢﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ِﻧﺴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﻄﺄ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺴﻢ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻪ :ﹶﺃﻧﺴﺎﻡ. ﻧﺴﻴﻢ ،ﻭﲨﻌﻪِ :ﻧﺴﺎﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨ
)ﻥ ﺱ ﻱ(
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎ ،ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﰲ ِﻋ ﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﰲ ﻋﺮﻕ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺮﻕ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﳝﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ِﻮَﺭﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺐ .ﻣﺜﻨﺎﻩ :ﻧﺴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﻴﺎﻥ .ﻭﲨﻌـﻪ:
ﺃﻧﺴﺎﺀ .ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻟﻔﻈﻲ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺲ.
)ﻥ ﺵ ﺭ(
ﻧﺸﺎﺭﺓ:
ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌِﻨﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ :ﻧِﺸﺎﺭﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﺸـﺎﺭﺓ .ﻷﻥ
ﺴ ﻤﻰ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺸـﺮ
ﺸﺮﹰﺍ .ﻭﺗ
ﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻧ
ﺸ ﺮ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﺔ ﻳﻨ
ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺣِﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺭ .ﻭِﻓ ﻌﹸﻠ ﻪ :ﻧ
ﺸﺎﺭ.
ﺎ :ﺍ ِﳌﻨ
)ﻥ ﺹ ﺏ(
ﺐ ﻋ ﻴِﻨ ِﻪ:
ﺼ
ﺿ ﻌﻪ ﻧ
ﻭ
ﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ )ﺑﻜﺴـﺮ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺤﻬـﺎ(.
ﺼ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ِﻧ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺮﻩ.
)ﻥ ﺹ ﺏ(
ﻣﺤﺘﺎﻝﹲ ﻻ ﻧﺼﺎﺏ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧﺼﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻧﺼﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺣﺘﺎﻝ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﻝ.
)ﻥ ﺽ ﺝ(
ﺞ ﻧﻀﺠﺎ:
ﻀ
ﻧ ِ
٦٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻀﻮﺟﹰﺎ .ﻓﻴﺨﻄﺌﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧﻀ ﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﱠ ﻤ ﺮ ﻧ
ﻧﻀِﺞ ﻳﻨﻀﺞ ﻧﻀﺠﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻧﻀﺠﹰﺎ.
)ﻥ ﻅ ﺭ(
ﺕ:
ﺕ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ ِﳌ ﺮﺃ ِﺓ ﻭﺗ ﻤ ﺮﹶﺃ
ﻧ ﹶﻈ ﺮ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﻓﻼﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍ ِﳌ ﺮﺃﺓ ﻟﺘﺮﻯ ﺣﺴﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺁﺓ.
)ﻥ ﻉ ﺭ(
ﺍﻟﻨ ﻌ ﺮﺓﹸ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﺎِﺋ ﱠﻔِﻴﺔﹸ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ :ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺍﻟﻨ ﻌﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ :ﺍﳋﹸﻴﻼﹶﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟ ِﻜﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ.
)ﻥ ﻉ ﻱ(
ﹶﺃﻧﻌﻰ ﻓﹶﻼﻧﹰﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃﻧ ِﻌﻲ ﻓﻼﻧﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﺃﻧﻌﻰ ﻓﻼﻧﹰﺎ .ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﻧﻌﻰ ﻳﻨﻌﻰ ﻧﻌﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻧ ِﻌﻴﺎﹰ،
ﻭﻧﻌﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﻓﻼﻧﹰﺎ :ﺃﺧﱪ ﲟﻮﺗﻪ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻧﺪﺑﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻧﺎﻉٍ ،ﻭﻫﻢ ﻧﻌﺎﺓ ﻭﻧﻌﻴﺎﻥ.
ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﻧﻌﻰ:
)(١ﻧﻌﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻔﹶﻮﺍﺗِﻪ :ﺷﻬﺮﻩ ﺎ )ﳎﺎﺯ(.
)(٢ﻧﻌﻰ ﻓﻼﻧﹰﺎ :ﻃﻠﺐ ﺑﺜﺄﺭﻩ.
)(٣ﻧﻌﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ :ﺃﺧﱪﻩ ﺑﻪ.
)(٤ﻧﻌﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣِﺶ :ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﻃﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺣﺶ.
) (٥ﻧﻌﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ :ﺃﺫﺍﻋﻪ.
)ﻥ ﻑ ﺩ(
ﺻ ﺒﺮﻩ:
ﻧ ِﻔ ﺪ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٧٠
ﺻﺒﺮﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧ ِﻔ ﺪ )ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﻝ ﻭﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ( ،ﺃﻱ :ﹶﻓِﻨ ﻲ ﺻﱪﻩ.
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧ ﹶﻔ ﹶﺬ
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻧ ﹶﻔ ﹶﺬ )ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﻝ ﻭﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ( ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ :ﻣﻀﻰ ﻭﺣﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﻕ.
)ﻥ ﻫـ ﻙ(
ﳊﻤﻰ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻧ ِﻬ ﹶﻜﺘﻪ:
ﻧ ﻬ ﹶﻜﺘﻪ ﺍ ﹸ
ﳊﻤﻰ ﺗﻨﻬﻜﻪ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃﻧﻬﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﻤﻰ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺟﻬﺪﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﺿﻨﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧ ﻬﻜﹶﺘﻪ ﺍ ﹸ
ﻧﻬﻜﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻧﻬﻜﹰﺎ.
ﻭﳚﻮﺯ :ﻧ ِﻬ ﹶﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﻤﻰ ﺗﻨﻬﻜﻪ ﻧﻬﻜﹰﺎ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ :ﺃﻧﻬﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻧ ِﻬﻜﹶﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ،
ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ :ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺘﻪ.
ﻣ ﻨﻬﻮ ﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﹸﻮﻯ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﺄ :ﹶﺃﻧ ﻬ ﹶﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﹸﻤﻰ ،ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺄﻫﻢ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﻤﺎﻝ
ﻣﻨﻬﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﹸﻮﻯ )ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ "ﺃﻚ"( ،ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ :ﻣﻨﻬﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ )ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣـﻦ
ﻚ( .ﻷﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ )ﹶﻓﻌﻞ( :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ،ﻭﻣﻦ )ﺃﻓﹾﻌﻞ( :ﻣ ﹾﻔﻌﻞ.
)ﻥ ﻭ ﻁ(
ﻣﻨﻮﻁﹲ ِﺑ ِﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻁ ﺑﻔﻼﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻨـﻮﻁ ﺑﻔـﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻱ:
ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ :ﻧﺎﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻭﺻﻠﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻧﺎﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ.
ﻒ:
ﻒ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﺗِﻨﻴ
ﺗﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﹶﺃﹾﻟ ٍ
ﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎﻧﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻨﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎﻧﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﻒ ،ﲟﻌﲎ :ﺗﺰﻳﺪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻨﻴ
ﺃﻟﻒ ،ﺃﻭ :ﺗِﻨﻴﻒ .ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻧﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻳﻨﻮﻑ :ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﺃﺷﺮﻑ.
)ﻥ ﻭ ﺏ(
ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎِﺑﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻻ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ:
ﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﻴ ﹸﺔ .ﻭ ﺟ ﻤ ﻊ
ﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔﹸ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳﺎﹶﻓ ﺮ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺳﺎﹶﻓ ﺮ
٧١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺕ.
ﺠﻨﺎ
ﺍﻟﱠﻠﺠﻨﺔِ :ﻟﺠﺎ ﹲﻥ ﻭﹶﻟ
ﺏ:
ﻧ ﻴﻞﹸ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﹾﺄ ﺭ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻧﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﺄﹾﺭﺑﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻧﻴ ﹸﻞ ﻣﺄﺭﺑﻪ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ
ﻱ(،
)ﻧﺎﻝ( ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻳﻌﲏ :ﺃﺻﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﻧﺎﻝ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﺍ ﹰﻻ )ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ
ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺀ.
ﻼ ﻭﻣﻨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻟ ﹰﺔ :ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ .ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻣـﻦ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﻧﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﻴﻞ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﻧﻴ ﹰ
ﻳﻨﻴﻞ :ﻧِﻞ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ :ﻧ ﹾﻞ.
ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻝ:
)(١ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺀ.
)(٢ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ.
)(٣ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺐ.
ﻧِﻴﺎﺕ:
ﻭﳚﻤﻌﻮﻥِ :ﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ :ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﻧﻴﺎﺕ .ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺸـﺮﻳﻒ" :ﺇﳕـﺎ
ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﺎﺕ".
ﻟﹶﺤﻢ ﻧِﻲﺀٌ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﳊﻢ ﻧﻲﺀْ ،ﺃﻭ ﻧﻴﺊ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﳊﻢ ﱐﺀ ،ﻭﳚـﻮﺯ :ﻧـﻲﱞ ﺑﺎﻹﺑـﺪﺍﻝ
ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻏﺎﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﻲﺀ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﹶﺤﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﻨﻀﺞ ،ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﲤﺴﻪ ﻧﺎﺭ .ﻓﻬﻮ :ﺍﻟﺸـﺤﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ.
ﻁ ﹶﻗ ﹾﻠِﺒ ِﻪ:
ﺗ ﹶﻘ ﱠﻄ ﻊ ِﻧﻴﺎ ﹸ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻘﻄﱠﻌﺖ ﻧِﻴﺎﻁ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻘﻄﱠﻊ ﻧِﻴﺎﻁ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﻁ ﻣﻔـﺮﺩ،
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋِﺮﻕ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﻧِﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﲔ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﹸﻗﻄِﻊ ﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٧٢
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺗﲔ ﻫﻮ :ﻋِﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ.
ﻳﻨِﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍ ِﳌﹶﺌ ِﺔ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻨﻮﻑ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌِﺎﺋﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌِﺌﺔ )ﺍﳌِﺎﺋﺔ(.
ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ :ﺃﻧﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ :ﺯﺍﺩ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻑ ﻧﻮﻓﹰﺎ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ:
)(١ﻧﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ :ﻋﻼ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ.
ﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻊ :ﺻﺎﻟﺖ.
)(٢ﻧﺎﻓ ِ
)(٣ﻧﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ :ﺃﺷﺮﻑ.
) (٤ﻧﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻱ ﻭﳓﻮﻩ :ﻣﺼﻪ.
ﺴﺘ ﻬﺘ ﺮ:
ﺭﺟﻞﹲ ﻣ
ﺴﺘ ﻬﺘِﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﺟـﻞ ﻣﺴـﺘ ﻬﺘﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻛـﺜﲑ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣ
ﺍﻷﺑﺎﻃﻴﻞ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺍﺳﺘ ﻬﺘِﺮ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ:
)(١ﺫﻫﺐ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ :ﺧﺮِﻑ )ﳎﺎﺯ(.
)(٢ﺍﺳﺘ ﻬﺘِﺮ ﺑﻔﻼﻧﺔ :ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺎﱄ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻷﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺷﺘِﻢ ﺑﻪ )ﳎﺎﺯ(.
ﺴﺘ ﻬﺘﺮ :ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺎﱄ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ.
)(٣ﺍ ﹸﳌ
ﻫﺘﺎﻑ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺳﺘ ﹾﻘﺒِﻞ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺑﺎ ِﳍﺘﺎﻑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺳﺘ ﹾﻘﺒِﻞ ﺑﺎ ﹸﳍﺘﺎﻑ .ﻭﺍ ﹸﳍﺘﺎﻑ ﻫـﻮ:
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻞ :ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻫﺘﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻳ ﻬﺘِﻒ ﻫﺘﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻫﺘﻔﹰﺎ :ﺻﺎﺡ
ﺑﻪ.
٧٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻫ ﹾﻄﻞﹸ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﹶﻄ ِﺮ ﻭﺗ ﻬﻄﹶﺎﹶﻟ ﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻄﹶﻼﻧ ﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻄﹸﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ .ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﻫﻄﹶﻞ( ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ )ﻫﻄﻮﻝ( .ﻓﻔﻲ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ :ﻫﻄِﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ ﻫﻄﹾﻼﹰ ،ﻭ ﻫﻄﹶﻼﻧﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺗﻬﻄﺎ ﹰﻻ :ﻣﻄﹶﺮ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘﻄﹾﺮ ،ﻓﻬﻮ:
ﻫﻄِﻞ ،ﻭﻫﺎﻃِﻞ :ﻭﻫﻲ :ﻫﻄِﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺎﻃِﻠﺔ .ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ :ﻫﻄﱠﻞ.
ﻚ ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎﻥﹸ؟:
ﻫ ﹾﻞ ﻳﺮﻭ ﹸﻗ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﻭﻗﹸﻚ؟ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻞ ﻳﺮﻭﻗﹸﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎﻥ؟ ﻷﻥ
)ﻫﻞ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ،ﻭﺟﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﺰﻡ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ
ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺑﻼﻏﻲ ،ﺟﻲﺀ ﻣﻜﺎﺎ ﺑﺎﳍﻤﺰﺓ ،ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻝ :ﺃﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﻭﻗﻚ؟.
ﻃﹶﺎِﺋ ﺮ ﹲﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩِﻳﺔﹲ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ِﻣ ﺮ ﻭ ِﺣﻴ ﹲﺔ ﻻ ﻫِﻠﻴ ﹸﻜﻮﺑﺘﺮ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻫﻠﻴﻜﻮﺑﺘﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳـﺔ ،ﻷـﺎ
ﺗﺤﻠﱢﻖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹶ ،ﺃﻭ :ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ِﻣ ﺮﻭﺣﻴﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﺋﺮﺓ
ِﻣ ﺮﻭﺣﺔ.
ﻣﻬ ﻮﺱ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﹶﻠﻮﺛﹶﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣ ﻬﻮﻭﺱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣ ﻬﻮﺱ.
ﻭﺍﳍﹶﻮﺱ :ﹶﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﻥ .ﻭﻳﻌﲏ )ﺍ ﹶﳍﻮﺱ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ :ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ.
ﺍﳍﹸ ِﻮﻳﺔﹸ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺿﺎﻉ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻫ ِﻮﻳﺘﻪ .ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻥ :ﺑﺎ ﹶﳍ ِﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘـﺔ،
ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺿﺎﻉ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻫِ ﻮﻳﺘﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺟﻲﺀ
ﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ )ﻫ ﻮ( .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍ ﹶﳍ ِﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ :ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺮ .ﻭﺍ ﹶﳍ ِﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ :ﻫـﻮٍ ،ﻭﻫـﻮ
ﻯ.
ﻱ ﻳﻬﻮﻯ ﻫ ﻮ
ﺍ ﹸﳌﺤِﺐ ،ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ :ﻫ ِﻮ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٧٤
ﺐ:
ﺍ ﹶﳌﻬِﻴ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﹸﻬﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍ ﹶﳌﻬِﻴﺐ ،ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ :ﻣ ﻬﻴﻮﺏ ،ﺣﻮﳍﺎ
ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻬﻴﺐ.
ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ :ﻫﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻬﺎﺑﻪ )ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻋﻠِﻢ ﻳﻌﻠﹶﻢ( ﻫﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺑ ﹰﺔ :ﺧﺎﻓﻪ ،ﺍﺗﻘﺎﻩ ،ﺣ ِﺬﺭﻩ،
ﻭﱠﻗﺮﻩ ،ﻋﻈﱠﻤﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻫﺎﺋﺐ ﻭ ﻫﻴﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻴﻮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻴﺎﺑﺔ :ﳜﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ،
ﺟﺒﺎﻥ .ﻭ ﻣﻬﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻣﻬِﻴﺐ ،ﻭ ﻫﻴﻮﺏ :ﳜﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ.
ﻫﺎ ﺟﻪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻫﺎﺟﻪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺎ ﺟﻪ ﻳﻬِﻴ
ﺠ ﻪ ﻫﻴﺠﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻧـﹰﺎ .ﻷﻥ
ﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺖ ،ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﺃﻳﺒﺴﺘﻪ.
ﲨﻠﺔ :ﺃﻫﺎ ﺟ ِ
ﺏ:
ﺠﺐ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻻ ﻧ ﹾﻜ ِﺬ
ﻳ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺬﺏ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺬﺏ .ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻨـﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻧ ﹾﻜﺬﺏ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ( ﺃﻭ :ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺬﺏ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ(.
ﺤﺘﻢ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ:
ﺠﺐ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻳﺘ
ﻳ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﻵﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺤـﺘﻢ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﺃﻭﺟﺐ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺐ :ﺃﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ.
ﺍﻟ ﻮﺟﻮ ﺩ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍ ﺟ ﺪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧـﻪ.
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ( ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ :ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻩ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺣﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ.
ﺑ ﻴﻨﻨﺎ )ﻻ( ﻳﻮ ﺟﺪ ﺑ ﻴﻨﻨﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﳚﻬﻠﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ .ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ )ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ( ﻫﻨـﺎ ،ﻻ
ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺒﻘﺎﺋﻪ .ﻷﻥ )ﺑﻴﻦ( ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﹾﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ .ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻗﻮﳍﻢ :ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﰲ
٧٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺑﻴﺘﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺘﻪ.
ﺍ َﻷ ﻭ ِﺩﻳﺔﹸ ،ﺍ َﻷ ﻭﺩﺍﻳﺔﹸ ،ﺍ َﻷ ﻭﺩﺍﺀُ ،ﺍ َﻷ ﻭﺩﺍﺓﹸ ،ﺍ َﻷ ﻭﺩﺍﻩ ،ﺍﻟ ﻮ ﺩﻳﺎ ﹸﻥ:
ﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟ ِﻮﺩﻳﺎﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﺤِـﺐ ﺍ َﻷ ﻭ ِﺩﻳـﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷَﻭﺩﺍﻳـﺔ،
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳِ
ﻭﺍ َﻷﻭﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻷَﻭﺩﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺩﺍﻩ.
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﱠﺮﺩ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺭﻛﻪ :ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ
) ﻭﺩﻳﺎﻥ( ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ.
ﻭﺍﻷَﻭﺩﺍﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﺩﺍﻩ :ﻟﻐﺔ ﻃﻴﺊ.
ﺍﻟﻮﺍ ِﺭﺙﹸ ﺍﻟ ﻮﺣِﻴ ﺪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻌﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭِﺙ
ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ .ﻭﲨﻊ ﻭﺍﺭﺙ :ﻭﺭﺍﺙ ﻭﻭﺭﺛﺔ .ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ :ﻭﺭِﺙ ﻳﺮِﺙ ِﻭﺭﺛﺎﹰ ،ﻭ ِﻭﺭﺍﺛﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺭﺍﺛﹶﺔ ،ﻭ ِﺭﺛﹶﺔ،
ﻭﻭﺭﺛﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻣﲑﺍﺛﹰﺎ.
ﺴﺮﻯ:
ِﻭ ﺭﻛﹸﻪ ﺍﻟﻴ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹸﻛﺴِﺮ ِﻭﺭﻛﻪ ﺍ َﻷﻳﺴﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹸﻛﺴِـﺮﺕ ِﻭﺭﻛـﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺴـﺮﻯ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻭﺭِﻛﻪ،ﺃﻭ ﻭﺭﻛﻪ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻙ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ .ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ :ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻙ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻙ :ﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺬ ،ﻛﺎﻟﻜﺘﻒ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟ ﻌﻀﺪ.
ﺍﻟ ﻮ ﺯ ﻭﺍﻹ ﻭ ﺯ:
ﺨﻄﱢﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﻭ ﺯ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ِﺇ ﻭ ﺯ .ﻭﻛﻼ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﲔ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻭﳓـﻦ ﻧـﻮﺛﺮ
ﻭﻳ
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ) ﻭ ﺯ( .ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﺣﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ )ﺇ ﻭ ﺯ( ،ﻭﻷﻧـﻪ ﻓﺼـﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ
ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ.
ﻣﻮﺻﺪ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣ ﻮﺻﻮﺩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺻﺪ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻣﻐﻠﻖ .ﻷﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻫـﻮ
)ﺃﻭﺻﺪ( ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ )ﻭﺻﺪ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٧٦
)(١ﻭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺝ :ﻳﺼِﺪ ﻭﺻﺪﹰﺍ :ﻧﺴﺞ.
)(٢ﻭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺝ :ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ.
)(٣ﻭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻥ :ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭﺃﻗﺎﻡ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻭﺍﺻِﺪ.
ﺠ ﻤﻬﻮ ِﺭﻳ ِﺔ:
ﺴﹰﺎ ِﻟ ﹾﻠ
ﺻ ِﻔ ِﻪ ﺭﺋِﻴ
ﺼ ﹶﻔِﺘ ِﻪ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﺑِﻮ
ﻛﹶﺮﺋِﻴﺲِ ﻟ ﹾﻠﺠ ﻤﻬﻮ ِﺭﻳﺔِِ ،ﺑ ِ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﻗﱠﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺼـﻔﺘﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴـﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺻـﻔﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴـﹰﺎ
ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ .ﻭﻧﻔﻀﻞ :ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﲟـﺎ ﻻ
ﻣﺜﻴﻞ ﻟﻪ ،ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ.
ﺗﻮﺍ ﹶﻓ ﺮ ﹶﺫﻛﹶﺎ ﺅ ﻩ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻭﻓﹸ ﺮ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﻓﹸ ﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﹶﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﹶﻛﺜﹸﺮ ،ﻷﻥ
ﻣﻌﲎ ﺗﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ :ﺭﻋﻰ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﻩ ،ﻭﺻﺮﻑ ﳘﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ )ﳎﺎﺯ(.
ﻣﺎﹸﻟ ﻪ ﻭﺍﻓِﺮ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻭﻓﹾﺮ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﻓﲑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻓِﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻓﹾﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻛﺜﲑ .ﻭﻧﻘـﻮﻝ:
ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﻭﻓﹾﺮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻓﺮ ،ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﻫﻮ ﰲ ِﻓ ﺮ ٍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ .ﻭﻓﻌﻠﻪ :ﻭﻓﹶﺮ ﻳﻔِـﺮ ﻭﻓﹾـﺮﺍﹰ،
ﻭﻭﻓﹸﻮﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻓِﺮﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓِﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓِﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﹶﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻓﻮﺭ :ﲟﻌﲎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.
ﷲ ﻓﹸﻼﻧﺎﹰ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﺗﻮ ﱢﻓ ﻲ ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻓﱠﻰ ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ:
ﺗﻮﻓﱠﻰ ﺍ ُ
ﻭﻳﺨﻄﱢﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﺗﻮﻓﱠﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ :ﺗﻮﻓﱠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻓﻼﻧﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺗ ﻮﻓﱢ ﻲ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻭﺍﷲ ﻫﻮ ﺍ ﹸﳌﺘﻮﻓﱢﻲ ،ﻭﻓﻼﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍ ﹸﳌﺘ ﻮﻓﱠﻰ.
ﻭﳓﻦ ﻧﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ :ﺗﻮﻓﱠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻓﻼﻧﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﱢﻓ ﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻠـﺘﲔ
ﺨﻄﱢﺊ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ )ﺗـﻮﻓﱠﻰ
ﺗﻮﺭﺩﳘﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧ
ﻓﻼﻥ(.
ﻒ ﻭ ِﻓ ﻪ:
ﺨ ِﻠ
ﻻ ﺗ
ﻒ ﻭِﻓ ﻪ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ
ﺨِﻠ
ﻑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ ﺗ
ﻒ ﻭ ِ
ﺨِﻠ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﺗ
٧٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ.
ﻑ:
ﻭﻗﹸﻮ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﹸ ﺮ ِﻥ ﻛﹶﺎ ٍ
ﻑ .ﻷﻥ ) ﻭﻗﹸﻮﺩ( ﻣـﻦ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﻗﹸﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﻗﹸﻮﺩ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻔﺮﻥ ﻛﺎ ٍ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ .ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﹶﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﹶﻄﺐ ﻭﳓﻮﻩ.
ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﳎﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ )ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ( :ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻗـﺔ
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ.
ﺃﻣﺎ )ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ( ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ :ﻭﹶﻗﺪِﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﻘِﺪ ﻭﻗﹾﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻗﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﻭِﻗﺪﺓ
ﻭﻗﹶﺪﺍﻧﹰﺎ :ﺍﺷﺘﻌﻠﺖ.
ﻒ ﺷ ﻌﺮ ﺭﹾﺃ ِﺳ ِﻪ:
ﹶﻗ
ﻒ ﺷﻌﺮﻩ ﻗﹸﻔﹸﻮﻓﹰﺎ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﺰﻋﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﻗﹶﻒ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻓﺰﻋﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻗ
ﺸﻌﺮﻳﺮﺓ.
ﻏﹶﻀﺒﹰﺎ .ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘﻔﹼﺔ :ﺭِﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﹸﻗ
ﻒ ﺩِﻳﻨﺎ ٍﺭ:
ﻒ ﺩِﻳﻨﺎﺭٍ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻭ ﻫﺒﻪ ﹶﺃﹾﻟ
ﺐ ﹶﻟﻪ ﹶﺃﹾﻟ
ﻭ ﻫ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭ ﻫﺒﻪ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ.
ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﻳﻜﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻳﺠﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ )ﺍﻟﻼﻡ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ) ﻭﻫﺐ( ،ﺗﺘﻮﺝ ﺁﺭﺍﺀﻫﻢ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺁﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ ،ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺩﻋﻤﹰﺎ
ﻗﻮﻳﹰﺎ.
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ) ﻭﻫﺐ( ﺑﺎﻟﻼﻡ ،ﺗﺸﺒﻬﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ،
ﻗﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﳎﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺟﻞﹼ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﻴﻨﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺨﻄﱢﺊ ﻣـﻦ ﻳﻌـﺪﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ) ﻭﻫﺐ( ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ .ﻷﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﻨﺎ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻻ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﻫﺎ.
ﹶﻇﻨ ﻨﺘﻪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻫ ﹶﻠ ٍﻪ ﻃﺒِﻴﺒﹰﺎ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻇﻨﻨﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﻫﻠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻇﻨﻨﺘﻪ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻫﻠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﻇﻨﻨﺘﻪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﻫﻠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺃﻭﻝ ﺷﻲﺀ .ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ :ﹶﻟﻘِﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺻﻮﻟﺔ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٧٨
ﺕ ﻓﹶﻼﻥﹲ:
ﻒ ﻣﺎ
ﻸ ﺳ
ﻳﺎ ﹶﻟ َ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻟﻸﺳﻒ ﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﺎ ﻟﻸﺳﻒ ﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻷﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟـﻚ
ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ )ﻳﺎ( ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍ ﹸﳌﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻪ.
ﲔ ﻏﹶﻠِﻴﻈﹶﺔﹲ
ﻳ ِﻤ
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳝﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻏﻠﻴﻈﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﳝﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻏﻠﻴﻈﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣ ﻐﻠﱠﻄﹶﺔ ،ﺃﻱ :ﹶﻗﺴﻤﹰﺎ
ﺸﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﺆﻛﱠﺪﹰﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻣ ﺆﻧﺜﺔ.
ﻣ
ﺍﻵِﻧﺴﻮﻥ ﹶﺃ ِﻭ ﺍ َﻷﻧِﻴﺴﻮﻥ ﹶﺃ ِﻭ ﺍﻵﻧِﻴﺴﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻴﻨﺴﻮﻥ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻴﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﻧﺴﻮﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻷَﻧﻴﺴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﻧِﻴﺴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵِﻧﺴـﻮﻥ
ﱐ.
)ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ( .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﹰﺎ ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﻧﺎ ﹼ
ﺍﻷُ ﻣِﻨﻴﺔﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ُﻷ ﻣِﻨﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ُﻷ ﻣِﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ.
ِﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﺔﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺆﻧﺚ) ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺧﻼﻓﹰﺎ() .ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ(.
ﺟ ﻌﺒ ﹲﺔ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﻌﺒﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﹶﻌﺒﺔ.
ﺑﻨﻰ ِﺑﹶﺄ ﻫ ِﻠ ِﻪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻳﺒﲏ ﺑﺄﻫﻠﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑﲎ ﺎ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ(.
ﻳ ﺪ ﻋﻢ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳ ﺪﻋﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳ ﺪﻋﻢ.
ﻋ ﹾﻘﺪ:
٧٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥِ :ﻋﻘﹾﺪ -ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ :ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﲔ… .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﻋﻘﹾﺪ.
ﺏ:
ﺴﺒﺎ
ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﲔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﲔ.
ﺸﻬﺎ ﺩﺓﹸ:
ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ -ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ –ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ.
ﺴﻨﺎ ﹸﻥ:
ﺍﻟ
ﺴﻨﺎﻥ -ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ.
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟ
ﺧِﺪﻣﺎﺕ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﲨﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺧِﺪﻣﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺧ ﺪﻣﺎﺕ.
ﺍﳌﹸ ﺮﺗ ِﺰ ﹶﻗﺔﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹸﳌﺮﺗﺰﻗﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﹸﳌ ﺮﺗﺰِﻗﺔ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻱ(.
ﻣﻌﺪِﻡ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣ ﻌﺪﻡ -ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣ ﻌﺪِﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑ.
ﻳ ﹾﻠ ُِﻤﺲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳ ﹾﻠﻤﺲ -ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳌﻴﻢ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳ ﹾﻠ ِﻤُﺲ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﻬﺎ(.
ﺴﻢ:
ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﺒ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒﺴﻢ -ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﲔ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﳌﹶﺒﺴِﻢ -ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ.
ﻳ ﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﻳ ﻨﻈﹸﻢ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳ ﺮﺳِﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﻈِﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳ ﺮﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﻈﹸﻢ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٨٠
ﺺ:
ﺧ ﹶﻠ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺧﻠﹸﺺ -ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺧﻠﹶﺺ )ﺑﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ(.
ﺍﻟ ﺮﻗﹶﺎﺑﺔﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟ ﺮﻗﹶﺎﺑﺔ -ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ(.
ﺍﻟﻘﹸﻤﺎ ﻣﺔﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻘِﻤﺎﻣﺔ .ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻘﹸﻤﺎﻣﺔ )ﺑﻀﻤﻬﺎ(.
ﻱ:
ﺍﻟﺰﺍ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻦ -ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﲜﺪﻱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻱ.
ﺍﻟ ﻌﺪِﻳ ﺪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ -ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻧﻪ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ .ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺀﻝ:
ﺖ ﻟﹶﻬﺎ ِﺇ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟ ِﻜﺮﺍ ﻡ ﹶﻗﻠِﻴ ﹸﻞ
ﹶﻓﻘﹸ ﹾﻠ ﺗ ِﻌﻴ ﺮﻧﺎ ﹶﺃﻧﺎ ﹶﻗﻠِﻴ ٍﹲﻞ ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪﻧﺎ
ﹶﺃ ﺳﺒ ﹶﻎ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺳﺒﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺳﺒﻎ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ.
ﺑ ﹶﻄ ﹶﻞ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻄﹸ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺐ -ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑ ﹶﻄ ﹶﻞ )ﺑﻔـﺘﺢ
ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺀ(.
ﳊ ﺮ ِﻓ ﻲ:
ﺍِ
ﳊﺮﻓﻴـﻮﻥ
ﰲ ﻭﺍ ِ
ﳊ ﺮ ﹼ
ﳊﺮﻓﺔ( )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ِ
ﳊ ﺮِﻓ ﻲ )ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ِ
)ﺑﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ(.
ﺍﻷُﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔﹸ:
٨١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻷَﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ -ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻷُﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ )ﺑﻀﻤﻬﺎ(.
ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﻌ ِﺪﻥﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﻌﺪﻥ -ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻝ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﻌﺪِﻥ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ﺍﻟ ِﻔ ﺮ ﻋ ﻮِﻧ ﻲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟ ِﻔ ﺮﻋﻮﱐ -ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻋﻨﺔ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟ ِﻔ ﺮﻋﻮﱐ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ(.
ﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ:
ﳜﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺑﻂ ﳍﻤﺎ .ﻭﲡﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ:
ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻂ )ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ(
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻭ ﹾﻗ ﹶﻔﺖ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ.
-ﻭﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻭﺳﻂ )ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ( ،ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ
ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ .ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ،ﻓﻼ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻜﲔ.
ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﺼﻠﺖ ﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻻ ﻏﲑ.
ﻱ:
ﺍﻟﻜﹸ ﺮ ِﻭ
ﻱ.
ﻱ )ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﺮﺓ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﺮﻭ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜﺮﻭ
ﻱ
ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘ ﺮ ِﻭ
ﻱ.
ﻱ )ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘﺮﻳﺔ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘﺮﻭ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻘﹸ ﺮ ِﻭ
ﺳ ﺒ ﻌﺔﹸ ﺍﻟ ﺮﺟﺎ ِﻝ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﲤﻴﻴﺰﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﰲ ﳓﻮ
ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ :ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ،ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ.
ﺍﻟ ِﻌﺪﺍ ُﺀ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟ ﻌﺪﺍﺀ )ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻭﻥ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟ ِﻌﺪﺍﺀ )ﺑﻜﺴـﺮ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٨٢
ﺍﻟﻌﲔ( ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟ ﻌﺪﺍﺀ )ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ( ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻱ .ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ :ﺍﻟ ِﻌُﺪﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟ ﻌﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻭ.
ﻟﹸﻌﺒﺔﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻼﻥ ِﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻳﺪﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻼﻥ ﹸﻟﻌﺒﺔ )ﺑﻀـﻢ ﺍﻟـﻼﻡ ﻻ
ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ﺠﺰ:
ﻳ ﻌ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻌﺠﺰ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳉﻴﻢ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﻌﺠِﺰ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ﺤﺔﹲ:
ﺑ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺗﻪ )ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺻـﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺨﺺ(
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺤﺔ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ(.
ﺍﻟ ﹶﻔ ﹾﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﹶﺪﻭﻡ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺱ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻭﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺱ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻭﻡ .ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﻭﻡ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺘﺎﻥ.
ﺍﻟ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮﺓﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻐِﲑﺓ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﲔ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮﺓ )ﺑﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ(.
ﺠ ﻲ:
ِﺇ ﹾﻓ ِﺮﻧ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻓﹾ ﺮﻧﺠﻲ) ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹ ﹾﻓﺮِﻧﺞ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺇ ﹾﻓﺮِﳒ ﻲ.
ﹰﺃﹾﻟﻐﻰ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻟﻐﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ )ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﺑﻄﻠﻪ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻟﻐﺎﻩ )ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ(.
ﺍﻟﱡﻠ ﻤ ﻌﺔﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻤﻌﺔ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻠﱡﻤﻌﺔ )ﺑﻀﻤﻬﺎ(.
٨٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺴ ﻮﺭ:
ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭ )ﲨﻊ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻻ ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ِﻛﻔﹶﺎﺋ ﻲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﹶﻛﻔﹶﺎﺋ ﻲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﻛﻔﹶﺎﺋ ﻲ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻻ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ(.
ﻫ ﹶﺬﹶﺍ ﻳ ﹾﻈ ﻬﺮِ ﻟ ﹾﻠ ِﻌﻴﺎ ِﻥ ﺳﺮِﻳ ﻌﹰﺎ:
ﻗﻮﳍﻢ" :ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻠ ِﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ" ﺧﻄﺄ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﲨﻊ ﺍ ﹸﳌﻌﺎﻳﻦ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ
ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﺎﻳﻦ ِﻋﻴﺎﻧﺎ.
ﺍ َﻷ ﺭﻭﻯ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻷ ﺭﻭﻯ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻞ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﲨﻊ ﻭﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫـﺎ:
ﹶﺃ ﺭ ِﻭﻳﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺜﱡﻮﻡ:
ﻳﺨﻄﱢﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﺍﻟﺜﹸﻮﻡ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﺎ ﻟﻐـﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴـﺖ
ﻓﺼﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺜﱠﻮﻡ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ( .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻪ
ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻡ.
ﺍﳍﹸﻴﺎﻡ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹶﳍﻴﺎﻡ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻖ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﹸﳍﻴﺎﻡ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ(.
ﻟِﻔﹶﺎﻓﹶﺔﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹸﻟﻔﹶﺎﻓﺔ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻟِﻔﹶﺎﻓـﺔ )ﺑﻜﺴـﺮ ﺍﻟـﻼﻡ( ،ﻭﻧﻈﲑﻫـﺎ
)ﺍﻟﻌِﻤﺎﻣﺔ(.
ﻳ ﻐ ِﻠﺐ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻐﻠﹸﺐ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﻐﻠِﺐ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٨٤
ﺐ ﻳ ﻨﺸﺐ:
ﺸ
ﻧ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧﺸﺐ ﻳﻨﺸﺐ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﺸِﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺗﻌِﺐ.
ﺴﺐ:
ﺐ ﻳ ﹾﻜ ِ
ﺴ
ﹶﻛ
ﺴﺐ) ﺑﻔـﺘﺢ ﻋـﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿـﻲ
ﺴﺐ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﹶﺴﺐ ﻳ ﹾﻜ ِ
ﺐ ﻳ ﹾﻜ
ﺴ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﻛ ِ
ﻭﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ(.
ﺕ:
ﺤ ِﺪﻳﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺘ ﻤِﻨﻴﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻨﻴﺎﺕ )ﺑﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻨﻴﺎﺕ
)ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ( )ﺃﺿﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻞ(.
ﺳِﺮﻭﺍﻝﹲ ﻭﺳﺮﺍﻭِﻳﻼﺕ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺍﻝ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻭﻳﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻭﻳﻞ ﻫـﻲ
ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻭﺍﻝ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻪ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻭﻳﻞ :ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﻭﻳﻼﺕ.
ﻱ:
ِﻗ ﺮ ِﻣ ِﺰ
ﻱ )ﺑﻜﺴـﺮ
ﻱ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻟﻮﻥ ِﻗ ﺮﻣِﺰ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻟﻮﻥ ﹸﻗ ﺮﻣﺰ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻢ(.
ﺻ ِﻌ ﺪ:
ﺻ ِﻌ ﺪ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ﺻ ﻌ ﺪ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :
ﺿﻨﺎ:
ﺣ ﱠﻞ ﹶﺃ ﺭ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﻞﱠ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺿﻨﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﻞﱠ ﺃﺭﺿﻨﺎ.
ﻳﻔِﻴ ﻖ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﹶﺎﻕ ﻳﻔِﻴﻖ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﻔِﻴﻖ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ(.
ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺩ ﻋ ﻮﻳﺎﻥ:
٨٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺩﻋﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﲎ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺩﻋﻮﻳﺎﻥ.
ﺯِﻓﺎﻑ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺯﻓﺎﻑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺯِﻓﺎﻑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻡ.
ﻻﻓِﺖِ ﻟ ﹾﻠﻨﻈﹶﺮ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻠﻔﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻻﻓﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ.
ﻀ ﻊ ﻭﺧﻤﺴﻮ ﹶﻥ:
ﻧﻴﻒ ﻭ ﺧ ﻤﺴﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻭِﺑ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺑﻀﻊ ﻭﲬﺴﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻧﻴﻒ ﻭﲬﺴﻮﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑﻀـﻊ ﻭﲬﺴـﻮﻥ،
ﻭﲬﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﻴﻒ )ﺑﺘﺄﺧﲑ ﻧﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻀﻊ(.
ﺑﻮﺗ ﹶﻘ ﹲﺔ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺑﻮﺗﻘﺔ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺑﻮﺗﻘﺔ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺃﻭﻟﻪ(.
ﺼﺤﺎ ﹶﻓﺔﹸ:
ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ(.
ﻱ:
ﺟ ﻬ ﻮ ِﺭ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺻﻮﺕ ﺟﻬﻮﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺭﺟﻞ ﺟﻬﻮﺭﻱ) ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺿﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(.
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﻬﻮﺭﻱ) ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(.
ﻫﺪﺭ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺪﺭ ﺩﻡ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺪﺭ ﺩﻡ ﻓﻼﻥ.
ﺍﺷﺪﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻣﺪﺩ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺩ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺭﺩ) ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺮ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻣﺪﺩ ،ﻭﺍﺷﺪﺩ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺩ.
ﺍﻟﹶﺜ ﹾﻘﺐ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٨٦
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﹸﺜﻘﹾﺐ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﹶﺜﻘﹾﺐ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﹸﺜﻘﹾـﺐ
)ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( ﲨﻊ ﺛﹸﻘﹾﺒﺔ )ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱠﺜﻘﹾﺐ( ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﹸﺜﻘﹾﺐ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻓﻜﻼﳘـﺎ
ﲨﻊ.
ﻓﹸﺘﺤﺔﹲ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﹶﺘﺤﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﹸﺘﺤﺔ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ( .ﻭﻫﻲ ﲟﻌﲎ :ﺍﻟ ﹸﻔﺮﺟﺔ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺼﺐ.
ﹶﺃﻣﺎ ﻋ ﻦ ﹶﻛﺬﹶﺍ .ﹶﻓﻜﹶﺬﺍ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺼﺮ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ )ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻌـﺒﲑ ﺧـﺎﻃﺊ ﳏـﺪﺙ ﱂ
ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻣﻬﺎ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻦ
ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺘﹸﻠﻮﺓ.
ﻱ:
ِﺟ ﹾﺬ ِﺭ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺟﺬﹾﺭﻱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺟِﺬﹾﺭﻱ) ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳉـﻴﻢ( ،ﻷـﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺗﻌﲏ :ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ -ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ -ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﻬـﻲ ﻣﺼـﻄﻠﺢ ﺣﺴـﺎﰊ
ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ.
ﺚ:
ﳋ ﺒ ﹸ
ﺍﹼﻟ ﹸﻠ ﺆ ﻡ ﻭﺍ ﹸ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻠﺆﻡ ﻭﺍﳋﹸﺒﺚ ،ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻜﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻤـﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺘـﺎﻥ
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﳘﺎ:ﲨﺎﻉ ﺧﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﰒ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺀ.
ﻗِﺮﺍﻥﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻘِﺪ ﹶﻗﺮﺍﻧﻪ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻘِـﺪ ِﻗﺮﺍﻧـﻪ )ﺑﻜﺴـﺮ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ(.
ﺲ:
ﹶﻗ
ﺲ.
ﺲ ﲟﻌﲎ :ﻗﺴﻴﺲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﻗ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥِ :ﻗ
٨٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻣِﺴﺎﺱ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﺴﺎﺱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﻣﺴﺎﺱ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻢ( ،ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟ ِﻌﺪﺍﺀ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ
ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺔ.
ﺲ:
ﺲ ﻭﺍﻟ ﱢﻠ ﺒ
ﺍﻟﱡﻠ ﺒ
ﺲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻠﱡﺒﺲ )ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻢ( ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺼـﺪﺭ،
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻠﱢﺒﺲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﹶﻟِﺒ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﱢﺒﺲ )ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ( ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﻢ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺒﺲ.
ﻋﺼﺎﻱ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﺼﺎﰐ )ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﺼﺎﻱ.
ﺻﻮﺍﺏ:
ﹶﺃﻧﹶﺎ ﹶﺃﺷﻚ ﹶﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﹶﻼ ﻡ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ :ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺧﻄﺄ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻧـﺎ
ﺃﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺻﻮﺍﺏ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺯﻋﺰﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺮﻳـﺪ
ﺃﻥ ﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺻﻮﺍﺑﹰﺎ .ﻭﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺼﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬـﺎ ﻧﻔـﺲ
ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﻇ ﻦ" :ﺇﻧﲏ ﺃﻇﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺧﻄﺄ.
ﺼﻢ ﹸﺃ ﹸﺫﻧﻴﻪ:
ﻳِ
ﺼﻢ ﺃﺫﻧﻴﻪ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﺼِﻢ ﺃﺫﻧﻴـﻪ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳ
)ﺑﻀﻢ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩ(.
ﺻﺒ ﺮﺕ:
ﺻﺒﺮﺕ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ﺻﺒِﺮﺕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :
ﻧﻈﹶﺮﺍﺀٌ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻨﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻜﻢ )ﲨﻊ ﻧﻈﲑ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻨﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺀ
ﻟﻜﻢ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٨٨
ﺳِﻴﺎﻥﹲ ﻭ ِﺳﻴﻴﻦ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺭﺃﻳﺘﻬﻤﺎ ِﺳﻴﺎﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺭﺃﻳﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻴﲔ .ﻷﻥ ﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﲎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳ ﻲ
ﺃﻱ :ﻣﺜﻞ .ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﳚﺮﻭﺎ ﳎﺮﺍﻩ.
ﻳﺮِﻳﺒﻨِﻲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﺮﻳﺒﲏ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﺮﻳﺒﲏ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﻻ ﺑﻀﻤﻬﺎ(.
ﻣ ﺪﻓِﻦ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣ ﺪﻓﹶﻦ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ( -ﻟﻠﻤﻘﱪﺓ -ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣ ﺪﻓِﻦ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ(.
ﺙ:
ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﻭ ﹸ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺋﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺋﻢ )ﺑﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ(.
ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﹶﺀ ِﺇ ﱠﻻ ﻫِﻨﺪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻨﺪ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﻧﺜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﻄﺄ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ
ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ :ﺃﺣﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻨﺪ .ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺟـﺎﺀ ﺇﻻ
ﻫﻨﺪ.
ﳊﻀﻮ ِﺭ:
ﺍ ﻋﺘ ﹶﺬ ﺭ ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ ﻋ ﻦ ﻋ ﺪ ِﻡ ﺍ ﹸ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺭ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻔﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻋﺘﺬﺭ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋـﻦ ﻋـﺪﻡ
ﺍﳊﻀﻮﺭ.
ﻑ:
ﺍﻟﻐِﻼ
ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﻏﹸﻼﻑ ﺍﻠﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻏِﻼﻑ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﲔ ﻻ ﺑﻀﻤﻬﺎ(.
ﺻﻔِﻲ ﻣﺴِ ﻠ ﻤﹰﺎ ﻻ ﹶﺃ ﺷ ﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭ ﺭ:
ﹶﺃﻧﺎ ِﺑ ﻮ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ :ﺃﻧﺎ ﻛﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﻻ ﺃﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺃﻥ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ… ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﻑ ﱂ ﺗـﺄ ِ
ﺕ ـﺬﺍ
٨٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺮ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺮ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻻ ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ﺑﺮﻫﺔﹲ ﻭﺑﺮﻫﺔﹲ:
ﻳﺨﻄﱢﺌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ :ﺑﺮﻫﺔ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ( ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺎﻥ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺍﻟﻀﻢ
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ :ﺑﺮﻫﺔ ﻭﺑﺮﻫﺔ.
ﻓِﻘﹾﺪﺍﻥﹲ ﻭﻫِﺠﺮﺍﻥﹲ ﻭﻭِﺟﺪﺍﻥﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﹸﻘﹾﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﺠﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻥ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﻓﻘﹾـﺪﺍﻥ
ﻭﻫِﺠﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ِﻭﺟﺪﺍﻥ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(.
ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻭﺷﻚ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺷﻚ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺷﻚ )ﺑﺈﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﲔ ﻻ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ(.
ﺤﺒِﺲ:
ﺍ ﹶﳌ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹶﳌﺤﺒﺲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﹶﳌﺤﺒِﺲ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ(.
ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ:
ﻣ ﻮ ِﻗﻒ ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣ ﻮﻗﹶﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣ ﻮﻗِﻒ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ )ﺑﻜﺴـﺮ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻑ ﻻ
ﺑﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ(.
ﺏ:
ﺍﻟ ﱠﺬﻫﺎ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺬﱢﻫﺎﺏ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺬﱠﻫﺎﺏ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ(.
ﺍﻟﺒ ﺪﺀُ:
ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟِﺒﺪﺀ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ(.
ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍِﺋ ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍِﺋﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٩٠
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺒِﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟِﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴـﺔ )ﺑﻀـﻢ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ( ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺀﺓ.
ﺇِﻱ ﻧﻌﻢ:
ﻱ ﻧﻌﻢ.
ﻱ ﻧﻌﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺇ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃ
ﻓﹸﺠﻞﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓِﺠﻞ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﹸﺠﻞ )ﺑﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ(.
ِﺟ ﺮﺟِﲑ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﺮﺟﲑ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳉﻴﻢ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺟﺮﺟﲑ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳉﻴﻢ(.
ﺝ ِﺇﻟﹶﻰ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻳ ﻌ ِﻮ ﺯﻧِﻲ:
ﹶﺃ ﺣﺘﺎ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﻠﺰﻣﲏ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﻄﺄ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺣﺘـﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭ
ﻳ ﻌﻮِﺯﱐ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﲏ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻼﺯﻣﹰﺎ ﱄ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﹶﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ.
ﺏ:
ﺼﻮﺍ
ﹶﺃ ﺧ ﹶﻄﹶﺄ ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺧﻄﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻌـﲎ ﺍﻹﺧﻔـﺎﻕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺧﻄـﺄ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ،ﻷﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ :ﺃﺧﻄﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲟﻌﲎ :ﱂ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ :ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ
ﻭﺍﳉﱭ .ﹶﻓﺸِﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﹶﻓﺸﻞ.
ﺏ:
ﺸ ﺮ
ﹶﺃ ﺩ ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺩﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺩﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ.
ِﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ ِﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻗﻄﻌﺘﻪ ﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ ﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ ﺇﺭﺑﹰﺎ )ﺑﺈﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ(.
ﹾﺃ ﻣ ﻌﻨﺖ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﹶﺮ:
٩١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻣﻌﻨﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ.
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃ ﻣ ﻌﻨ
ﺤﺮﻯ ﺍ َﻷ ﻣ ﺮ:
ﺗ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﲢﱠﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﲢﱠﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ.
ﺗ ﻌ ﻮ ﺩ ﺍ َﻷ ﻣ ﺮ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ.
ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻷُﻭﻟﹶﻰ ﻭ ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍ َﻵ ِﺧ ﺮ ِﺓ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺟﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﻤـﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺟﻤـﺎﺩﻯ
ﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ.
ﺣ ﹾﻠ ﹶﻘ ﹲﺔ ﻣﻔﹾﺮﺩ ﺣ ﹶﻠﻘﹶﺎﺕ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﻠﹶﻘﺔ )ﲨﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﻖ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﻠﹾﻘﺔ )ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ(.
ﺟﻨِ ﻮِﺑ ﻲ ﺍﻟِﺒﻼﹶﺩ:
ﰊ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﲰﺎﻥ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﻨﻮ
ﻟﺮﳛﲔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺘﲔ.
ﺼﺐ:
ﳋ
ﺍِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺎ ِﺧﺼﺐ.
ﺩﻭﻥﹶِ ،ﻣ ﻦ ﺩﻭ ِﻥ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ :ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ،
ﻷﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ.
ﻋﹶﺎ ﹶﻗﺔﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻋﺎﻗﻪ ﻣﺮﺿﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﺎﻗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻘﹶﺒ ﻮ ﹸﻝ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٩٢
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻘﹸﺒﻮﻝ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻘﹶﺒﻮﻝ )ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﹶﺒﻞ(.
ﺱ ﻛﹶﺎﻓﱠﺔ:
ﺍﻟﻨﺎ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ.
ﹶﻛ ﹶﻠ ﹾﻔﺘ ﻪ ﺍﻟ ِﻘﻴﺎ ﻡ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﻠﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﻠﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ.
ﻚ:
ﺭ ﺅﻳﺘ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺴﻌﺪﱐ ﺭﺅﻳﺎﻙ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺴﻌﺪﱐ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻚ.
ﺯﻫﺮ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺯﻫﺎ ﺭ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺯﻫﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺯﻫﺮ ﻭﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ،ﲨﻊ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ .ﻷﻥ
ﺯﻫﻮﺭ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺯﻫﺮ ﲟﻌﲎ :ﺃﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺗﻸﻷ ،ﻛﺎﺯﺩﻫﺮ )ﺯﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﺝ ﺯﻫﻮﺭﹰﺍ(.
ﺼ ِﻐﻴ ﹲﺔ:
ﻣ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﻠﻲ ﺁﺫﺍﻥ ﺻﺎﻏﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺼﻐِﻴﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﺻﻐﻰ ﲟﻌﲎ ﲰـﻊ
ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺼ ٍﻎ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻣﺼﻐﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺻﻐﻰ ﻳﺼﻐﻮ ﻭﻳﺼﻐﻲ ﺻﻐ ﻮﹰﺍ ﻭﺻﻐﻴﹰﺎ ﲟﻌﲎ ﻣﺎﻝ :ﻭﻓﻴﻬـﺎ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻠﺔ.
ﻣﺒﻐﺾ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺒﻐﻮﺽ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺒ ﻐﺾ.
ﺍ ﹸﳌﺼﺎ ﺩ ﹶﻓﺔﹸ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﺪﻓﺔ ﻋﺠﻴﺒﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻋﺠﻴﺒﺔ.
ﻣﺼﻮﻥﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺼﺎﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ.
٩٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺼ ﻴﻒ:
ﺍ ﹶﳌ ِ
ﺼﻴﻒ.
ﺼﻴﻒ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ﹶﳌ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍ ﹶﳌ
ﻣ ﻤﺘ ِﻠ ﹲﺊ ﻭﻣﻶﻥﹲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺀ ﻣﻠﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﳑﺘﻠﺊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻶﻥ.
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﹶﻪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻫﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻪ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻪ ﻣـﻦ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧ ﹶﻘ ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻧﻘﹾﻬﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻫﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﻧﻘِﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻧﻘﺎﻫﺔ ﺃﻱ :ﻓﻬﻤﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻨ ﻴ ﹸﻞ:
ﻼ.
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻧﻮﺍﻻﹰ ،ﺃﻱ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻧـﻴ ﹰ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﲟﻌﲎ :ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ.
ﻭ ﺣ ﺪﻩ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ.
ﺍﻟ ﻮﺣﺪ ﹸﺓ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻮِﺣﺪﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣـﺪﺓ )ﺑﻔـﺘﺢ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﻭ ﻻ
ﺑﻜﺴﺮﻫﺎ(.
ﻻ ﻳﺴﺎﻭِﻱ ﺷ ﻴﹶﺌﹰﺎ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ )ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺷـﻴﺌﹰﺎ .ﻷﻥ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﺓ ﺗﻌﲏ :ﺍﶈﺎﺯﺍﺓ.
ﺴﻚ ﺭ ﻣ ﹶﻘﻪ:
ﻳ ﻤ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﳚﺪ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻳﺴﺪ ﺭﻣﻘﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ ﳚﺪ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺴﻚ ﺭﻣﻘﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻴ ِﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﹶﺎﻧﻮﻧِﻴ ﹸﺔ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٩٤
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ.
ﻚ:
ﺠﺐِ ﻣ ﻦ ﹶﺫِﻟ
ﹶﺃ ﻋ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻷﻋﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ )ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻋﺠﺐ ﻣـﻦ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻭ :ﺍﻷﻋﺠﺐ ،ﺃﻱ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺬﻑ )ﺃﻝ( ﺃﻭ )ﻣﻦ( .ﻷﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﻠـﻰ ﺏ
)ﺃﻝ( ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
ﻻ ﻳ ﻬﺘﻢ ﺑِﺴِﻮﻯ ﺍﻟ ِﻌ ﹾﻠ ٍﻢ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺴﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ.
ﻀﹰﺎ:
ﺤﺐ ﺑ ﻌﻀﻬ ﻢ ﺑ ﻌ
ﻳ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﳛﺐ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﹰﺎ.
ﺁَﺟﺮﻧِﻲ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺟﺮﱐ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺁﺟﺮﱐ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﺟﺮ ﲟﻌـﲎ:
ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻷ ﺟﺮ) ﻭﺍﻵﺟﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺏ(.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺁﺟﺮ ﺗﻌﲏ :ﺃﻛﹾﺮﺍﱐ ،ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺄﺟﺮﺕ ،ﻓﺄﻧﺎ "ﻣﺴﺘﺄﺟِﺮ" ﻭﻫﻮ " ﻣ ﺆﺟِﺮ".
"ِﺇ ﺧﺼﺎِﺋ ﻲ" ﻻ "ﹶﺃ ِﺧﺼﺎِﺋ ﻲ":
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃ ِﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ .ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺇ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺼﻰ ﺃﻱ :ﺗﻌﻠﹼﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺍﹰ،
ﺃﻱ :ﲣﺼﺺ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ" :ﺇﺧﺼﺎﺀ".
ﻱ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ(.
ﺼِﺎ
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻗﻠﻨﺎِ :ﺇ ﺧ
ﺴﺮﻯ ،ﻭﺍﻷُ ﹶﺫﻳﻨﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﻴ ﻤﻨﻰ:
ﺍﻷُ ﹶﺫﻳﻨﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﻴ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻷُﺫﹶﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﳝﻦ ،ﻭﺍﻷُ ﹶﺫﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍ ُﻷ ﹶﺫﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲎ ،ﻭﺍ ُﻷ ﹶﺫﻳﻨـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮﻯ .ﻷﻥ ﺃﹸﺫﹶﻳﻨﺔﹸ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﺗﺼﻐﲑ "ﺍﻷُﺫﻥ" ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﺀ ﰲ
ﻣﺼﻐﺮﻫﺎ.
٩٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﲑﹰﺍ:
ﺻﺪِﻳ ِﻘ ِﻪ ﺧ ﻴ ﺮﹰﺍ ﹶﻛِﺜ
ﹶﺃ ﻣ ﹶﻞ ِﻣ ﻦ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺄﹶﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﺃ ﻣ ﹶﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ،
ﻭﺃﹶﻣﻞ ،ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺗﺄﹶﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ :ﺗﺪﺑﺮﻩ.
ﺐ:
ﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺘِ
ﺍﹾﻗ ﺮﹾﺃ ﹶﺃ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻗﺮﺃ ﺃﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻗﺮﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ .ﻷﻥ "ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺻـﻮﻟﺔ" ﻻ
ﲡﻮﺯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ.
ﻚ ﻓِﻲ ﻣ ﻨ ِﺰﹶﻟ ِﺔ ﺍ َﻷﺏِ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻓِﻲ ﻣﻜﹶﺎﻧﺘِﻪِ ،ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻓِﻲ ﺩ ﺭ ﺟِﺘ ِﻪ:
ٍﺇﻧ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺇﻧﻚ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺏ ﱄ :ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺇﻧﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻨـﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺏ ،ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻪ،
ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺘﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺜﺎﺑﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ :ﺍﳌﻼﺫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ،ﻭﻻ
ﺗﻌﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻨـﺰﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ.
ﺠ ﻮﻝﹸ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘ ﺮﻳ ِﺔ:
ﹶﺃ ﺧ ﹶﺬ ﻳ
ﺠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳـﺔ ،ﻷﻧـﻪ ﱂﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺧﺬ ﻳﺘﺠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺧﺬ ﻳ
ﻼ ﲟﻌﲎ ﻃﻮﻑ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺟﻮﻝ ﺗﺠﻮﺍ ﹰﻻ.
ﺗﺴﻤﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﲡﻮﻳ ﹰ
ﺠ ﺮﺓﹸ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﹶﻰ ﻣِﺎﺋﹶﺔ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﹶﺎﻟﹶﺔٍ:
ﺸ
ﺤ ِﻤﻞﹸ ﺍﻟ
ﺗ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﻮﺍﻟﹶﻰ" ﻻ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﳍﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ.
ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺏ "ﺯﻫﺎﺀ" ﺃﻭ "ﳓﻮ" .ﻷﻥ "ﺣﻮﺍﻟﹶﻰ" ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ.
ﺣﺎﹶﺭ ﻓِﻲ ﹶﺃ ﻣ ِﺮ ِﻩ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺣﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺣﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻩ.
ﺣ ﻲ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻼ ِﺓ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣ ﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ،ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ " ﺣﻴﺎ" ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣ ﻲ "ﺑﻔـﺘﺢ
ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ" ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﹶﺃ ﹾﻗِﺒ ﹾﻞ" ،ﺃﻭ "ﺃﹶﻗﹾﺒِﻠﻮﺍ".
ﺃﹶﺩﻳﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮ ﺭ ﹲﺓ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺩﻳﺮ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٩٦
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃﺩﻳﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺭ ﲨﻊ :ﺩﻳﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺩﻳﺎﺭ ﻭﺩﻳﻮﺭﺓ.
ﻚ:
ﺃﹶﻣﺮ ﺭﺍِﺑ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﹶﺃ ﻣ ﺮ ﻣﺮﺑِﻚ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﹶﺃ ﻣ ﺮ ﺭﺍﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺭﺑـﻚ ﲟﻌـﲎ :ﺧﻠﻄـﻪ
ﻓﺎﺭﺗﺒﻚ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﺃﺭﺑﻚ.
ﺍﻷُ ﺳﺘﺎﺫﹸ ﻭﺍﻷُﺳﺘﺎﺫﹶﺓﹸ:
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ،ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﳊﺎﺫﻕ"
ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﶈﺎﻣﻲ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺩﺭﺟـﺎﺕ
ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ.
ِﺳﻨﻪ ﹶﻛِﺒِﻴ ﺮ ﹲﺓ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥِ :ﺳﻨ ﻪ ﻛﺒﲑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏِ :ﺳﻨ ﻪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ .ﻷﻥ "ﺍﻟﺴ ﻦ" ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﺳـﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ
ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ" ﺃﻡ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ،ﻭﺗﺼﻐﲑﻫﺎ" :ﺳﻨﻴﻨﺔ".
ﺷ ﹾﻘﺮﺍ ُﺀ – ﺷ ﹾﻘ ﺮ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﲨﻊ ﺷﻘﺮﺍﺀ :ﺷﻘﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺷﻘﹾﺮ .ﻷﻥ ﹸﻓﻌﻞ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ "ﺃﻓﻌﻞ" ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮ ،ﻭ"ﻓﻌﻼﺀ" ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ.
ﺾ ﺷ ﻬ ﻮ ﹶﺓ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄﻌﺎ ِﻡ:
ﹶﻓ ﹶﻘ ﺪ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺮِﻳ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺷﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺷـﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﺎﻡ .ﻷﻥ
ﺸﻬِﻲ" ﻭ" ﺷﻬﻮﺓ" ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ.
ﺸﻬﻮﺍﻥ" ﻭ"ﺍﳌ
"ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ "ﺍﻟﺸﻬ ﻲ"،ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺍﻟ
ﺤِﺘ ِﻪ:
ﺼ ﹶﻠ
ﺲ ِﺇ ﻫﻤﺎﹸﻟ ﻪ ﻓِﻲ ﻣ
ﹶﻟ ﻴ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﳘﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺻﺎﳊﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﳘﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻟـﻴﺲ
ﰲ ﺇﳘﺎﻟﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻪ .ﻷﻥ "ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ" ﻫﻮ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ ،ﻭ"ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ" ﻫﻲ :ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻭﻳﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺡ" ﻭ"ﺍﳌﻔﺴﺪﺓ" :ﺿﺪﻫﺎ.
٩٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻉ:
ﺍﻧﺼﺎ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻧﺼﺎﻉ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﻱ" :ﺍﻧﻘﹶﺎﺩ" ﻭ"ﺃﺫﻋﻦ" .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻧﺼﺎﻉ ﻓﻼﻥ :ﻋـﺎﺩ
ﻣﺴﺮِﻋﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﻧﺼﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ :ﻣﺮﻭﺍ ِﺳﺮﺍﻋﹰﺎ.
ﺖ ﻧ ﹾﻔﺴﻪ ﹶﻃﻤﻮ ﺣﹰﺎ:
ﻛﹶﺎﻧ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻃﻤﻮﺣﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻃﻤﻮﺣﹰﺎ .ﻷﻥ "ﻓﹶﻌﻮﻝ"
ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ.
ﻫ ﻢ ﻋﺎﹶﻟ ﹲﺔ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﹶﺃِﺑﻴِﻬﻢ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺠﻮ ﺯ ﹶﻗﻮﻝ :ﻫ ﻮ ﻋﺎﹶﻟ ﹲﺔ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﹶﺃﺑِﻴ ِﻪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻴﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ،ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻩ" :ﻋﺎﺋﻞ".
ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ" :ﻫﻮ ﻋﺐﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻴﻪ" ﺃﻭ "ﻫﻮ ﹶﻛ ﹲﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﺑﻴﻪ".
ﺕ:
ﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍ ٍ
ﺠ ٍﻦ ﺧ ﻤ
ﺴ
ﺐ ﺑﺎﻟ
ﻋﻮ ِﻗ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻮﻗِﺐ ﲞﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺳﺠﻨﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﻮﻗﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺴـﺠﻦ ﲬـﺲ
ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺳﺠِﻦ ﲬﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﺎﺑﹰﺎ ﻟﻪ.
ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳﺴﺒِﻘﹸﻨﺎ ِﺇﹶﻟ ﻴ ِﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﺀُ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﺀ .ﻷﻥ ﲨـﻊ
"ﻓﻌﻴﻞ" ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ" ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺏ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠـﺔ،
ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ "ﻏﺮﻳﺐ".
ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ﺍﳌﹶﻘﹶﺎﻝﹸ ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻣ ﻐﻠﹸﻮ ﹶﻃﹰﺎ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻮﻃﹰﺎ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻮﻃﹰﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ .ﻷﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﻏﻠﻂ" ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ "ﻻﺯﻡ".
ﹶﺃ ﹾﻏ ﹶﻠ ﻖ ﺍﳋﹶﺎ ِﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ،ﻭﹶﺃ ﹾﻗ ﹶﻔ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ِﻓ ﹶﺬ ﹶﺓ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻏﻠﻖ ﺍﳋﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻗﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ" :ﺃﻏﻠﻖ" ﺃﻭ "ﻏﹶﻠﱠﻖ" ﻭﻛﺬﺍ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ٩٨
"ﺃﻗﻔﻞ" ﺃﻭ "ﹶﻗﻔﱠﻞ".
ﻂ":
ﺴﺔﹸ ﻃﹸﻼﺏٍ ،ﺩﻭ ﹶﻥ ِﺇﺿﺎ ﹶﻓ ِﺔ ﻛﹶﻠِﻤﺔ " ﹶﻓ ﹶﻘ ﹾ
ﻀ ﺮ ﺇِﻻ ﺧ ﻤ
ﺤ
ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﱂ ﳛﻀﺮ ﺇﻻ ﲬﺴﺔ ﻃﻼﺏ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺬﻑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻓﻘﻂ" ،ﻷﻥ
ﻟﻔﻈﺔ "ﻓﻘﻂ" ﻫﻨﺎ ﺣﺸﻮ ،ﻻ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻟﻪ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻌـﲎ
ﳊﺼﺮ" .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻬﺎ. "ﺍ ﹶ
ﺟﺎ َﺀ ِﻣ ﻦ ﹶﻓ ﻮ ِﺭ ِﻩ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻮﺭﹰﺍ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ :ﻓﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ :ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻏﻠﺖ ،ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻌﲑ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ،ﰒ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺭﻳﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﻓﻘﻴﻞ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻓـﻮﺭﻩ،
ﺚ.ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ" :ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ" -ﱂ ﻳﻠﺒ ﹾ
ﺴﻦ ﺣﹶﺎ ﹰﻻ ِﻣ ﻦ ﹶﻗﺒﻞ:
ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ ﹶﺃ ﺣ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻱ ﹶﻗﺒﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺬﻑ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ )ﺫﻱ( .ﻷﻥ
"ﹶﻗﺒﻞ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ،ﻧﻘﻴﺾ "ﺑﻌﺪ" .ﻻ ﻳ ﹾﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣـﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪﻩ ﻟﻔﻈـﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﹰﺍ .ﻭﺧﻄﺄ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ "ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ" ﺇﻟﻴﻪ" –ﻻ" -ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ".
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ "ﺫﻱ" ﻑ "ﹶﻗﺒﻞ" ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ "ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ" ﺃﻭ ِﻗﺒﻞ" ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ "ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺀ"
ﻭﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭ "ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ".
"ﻗﹸﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ":
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ" :ﻗﹸﻤﺎﺵ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺝ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ" :ﻧﺴﻴﺞ" ﺃﻭ "ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺝ" .ﻷﻥ
ﺡ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ.
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ "ﻗﹸﻤﺎﺵ" :ﻓﹸﺘﺎﺕ ،ﻭ"ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘﻤﺶ" ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍ ٍ
ﺠ ِﻠﺲ ﹶﻛﺜِﲑﹰﺍ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘ ﻬﹶﺎﻭِﻯ ،ﻟﻔﻆ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ:
ﻳ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﳚﻠﺲ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺎﻭﻯ ﻛﺠﻤﻊ ﻟـ "ﻗﻬﻮﺓ" .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ ﺗﺄﰐ:
ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺍﳋﻤﺮ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻠﱭ ﺍﶈﺾ" ،ﻭ"ﺷﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻦ" ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ ﻓﻬـﻮ:
"ﺍﳌﻘﻬﻰ".
٩٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻭﱂ ﺗﺮﺩ "ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺎﻭﻯ" ﲨﻌﹰﺎ ﻟـ "ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ" ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ "ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺍﺕ".
ﺍﻟﺘ ﹾﻘ ِﻮﱘ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ" .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ" :ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇـﺎﺋﻒ"،
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﻫﻮ :ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ.
ﺠ ﺮﺓﹸ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ:
ﳊﺍ ﹶﳌﺪ ﺭ ﺳﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﻜﹸﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﺍ ﹸ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﻭﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﺮﻯ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﻧﻴـﺚ "ﺃﻛـﱪ"
ﻭ"ﺃﺻﻐﺮ" ﻭﳘﺎ ﳎﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ "ﺃﻝ" ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﺮﻯ
ﺍﳊﺠﺮﺍﺕ.
ﻭﺣﺶ ﺿﺎﺭِﻱ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﻣ ﹾﻔﺘﺮِﺱ ﻻ ﻭ ﺣﺶ ﻛﹶﺎﺳِﺮ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺣﺶ ﻛﺎﺳﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻥ "ﻛﺎﺳﺮ" :ﻭﺻﻒ ﳉﻮﺍﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻄـﲑ ﺍﻟـﱵ
ﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻴﺪﻩ ﻭﺗﻜﺴﺮﻩ.
ﺗﻨ ﹶﻘ
ﻳﻘﺎﻝ" :ﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﻛﺎﺳﺮ ،ﻭﺑﺎ ٍﺯ ﻛﺎﺳﺮ" ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻉ ﻛﺎﻷﺳﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺋﺐ ،ﻭﳓﻮﳘـﺎ
ﻓﻬﻲ… ﺿﺎﺭﻳﺔ" ﻭﻓﺎﺭِﺳﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ".
ﲑ ﺧﺎﻃِﺊﹲ(:
ﻫ ﻮ ﺷﺠﺎﻉِ ﺑﻜﹸ ِﻞ ﻣ ﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜ ِﻠﻤﺔ )ﺗ ﻌِﺒ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻮ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﻓﺎﺳﺪ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻮ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺔ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻮ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ﺟ ﺪ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ،ﺃﻭ:
ﻫﻮ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ﺣﻘﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ :ﻫﻮ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ.
ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘﺒﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﺍﺗﻮ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﻨﺘﺮﺍﺗﻮ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ " ﻋﻤﻞ" ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ
ﻣﻌﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﳒﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ" :ﺍﻟﻘﹶﺒﺎﻟﺔ" ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ.
ﻟ ﱠﻘﺒﻮ ﻩ ِﺑﺸﺎ ِﻋ ِﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴ ِﻞ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻟ ﱠﻘﺒﻮﻩ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺪﻯ "ﻟﻘﱠﺐ" ﺏ "ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ" ،ﻓﻨﻘـﻮﻝ:
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٠٠
ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻩ ﺑﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻞ.
ﺱ ﺟ ﻮ ﻫ ﺮ ﹶﻛ ِﺮ ﱘ:
ﺍ َﻷﹾﻟﻤﺎ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﳌﺎﺱ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﻛﺮﱘ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻷﳌﺎﺱ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﻛﺮﱘ .ﻷﻥ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ "ﺍﳌﺎﺱ"
ﻣﻌ ﺮﺏ "ﺃﺫﹾﻣﺎﺱ" ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻗﻠﺒﺖ "ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻝ" –ﻻﻣﹰﺎ-ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘـﺎﻝ:
ﺍﻷﳌﺎﺱ.
ﺗﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩِﻱ ﺍ َﻷ ﻫﻠِﻲ ﻣ ﻊ ﻧﺎﺩِﻱ ﺍﻟ ﺰﻣِﺎﻟِﻚ )ﺗ ﻌِﺒﲑ ﺧﺎﻃِﺊﹲ(:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻟﻚ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺒﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺩﻱ
ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻲ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻟﻚ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ "ﻣﻊ" ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ
"ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ" ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ.
ﺗﻨﺒﹶﺄ – ﺗ ﹶﻜ ﻬ ﻦ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻨﺒﺄ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﻨـﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﻄﺄ .ﻷﻥ " ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ" ﻫـﻮ" ﺍﺩﻋـﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮﺓ.
ﺃﻣﺎ "ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻦ" ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻪ "ﺍﻟ ﹶﻜِﻬﺎﻧﺔ" ﺑﻔﺘﺢ "ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ" ﻭﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺐ،
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ .ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺗﻜﻬﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﻨـﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ.
ﳋ ﹶﻄِﺄ:
ﻧﺒ ﻪ ﺍﻟ ﱠﻄ ﹶﻠﺒ ﹶﺔ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻓِﻲ ِﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺗِﻬ ِﻢ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺍ ﹶ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﰲ
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﻧﺒﻪ" ﺏ "ﻋﻦ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺘـﻪ ﺏ
"ﻋﻠﻰ" ﺃﻭ ﺏ "ﺇﱃ".
ﲑ ﺧﺎﻃِﺊﹲ(:
ﻀ ﺮ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎ ﻋ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﹶﺎ ِﻣﻨ ِﺔ ﻭﻧﺼِﻒ )ﺗ ﻌِﺒ
ﺣ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﻀﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﻀﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻟﻌﻄﻒ "ﻧﺼـﻒ" ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ.
١٠١ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐِﻲ ﺍﻧِﺘﻘﹶﺎﺹ ﺣ ِﻘ ِﻪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺹ ﺣﻘـﻪ .ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺺ" ﻛﻨﻘﺺ ،ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ.
ﳊﻜﹸﻮ ﻣ ِﺔ:
ﺕﺍﹸ
ﻫ ِﺬ ِﻩ ِﻧﻴﺎ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ :ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄـﺄ
ﲨﻊ "ﻧﻴﺔ" ﻋﻠﻰ "ﻓﻌﺎﻟِﻞ".
ﳋ ﺒ ﺮﺓﹸ )ﺗ ﻌِﺒﲑ ﺧﺎﻃِﺊﹲ(:
ﺠﺐ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺗﺘ ﻮ ﱠﻓ ﺮ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﺍ ِ
ﻳ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳـﺮﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺗﻮﻓﱠﺮ" ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻭﻓﹶﺮ" ﺃﻭ "ﺗﻮﺍﻓﹶﺮ" ،ﺃﻱ :ﹶﻛﺜﹸﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻮﻓﱠﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ :ﺩﻋﻰ ﺣﺮﻣﺎﺗﻪ،
ﻭﺻﺮﻑ ﳘﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.
ﲑ ﺧﺎﻃِﺊﹲ(:
ﺐ ﻳﺪ ﻓﹸﻼﻧ ٍﺔ )ﺗ ﻌِﺒ
ﹶﻃ ﹶﻠ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻃﻠﺐ ﻳﺪ ﻓﻼﻧﺔ ،ﺃﻱ :ﻃﻤﺢ :ﺇﱃ ﻳﺪ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﻟﻴﺘﺰﻭﺟﻬﺎ .ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻛـﺜﲑﺓ ﰲ
ﺖ ﻧﻔﹾـﺲ
ﺗﺮﲨﺔ "ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ" ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﲎ "ﺍﳋِﻄﺒﺔ" .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ" :ﻃﻠﺒـ
ﻓﻼﻧﺔ".
ﺻﻄِﻨﺎ ِﻋ ﻲ:
ﺼ ﹶﻄﻨ ﻊ ﻭﺍ
ﺻﻨﺎ ِﻋ ﻲ ﻻ ﻣ
ﻫ ﹶﺬﹶﺍ ﺷﻲﺀٌ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ِ
ﺻﻄِﻨﺎ ِﻋﻲ ،ﺃﻱ :ﺷﻲﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺼ ﹶﻄﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣ
ﺻﻄﹶﻨﻊ" ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴـﻮﻍ ﻫـﺬﺍﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺍ
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ :ﺍﺻﻄﻨﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺻﻨﻴﻌﺔ :ﺃﻱ ﺭﺑﺎﻩ ،ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻭﺍﺻﻄﻨﻊ ﻓـﻼﻥ:
ﺍﲣﺬ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻳﻨﻔﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﷲ.
ﺾ )ﺗ ﻌِﺒﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﻃِﺊﹲ(:
ﺻﻔﹶﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻟﺒ ﻴ ِ
ﺻﻔِﺮﺍﺅﻩ.
ﺻ ﹾﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ،ﺃﻭ :
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :
ﺏ:
ﻋ ﺮ
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٠٢
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻭ :ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻭ :ﳌﻌﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﻼﻥ .ﻓﻴﻐﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ
ﻭﳛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﳌﺘﺮﲨﻪ ﻓﻼﻥ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺐ ﺇﳕـﺎ
ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻠﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﻣﻌـﲎ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ.
ﺨﺪﺍ ِﻡ" ،ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳ ﻌ ﺪ ﻗﹶﺎ ِﺩ ﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍﻟ ﻌ ﻤﻞِ) ،ﺗ ﻌﺒِﲑﺍﻥ ﺧﺎ ِﻃﺌﹶﺎ ِﻥ(:
ﺼﻠﹸﺢ ﻟِﻼ ﺳِﺘ
"ﹶﻟ ﻢ ﻳ ﻌ ﺪ ﻳ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ" :ﻋﺎﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ" ،ﺃﻭ
"ﻋﺎﺩ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ" ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﻳﻌﻮﺩ" ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ "ﻋﺎﺩ" ﲟﻌﲎ ﺻﺎﺭ .ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺇﺫﹰﺍ
ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻠﹼﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﱪﻩ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ.
ﺯﺍ ﺭﻩ ﺍ ﺳِﺘﻨﺎ ﺩﹰﺍ ِﺇﻟﹶﻰ ﻭ ﻋ ِﺪ ِﻩ ﹶﻟﻪ ﺑِﺎ ﹸﳌﺴﺎ ﻋ ﺪ ِﺓ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺯﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻋﺪﻩ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻋﺪﻩ ﻟﻪ
ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ٍ.ﻷﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺳﻨﺪ" ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻑ "ﺇﱃ".
ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ﻣِﻤﺎ ﻳ ﺆ ﺳﻒ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺳﻒ ﻟﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺃﺳﻒ" ﺇﻻ "ﺑﻌﻠﻰ".
ﲑ ﺧﺎﻃِﺊﹲ(:
ﺏ ﺍﻟ ﺪﻭﺍ َﺀ ﻭﺗﹶﺄ ﱠﻛ ﺪ ﻓﹶﺎِﺋ ﺪﺗﻪ) ﺗ ﻌِﺒ
ﺟ ﺮ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺟﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﹼﺪ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺗﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻘﱠـﻖ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺗـﻪ .ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺗﺄﻛﹼﺪ ﻭﺗﻮﻛﹼﺪ :ﺗﺸﺘﺪ ﻭﺗﻮﺛﻖ.
ﻫﺬِﻩ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺍ ﹶﳌﻮﺍ ِﺩ ﺍ ﹶﳌﻄﱠﺎ ﹶﻃ ِﺔ:
ﻂ".
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﹼﺎﻃﺔ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ "ﻓﻌﺎﻝ" ﻣﻦ "ﻣـ ﹼ
ﻂ( :ﻣ ﺪ ﻻ ﺍﻣﺘ ﺪ .ﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺪﻭﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ
ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ )ﻣ ﹼﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻀ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﻠﺰﺟﺔ ،ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﻟﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﹶﻟ ﺰ ﺟﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﺰﻭﺟﹰﺎ :ﲤﻄﻂ ﻭﲤﺪﺩ.
١٠٣ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
"ﻋﺪِﻳﻢ ﺍﻟِﻨﻈﹶﺎ ِﻡ" ﻭ" ﻋ ِﺪﱘ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﻌ ِﺮ ﹶﻓ ِﺔ":
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻋﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ.
ﻷﻥ "ﻋﺪﱘ" ﺗﻌﲏ :ﺍﻷﲪﻖ ﻭﺍﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑ.
ﻱ:
ﺍﻟ ﹶﻔﺨﺎ ِﺭ
ﻱ" ﻟﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﺋﻌﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭﻱ.
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ" :ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺧﻮﺭ
"ﺍﻟﺘﺴِ ﻠﻴﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﺒﺮِﻳﹶﺌﺔﹸ" ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻨ ﹾﻘ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮِﻱ ُﺀ" )ﺗ ﻌِﺒﲑﺍ ِﻥ ﺧﺎ ِﻃﺌﹶﺎ ِﻥ(:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﻱﺀ ،ﻭ"ﺍﻟﱪﻱﺀ" ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻧﺐ ﻓـﻼ
ﻳﺼﺢ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﻧﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺔ.
ﻫﻨﺄﺗﻪ ﺑﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ )ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ(:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻨﺄﺗﻪ ﺑﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻨﺄﺗﻪ ﺑﻮﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﳌﹰﺎ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ
ﺳﻔﺮ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻬﻨﺄ ﺑﺴﻼﻣﺘﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﳌﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺑﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻪ.
ﺤﻮِﻳ ِﺮ ﺍ ﹸﳌﻌﺎ ﻫ ِﺪ ِﺓ:
ﹶﻓ ﻌ ﻤ ﹸﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻵ ﹶﻥ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻓِﻲ ﺗ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﳏﺼﻮﺭ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ :ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻴـﻴﺾ.
ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﻨﺎ :ﰲ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺬﻳﺒﻬﺎ.
ﺼﺤﻰ:
ﻅ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻔ
ﹶﺃﻟﹾﻔﹶﺎﻅﹲ ﻓﹶﺼِﻴﺤﺔﹲ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﺍ َﻷﹾﻟﻔﹶﺎ ﹸ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﺼﺤﻰ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻔﺼـﺤﻰ ،ﻷﻥ
ﺃﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻀﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻝ.
ﲑ ﺧﺎ ِﻃﺊﹲ(:
ﺝ ﹶﺃ ﻫﻞﹸ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘ ﺮﻳ ِﺔ ﻛﹸﻠﹸ ﻬﹶﺎ ﻳﺘ ﹶﻔ ﺮﺟﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻋ ِﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ )ﺗ ﻌِﺒ ِ
ﹶﻓﺨﺮ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﺨﺮﺝ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﺮﺟﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ )ﻓﺮﺝ
ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻓﺮﺝ ﻓﺎﻧﻔﺮﺝ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺝ( .ﻭﱂ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺗﻔﺮﺝ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﻤﻦ ﻳﻮﺛﻖ ﺑﻌﺮﺑﻴﺘﻪ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٠٤
ﺐ:
ﻣﻄﹾﻠﹸﻮﺏ – ﻣﻄﹶﺎﻟِﻴ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﲨﻊ ﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﲨـﻊ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺏ )ﺍﺳـﻢ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ،ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ(.
ﳉ ﻤﻬﻮ ِﺭﻳﺔﹸ:
ﳉ ﻤﻬﻮ ﺭ ﻭﺍ ﹸ
ﺍﹸ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﳉﹶﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﹶﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﳉﹸﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﹸﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ .ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻉ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﻷﻥ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻌﺼﻔﻮﺭ.
ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ ﻣﺆﺍﻣِﺮ ﻻ ﻣﺘﺂﻣِﺮ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺘﺂﻣﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮ .ﻷﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻋﻠـﺔ ﺃﻱ
ﺍﳌﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ ،ﺗﻘﻮﻝ :ﺁﻣﺮ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺆﺍﻣﺮ.
ﺡ:
ﳉﻨﺎ ِ
ﻑ ﹶﺃ ﻭ ﺍﻟ ﺮ ﻭﺷﻦ ﹶﺃ ِﻭ ﺍ ﹶ
ﻒ ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﳌﹸﺴﺘﺸ ﺮ ِ
ﻭ ﹶﻗ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﻗﻒ ﻓﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻓﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﻗﻒ ﻓـﻼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸـﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺷﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺡ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﺎﺗﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻄﺢ
ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ.
ﹶﺃﻳﻤﺎ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟ ِﻌ ﹾﻠﻢ ﹶﺃ ِﻡ ﺍﳌﹶﺎ ﹸﻝ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ؟ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﳝﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ .ﻷﻥ
"ﳘﺎ" ﺿﻤﲑ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻏﲑ ﳎﺎﺯ.
ﺻﻤﻮ ﺩﹰﺍ:
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘِﺘﺎﻝِ ﻭﺍ ﹸﳌﻘﹶﺎ ﻭ ﻣ ِﺔ ﹶﺛﺒﺎﺗﹰﺎ ﻻ
ﳊ ﺮ ِ
ﺖ ﺍﳌﹸ ﺆ ِﻣﻦ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ ﹶ
ﹶﺛﺒ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺻﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺻﻤﻮﺩﹰﺍ ٍ.ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺛﺒـﺖ
ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﲢﺮﻙ ﻭﺳـﲑ
ﻭﻣﺸﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ.
ﻒ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ ﻭﺃﹸﻭ ِﻣ ﻦ ﺑِﺎﷲ:
ﹶﺃﻧﺎ َﺁ ِﺳ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺃﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﺅﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﷲ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻧﺎ ﺁﺳﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﹸﻭﻣﻦ ﺑـﺎﷲ.
١٠٥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﰲ ﻟﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﳘﺰﺗﺎﻥ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻗﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣـﺪﺓ
ﳎﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ.
ﻁ:
ﻫﺎ ِﺩﹶﺋ ﹲﺔ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻭ ﹾﻓ ِﻖ ﺷﺮﻭ ٍ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺎﺩﺋﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺎﺩﺋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ،ﻷﻥ ﻓﺼﺤﺎﺀ
ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻱ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﲝﺴﺒﻬﺎ.
ﻑ ﻻ ﺍ َﻷ ﺭ ﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ِﻃﻴﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻭﺍ َﻷ ﺭ ﺳﺘ ﹾﻘﺮﺍ ِﻃﻴ ﹸﺔ:
ﺍ ﹸﳌ ﺘ ﺮﻓﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻭﺍ ِﻹﺗﺮﺍ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻷﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﳌﺘﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺗﺮﺍﻑ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ
ﻷﻥ "ﺍﻹﺗﺮﺍﻑ" ﻫﻲ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠـﺔ
"ﺃﺭﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ".
ﻧﺬِﻳ ﻊ ﺑ ﻴﻨ ﹸﻜ ﻢ ﻭ ِﻓِﻴﻜﹸﻢ ﻻ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ﹸﻜ ﻢ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻧﺬﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ :ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﺬﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻜﻢ ﻭﻓﻴﻜﻢ .ﻷﻥ "ﻋﻠﻰ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ
ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺐ.
ﺠﺪ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻋ ﻬ ِﺪ ﻓﹸﻼ ٍﻥ:
ﺴِ ﺖ ﻫ ِﺬ ِﻩ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺪ ﺭ ﺳﺔﹸ ﻭﺃﹸ ﺳ
ﺲ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﺴ
ﹸﺃ ﺳ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﹸﺳﺴـﺖ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳـﺔ
ﻭﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺗﺄﺳﺲ" ﺧﺎﺹ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ.
ﻒ ﻭ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ِﺷ ِﺮ:
ﻕ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻄ ﺒ ِﻊ ﻣﺤﻔﹸﻮﻇﹶﺔﹲ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺍ ﹶﳌ ﺆِﻟ ِ
ﺣﻘﹸﻮ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻭﻟﻠﻨﺎﺷﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒـﻊ
ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ .ﻷﻥ "ﺣﻔﻆ ﻟﻪ" ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻬـﻮ
ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ.
ﺴﹶﺎ ﻫ ﹶﻞ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴ ِﻪ ﻻ ﻣ ﻌﻪ:
ﺗ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .ﻷﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻬـﻮﺭ
ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻻ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ،
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٠٦
ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻨﻌﺔ .ﻭﻷﻥ "ﻣﻊ" ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺔ
ﻣﺼﻄﻨﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.
ﺤﺔﹸ:
ﺴ ﻤ
ﺴﻤﺢ ،ﻭﺍﻟ ِﺪﻳﺎﻧ ﹸﺔ ﺍ ِﻹﺳﻼ ِﻣﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟ
ﺍﻟﺪﻳ ﻦ ﺍ ِﻹﺳﻼ ِﻣ ﻲ ﺍﻟ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﺤﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ:
ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺤﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ "ﹶﻓﻌـﻞ"
ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ "ﻓﻌﻠﺔ" ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ.
ﺡ:
ﺻﺒﺎ ٍ
ﺭﹶﺃﻳﺘﻪ ﺫﹶﺍ ِﻣﺴﺎ ٍﺀ ﻭﺫﹶﺍ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺭﺃﻳﺘﻪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺭﺃﻳﺘﻪ ﺫﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺫﺍ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ.
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺫﺍﺕ" ﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ "ﺫﺍ".
ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺬﺍﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻮﺍﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺬﺍﺫ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ،ﻷﻥ ﲨﻊ
ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﹸﻌﻼﺀ ﺃﻱ :ﺷﺬﺍﺫ ﳓﻮ ﻛﺮﱘ ﻭﻛﺮﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻣﺎ "ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺫ" ﻓﻬﻮ ﲨﻊ ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻼﺀ
ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ.
ﻉ ﻋ ﹶﻠ ﻴﻬِﻢ:
ﳉﻮﺍِﺋﺰ ،ﻭ ﻭﺯﻋﻬﺎ ﻓِﻴ ِﻬ ِﻢ ﻻ ﻭ ﺯ
ﻉ ﺑ ﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺍ ﹶ
ﻭ ﺯ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺋﺰ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﺯﻉ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺋﺰ .ﻷﻥ "ﻭﺯﻉ" ﲟﻌﲎ
ﻓﺾ ﻭﻓﺮﻕ ﻭﻗﺴﻢ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ "ﻋﻠﻰ" ﻣﻌﻪ ،ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻟـﻸﺫﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻠﻂ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﺀ.
ﺱ ﺍ ِﳌ ﻌﻤﺎ ﺭ:
ﺍ ﹶﳍﻨ ﺪ ﺳﺔﹸ ﺍﻟ ِﻌﻤﺎ ِﺭﻳﺔﹸ ﻭﺍﹶﻟ ﻤ ﻬﻨِﺪ
ﻱ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳـﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ
ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ،ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺴﺐ ﻋﻨـﺪ
ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﲰـﻲ
"ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ" ﺣﱴ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻓﺎﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ " ﻋﻤـﺮ ﻳﻌﻤـﺮ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧـﹰﺎ
ﻭﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ".
١٠٧ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﻫ ﻮ ﺭﺟﻞﹲ ﹶﺃﺑﻠﹶﻪ ﻭ ﻫ ﻢ ﺭِﺟﺎﻝﹲ ﺑﻠﹾﻪ:
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺑﻠﻬﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺑﻠﹾ ٍﻪ .ﻷﻥ "ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻪ" ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻـﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﻛﺎﻷﺧﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﲪﻖ ،ﻭﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻬﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻠﻪ ،ﺃﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﹸﻌﻞ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺴﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ.
ﺼﹰﺎ:
ﺻﹰﺎ ﻻ ِﺧﺼﻴ
ﺻ ﹰﺔ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮ
ﹶﻓ ﻌ ﹾﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺧِﺼﻴﺼﻰ ﻭﺧﺎ
ﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎﹰ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻓﻌﻠ
ﺖ ﻫـﺬﺍ ِﺧﺼﻴﺼـﻰ ﻭﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻓﻌﻠ
ﺺ ﳜﺺ". ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻥ "ﺍﳋﺼﻴﺺ" ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺧ
ﺖ ﺟﺒﺘ ﻪ ﺩ ﹾﻛﻨﺎ َﺀ:
ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ﹶﺛ ﻮﺑﻪ ﹶﺃ ﺩ ﹶﻛ ﻦ ﻭﻛﹶﺎﻧ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺛﻮﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻛﻦ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺛﻮﺑـﻪ ﺃﺩﻛـﻦ
ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﻛﻨﺎﺀ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ،ﻳﺄﰐ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ "ﺃﻓﻌﻞ" ﻛﺄﺑﻴﺾ
ﻭﺃﲪﺮ ،ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﻌﻼﺀ ،ﻛﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﲪﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻮﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﻨﺔ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﱪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺩ.
ﺐ:
ﺤ
ﺻ ﹶﻄ
ﺴ ﹶﻔ ِﺮ ﻻ ﺍ
ﺐ ﻓﹸﻼﻥﹲ ﺯﻭ ﺟﺘﻪ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟ
ﺤ
ﺼ
ﺍ ﺳﺘ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﺻﻄﺤﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﺳﺘﺼﺤﺐ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ،ﻫﻮ "ﺍﺳﺘﺼﺤﺐ".
ﻕ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘﺒ ﻴ ِﻠﻴﺔﹸ ،ﻭﺍﻟ ﺮﺳﻮ ﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﹶﻨِﻴﺴِﻴﺔﹸ:
ﳊﻘﹸﻮ
ﺍﹸ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﻴـﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﻴﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﲰﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ ﻛـﺜﲑﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﻓﻼ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ.
ﺨﲔ ﻻ ﺳﻤِﻴﻚ:
ﻕ ﹶﺛ ِ
ﻭ ﺭ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻭﺭﻕ ﲰﻴﻚ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻭﺭﻕ ﺛﺨﲔ .ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻙ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮ
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ.
ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ ١٠٨
ﺿ ﺮﺓﹸ ﹶﺃ ِﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﺎ ِﺭﹶﺋﺔﹸ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺮﺍ ِﻫﻨﺔﹸ:
ﺍﳊﹶﺎﹶﻟ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳊﹶﺎ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﺔ .ﻷﻥ "ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨـﺔ"
ﻫﻲ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ .
ﺸ ﹲﻞ ﻭ ﹶﻓﺸِﻴ ﹸﻞ ﻻ ﻓﹶﺎ ِﺷﻞﹸ:
ﻫ ﻮ ﻣﻮ ﱠﻇﻒ ﹶﻓ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﺎﺷﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﹶﻓﺸِﻞ ﻭﻓﺸﻴﻞ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼـﻔﺔ
ﻼ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ "ﹶﻓﻌِﻞ".
ﺸﹰ
ﻣﻦ "ﹶﻓﺸِﻞ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﹶﻓ
ﺨ ﻴ ٍﺮ:
ﺼِﺒﺤﻮ ﹶﻥ ِﺑ
ﺨ ﻴ ٍﺮ ﻭﺗ
ﺃﹶﺻﺒﺤﻨﺎ ِﺑ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺃﺻﺒﺤﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﲑ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﲑ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﺻـﺒﺤﻨﺎ ﲞـﲑ
ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺤﻮﻥ ﲞﲑ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓـﺔ ﺑﺒـﺎﺀ
ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ "ﻋﻠﻰ" ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻼﺀ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻼﺀ ،ﺑـﻞ
ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﲑ.
ﺸﺆﻭﻥِ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ(:
ﻒ ﺍﻟ
ﺗﻜﹶﻠ ﻢ ﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﻣﺨﺘ ِﻠ ِ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﹶﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ )ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ( .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠِﻒ
ﻒ" ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺸـﻬﺒﺔ ﻟـﺪﻭﺍﻡﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ )ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ( .ﻷﻥ "ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠ ِ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﺃﻱ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ" ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻓﻌـﻞ
ﻻﺯﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ.
ﺴﻨ ﹲﺔ:
ﺴﻨ ﹲﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺎ ِﺩ ﺭ ﹲﺓ ﺣ
ﺴﻨ ﹲﺔ ﻭﻃﹶﺎِﻟ ﻌ ﹲﺔ ﺣ
ﺴﻨ ﹲﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔﹲ ﺣ
ﺴﻨ ﹲﺔ ﻭﻇﹶﺎ ِﻫ ﺮ ﹲﺓ ﺣ
ﻫ ِﺬ ِﻩ ﻣﺴﺎﺑ ﹶﻘ ﹲﺔ ﺣ
ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻇـﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﺴـﻨﺔ
ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻃﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ .ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻏـﲑ
ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ.
ﺤ ﻢ:
ﺤ ﻢ ﻻ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻠ
ﺍﻟ ﱠﻠ
ﻭﻳﺸﻜﹸﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺏ )ﺃﻝ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺏ )ﻻﻡ(،
ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻴﻜﺘﺒﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺍﹾﻟﹶﻠﺤﻢ( ﻣﺜﻼﹰ،
١٠٩ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﻌﺔ
ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ :ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ "ﺍﻟﱠﻠﺤﻢ" ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻠﹾﻔﹶﻆ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻻﻡ ﺃﻝ )ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳـﻒ(،
ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﺪﻏﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻻﻡ )ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ(.
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