A History of

Western A r t
T H I R D EDITION

LAURIE S C H N E I D E R A D A M S
John Jay College and the Graduate Center
City University of New York

C U T O F T H I : ASIA F O U N D A T I O N
N O T FOR IB4ALB

Q U À T Á N G <HA Q U Ỷ C H Â U Á
KI K I M , l i ! ( l i H Á N L A I

Boston Burr Ridge IL Dubuq ue. IA Madison. Wl New York San Francisco St. Louis
Bangkok Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid
Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
 Contents
'••«••>..• ma

1
Why D o W e Study the History
of Art? I
Tho Artittlc Impulte I
Chmnohgí I

ThcValnci of Art ỉ
MniwlalVMtM ỉ IntriniKVMtM ỉ
Bnincuiit Bu li Afanufbctltftd Mi-nW or 0 ntr* af An/ }
ROIIJIOUIWU* J NatMnaHitk VMu* 1
l ' \ y i ||>|||<|(M ,ll v.iliir 4

Art and Illusion 4

AwMW Equaling At mil wllh Go<H 1

Rtflactloni and Shidowi LdgeiuU III I l o w Ai I R«f>n ỉ
Image Magti 6
Architecture 6
Archaeology and A r t History H
Mi'tliodnlopis n( A i I History I
Porrnallim 9 Iconography and konology *
Mirxlim V Ftmlnltm •
Biography and Autobiography 10 semiology 10
Daconiirucilon 11 Piỵchoamtỵtli 11

2
The Language of A r t IJ
Composition I ỉ
Plane 12
Balance 12
U n * 12
Exprtnive QtMlitiM of Lint I ỉ lum UMdtoiMMtaH
Depth 14
TỈM IHutlon of Dapth 14 ^np activt H
Space IS
Shape IS
TỵỊ>.« o( SNpn II iMprttMM Qu*JHt»« of Vwi* I ỉ
Light and C o l o r l é
S r y í k t t c Tfirminoln^y

3
ỉstsm Eunapi

>Liinrur* 2X Ga MU g .

ki „ „ -_. le._
l^Wlln.l
e n 28 C-rmc ESB a
voan 39

4
The Ancient Near East a
The NeoficMc En a

: rw

Anatolia: The Hitnces 40

Asyra 4! The Nas-teytcnan Snpre «s
Oaaif 42 ftaumr*éKi «
Iran 43
JcgnnftMnrtfatart* The C M m i l •»

Ancient Egypt 47
The Gift of the N*e m
The Pharaoh* fl
í bể MÊỊÊtÊÊẾ C/**x Jt^f •.'
.' ị M ầ | ' * *ĩ 47
Thế MMH ĩỉ N * r r r - W 4*
Ị "lim M ế ĨỆ/ặềÊầ tỉm J#
Th« O M Kingdom M

rim C«Mrt lỊPnặ»rwm tệ

T I M rttdểla Kingdom tế
T I M N * w K i gầww H
Xtmệtm ã fjff rr Ir~ **
T u t a n k h a m o f f ' t T i M l f e é2
E f y p t a n d N u b t e ft]
T>>mb oi Huy trui JUff>M* » 43 Mare« t ỉ

6
The Aegean 47
Cycladic Civilization «7
M ĩ n o a n C i v i l i z a t i o n te
The Patac* of KnoMOl tít Mnaon Fnaco M
tuspon 71 H n w icrpa 71 P oa»nr7l
Discoveries at Thera 72
Th« FrticAC! 72
Mycenaean Civilization 74
rhe Lffend ofAfamtmnon 75

7
The Art of Ancient Greece I
C u l t u r a l I d e n t i t y 82
G o v e r n m e n t and P hilosophy H
Pkxo on Arum 12 Mtomen ai Anom Greece S3
L i t e r a t u r e a n d D r a m a 83
" M a n Is t h e M e a s u r e o f T h i n g s " «3
Creek Godi and The* Roman Cow au purs 94
P a i n t i n g a n d P o t t e r y IS
Geometric Scyte 85 Onenakàng Sqrte 85
ArdnfcScpttM &ctkMate MatfooNrfShapes 8*
Lau Arctwc to OttSKal Scyt* 87
OassKai to Hetovstx Scjfte 87

S c u l p t u r e 88
Archaic s t/te 88 Encousoc Lumnaa Pano^i w
Early õáií-cal Style 90 The Lou-Wo! Proctn 92
Cla«Kal Style 93
C l a s s i c a l A r c h i t e c t u r e : T h e A t h e n i a n A c r o p o l i s »4
The Parthenon 95 Pton of the Panhtnon 97
Thỉ Orden of Creek ArchiKOurt 98
Mtđuta 103 The Temple of Athena N h i 103 The Erechtheum 104

Late Classical Style IM

The Greek Theiter 106 GrwkTheottr 106
Sculpture 107 The "Hefmw of Praxiteles" 108

Hellenistic Period 110

Sculpture 110
The Tn^on Hone 112

8
The Art of the Etruscans IIS
Architecture 116

Pottery and Sculpture 116

Women in E t r u s c a n A r t 117

Funerary A r t in
Cinerary Containers 118 Sarcophagi 120 Tomb Pamongs 121

9
Ancient Rome 123
Virgirs Aeneid 124 Chronology of Roman Periods 124

A r c h i t e c t u r a l T y p e s 125
Arches. Domes, and Voula 125 Domesoc Architecture 126
Public Buildings 128 Juhus Coesor 128
Roman Building Materials 131 Religious Architecture 133
Commemorative Architecture 137 Josephui and ứ* Jewah Wan 141

S c u l p t u r a l T y p e s 142
Sarcophagi 142 Portraits 143 \M»nen mAitdett Rome 143
Marcus Aurtkuz Emperor and Philosopher 145

Mural Painting 146

10
Early Christian and Byzantine Art ISO
A N e w R el i g i o n ISO

Constantine and Christianity ISO

T h e D i v e r g e n c e of East and W e s t ISO

Christianity and thí Scnptum ISI

E a r l y C h r i s t i a n A r t ISI
Sarcophagi IS I Christian Symbohsm ISI The Cawcomte 152
Basilicas 153 Si Peter 154 Centra l
l y Pl anned Churches 155
The Codex IM
Porchmtnt 164 T h e Vitnna G « n e M lé

Later Byzantine Developments

li
The Early Middle Ages 167

Northern European Art 171

Anglo-Saxon Metatwortc 171 Seowuif 171
Hiberno-Saxon A r t 172 Manuscript Illumination 172
Carolingian Period 175 Manuscripts 17S
Revtlavon and the four Symbols of the Evangelists 175
Monasteries 176

Monastiasm: Chastity. Obedience, and Poverty 177

Ottoman Period 178

Romanesque A r t 181
E c o n o m i c a n d Political D e v e l o p m e n t 181
feudalism 181

Pilgrimage Roads 182

The Stavtlot Reliquary Triptych 183

Architecture 184

Sainte-Foy at Conques IM Developments at Autun 187

Manuscripts 189

Mural Painting 191

The Bayeux "Tapestry" 192

Gothic A r t 195
O r i g i n s of t h e G o t h i c Style in F r a n c e 195

Early Gothic Architecture: Saint-Denis 196

The bfe of St Denis 196

E l e m e n t s of G o t h i c A r c h i t e c t u r e 197
Rib Vaults 197 p.ers 198 Flying Buttresses
 •\\mMMAi»t>*i Iti I h » W*M>W, I**
M É III NMWMMNIWIMIMI IU

Kom*ne»t)kK< P i f % UI t o i I lit Gttthll K>

The A(t> of c«lhetli«u K I
Chai ( i n M l

I K . I P . *. I I l l , .<l I I I . » I C M , It ù , . c h i , \iy\,
H«MUI ỉ I I
font AtfcqtMry Chiệnl of S n w - C h m t W i Ỉ M

t nfttth QothU i l l

14
Precursors of the Renaissance Ỉ U
Thlrteonth-Ccntiu y lidly I I I
N...-II r.VI...' Ỉ U I'littotaM ỈU

Pourtoenth-Century Italy J I*
S M H í It PwWwNii VnitWB wể»w »0
h»mf>»m } } } An.irỊ.rtsr
i
Ì l i * A i vua I h«|>«l J ỉ }
Aim Ui vìiuin .trì.*Ỳ*•>» }}4

HO

Tha Internatio nal Gothic Stylo UI

C l t m Slniet UI l i . . ì É.».1-... y I ' " l i " ' Ỉ M

15
The Early Renaissance U I
Italy in tha Fifteenth c«ntury w
Ãtnauũnca HiHiWMMtm ìiĩ HumiNiNm w
Sakkrn at f<MU»» IM
T h i C o m p e t i t i o n fo r tha l"lo r«nct ậ*ịKttt*rỵ Doãn Ỉ M
Hi u it d t o u h i »nd Architecture J J *
M M r t U l V M li * UAMoOtattA H ỉ
ChlbartiS I M IUpUtt«ry Door* 24Ỉ
Early I»tfu«nth-C«ntury Painting 144
Miuccto 244 A D M M "•<»• M F
l n ( » i i u i i . m « l Styta tiantil* <t« MbtHMto }4f
 Early Fifteenth-Century Sculpture: Donatello's David

Second-Generation Developments 250

L e o n B a t t i s u A l b e r t 251 T h e T h e m e of David and Goliath 251
T h e Equestrian P o r t r a i t 252 State P o r t r a i t s 254
Oil Painting 254

M o n u m c n u l i t y v e n u s Spirituality in F i f t e e n t h - C e n t u r y Painting 255

Filippo U p p i 257
A n d r e a Mantegna's lllusionism 2 S 8
Isabella * Eng 260

Botticelli and M y t h o l o g i c a l Sub|ect M a t t e r 260

The Platonic Acodtmy 261

Fifteenth-Century P a i n t i n g in the N e t h e r l a n d s 261

Campin's Mérode A/tO fpiece 2 6 2 J»n van Eyctt 263
Rogier van d « r W e y d e o 2 6 7 Later Developments 270

16
The High Renaissance in Italy 274
Architecture 274
T h e Ideal o f the C i r c l e a n d C e n t r a l l y P l a n n e d C h u r c h e s 274
S t Peter's and t h e C e n t r a l Plan 2 7 7
Jvtui II: Humorist Popt 278

Painting and Sculpture 279

Leonardo da Vinci 279 ifumoto 282
Michelangelo Buonarroti 283
The Restoration Controversy 2 8 8 Raphael 290

Developments in V e n i c e 293
Gentile B e l l M 293
Giovanni M u » n d the Sacra Comtnavone 294
PoÊnũng Ytruit ioÀptun 295
Gíorpooe 29* Tuân 298

Mannerism and the Later Sixteent

Century in Italy JOT
Thi Reformation Ỉ 0 2

Mannerism 303
M a n n e r * Pfcndn, 903 Tht O u m e r - t t f o m n o n 306
M w m t r i K Scdpcur* 307 MaoriMHtam^nRi J07
itntnMoCetnt AManrnmuftttftt Ỉ M

Counter-Reformation P a i nt i n g 109
Tintorwto 309 IJ»«>W-- . J09
B Greco ỈI0

Architecture: A n d r e a Palladio III

The Hut B e o * ! ef Ấtơnuaurt 312
18
Sixteenth-Century Painting in

T h e N e t h e r l a n d s 5M
I tếiunyniUi a c t » ì n i i M t a r ỉ l S Bon?' B-ue y*D a S M a r an
lia-.:- 3'*

Germany 32D
A t a a c t K D i l i v r 320
The Deaetopmmr o^Prmtmokvf 32
T i c Mtftfi of On Wtae Aran 333
£•-:•••.. 323
KtoÉBÉ Gnnwwato " Ì - L u a Crvnd- Ml

19
The Baroque Style in Western
Europe as
Baroque Scyte 32*

A r c h i t e c t u r e 32*
law ỉm tmm 13*
The RtM# Acoarnn i?4
Engiane 33t

v*tomer É A-nsa x : Q t a M Ì Samca G»u* X 3

Mughal Art and the Baroque

:•. ••••>{ 3 « • í-* H a n Ì 5 0
Up— JSC 55
j»cct> van fUwdMi » 3 Ilr—I S W H i i f * 3 5 *

Spanish Baroque Pajwriwf. Diego V*-Uxqu*x » 4

French Baroque Painting: NtcoU s toussin Ỉ M

20
Rococo and the Eighteenth Century nt

T h e Pagoda 3S9
T h e A g e of E n l i g h t e n m e n t 3 * 0

R o c o c o P a i n t i n g 1*1 ' '..-i

fcl**tV«t»Ubrwi m
pirludr lo tìtr Frrnth Rfmhrtion IA1
ThQflu* Gaintboroufh 3 * 4 W . M n m H o p r t h 364

Rococo Architecture 36«

fcktattr N . u m . n n J 6 6
n
Matfhaul Oanial Po pp»lrci»"
D«nMtaĩ5kMMnwM Ỉ67
Architectural Revival* m
Pilladfan Style Lord Burlinpon trui Rot>«rt A/i*m J68
Gothic Rtvival: Hor»c« Wjlpol* 168
B o u r g e o i s R e a l i * m : J e a n - B a p t i * t e C h a r d i n 370
N e o c l a s s i c i t m : A n g e l i c a K a u f f m a n n 370
A m e r i c a n P a i n t i n g 371
John Sirifleton Coptay 371 B«n|imin w « t t Ì7Ĩ

21
Neoclassicism: The Late Eighteenth
and Early Nineteenth Centuries 174
T h e N e o c l a s s i c a l S t y l e in F r a n c e 374
Jacquci-Loun David 374
Chronology of the frtnch Revolution and Utt Reifn of Napoleon 374
Napoleon and th« A m 376
Antonio CMOM 378 Marle-Guillemine BanoifC 378
Jcan-Auguiu-Dominique Ingres 379

D e v e l o p m e n t s in A m e r i c a 381
Tha American Revolution 381
Chronology of ơ)t Amman Campaign for Indeptndenct 381
Tha Architecture ofThonui (efferton 381
john Trumbut'i Declaration oi Independence 382
GrMnoufh'i Ctorgr Woihinpon 384

22
Romanticism: The Late Eighteenth ai
Early Nineteenth Centur ies 386
R o m a n t i c T r e n d s in A r c h i t e c t u r e 386
Kouwau and thr R í turn to Naturt 387
Romanvcnm in M l J IK and Pott n 387

S c u l p t u r e : F r a n c o i s R u d e 388
P a i n t i n g 388
W i l l i a m B b k e 388 T h ê o ò or . G é r . c a u l t 3 8 9
 Thr S o w 3S5 Euff>e L>et»co«
f*WKtK.e> đe G ò n f UlCiwnet 5*3
Aaufltml J W C u p a - D a « i frwdntf. ?95
ThtAesffiete cKtue SuWme M S
Johf. C o n s t a t * »nc jwept- Haltartl Wfllor^ Turner 3*fc
A m e n c c Itomonuc «ý<ttt-3 m Trrcmai Cote 399
fofc A r t C d w y d Hicki J W

23
Nineteenth-Century Realism « H
Marx ontf The CoTTWW! Mannesto 401

French Realist Painting *: I

J e w - F r v i ( o « MAet 403 Rota Bonheur 404
G u s t a * Courbet 404 H o n o r * Dsurrner 406
Uthogrophf 406 Gafontuc 406

P h o t o g r a p h y 409
Ptmogrophf 409 France: Nadar 410
England: j'jta Marjaret Cameron 411
America. Maơie* BraSr 411
American Realist Painting 412
Thomas Eakms'f Gross Cine 412 Henry O H M "Farmer 413

French Realism in the 1860s 413

Edou»rd Manet I o^euner SÚT rHert* 413
M i n e t ỉ O»mf«0 414 Courtoecs Mfamon "HƠI 0 farm 415

Architecture 416
jo*ep*i Pixton: The Crjrrai Palace 416
Bridget: The Roebimgs 417 The Erffel Tower 418
Origins of the Skyscraper L o u s SuAvvan 418

24
Nineteenth-Century Impressionism 421
Urban Rtnewoi During the Second Empire 421

Painting in France 421

EdouartJ Manac 1880» 421 Pierre-Aujuste Renow 423
Edgar D e f H 424 Marr O W N 426 B a n * * Morfeoc 427

Beyond th« West:

Japanese Woodblock Prints 428
Claude Monet 430
Views of Pins: Renoir and Pistarro 432
F r e n c h S c u l p t u r e : A u g u s t e R o d i n «34

A m e r i c a n P a i n t i n g a t t h e T u r n o f t h e C e n t u r y 436
Wwulow Homer 436 John Singer Sargent 436
" A r t f o r A r t ' s S a k e " 437
 tun

26
The Early Twentieth Century: Pteasso.
Fauvism, Expressionism, and Matisse «
Pablo Picasso and Henri M a d s n «ss
Symbolism: Picasso's "Blue F»rto«r « 4
WUbcc Stewmr The MM <M» a* fib* G*m' «54
Beyond the West:
African Art and the European AvAnt-Gartto HI
Fauvism: Matisse from 1902-05 4M
Expressionism 459
The Bridge (Die Bructe) 4S9 Ernst Luđv»n Klrchnar 4S9
Emi NoWe 460 The Blue Kidw (0(f Btou* sv.tr. I HQ
•v.: . tCarxKmky 460 Frwu Marx 442 KMw HoUwfta 442
Matisse After Fauvism 4*3

C u b i s m , Futurism, and Related

Twentieth-Century Styles m
Cut..MU 4«

«"' »»* 11« •<».*• 4UI

M É M 471
Other Early Twentieth-Century D e v e l o p m e n t s 473
Futurism 473 Fernand Léger i The City 474
Piet M o n d n a n 474 T h e A r m o r y Show 474
Stuart Davis 476
A a r o n Douglas and the H a r l e m Renaisiance 477
K a i i m i r Malevich: Suprematism 477
Postscript 4 7 9

Architecture 480
Frank L l o y d W r i g h t and the Prairie Style 480
Cantilever 480

The International Style 481

H o l l a n d : D e Stijl 481 G e r m a n y : T h e Bauhaus 482
France: L e C o r b u s i e r 484 T h e U n i t e d States 484

28
Dada, Surrealism, Social Realism,
Regionalism, and Abstraction « 6
D a d a 486
Marcel D u c h a m p 486 J e a n A r p 487

Surrealism 488
M a n Ray 4 8 8 Paul Klee 489
Salvador D a i ! 490 Joan M í r ó 490
R e n é Magritte 491

S c u l p t u r e D e r i v e d f r o m S u r r e a l i s m 491
Max Ernst 491 A l b e r t o Giacometti 492
H e n r y M o o r e 492 Alexander C a l d e r 493

The U n i t e d States: R e g i o n a l i s m a n d S o c i a l R e a l i s m 494

G r a n t W o o d 494 Jacob Lawrence 495 Edward H o p p e r 495
James Van D e r Z e e 496 D o r o t h e a Lang* 4Ỹ6

M e x i c o 497
Diego Rivera 497 F n d a Kahto 497

T o w a r d A m e r i c a n A b s t r a c t i o n 498
A l f r e d Stieglitz 4 9 8 G e o r g i a O ' K e r f i 498
Transcendental Painting 500
American Stlf-Taught Pamttn SOI

29
Abstract Expressionism S03
T h e T e a c h e r s : H a n s H o f m a n n a n d Josef A l b e r t 503

A b s t r a c t E x p r e s s i o n i s m S04
T h e N « w Y ork School 504 A n h i l e G o r k y S04

A c t i o n P a i n t i n g S06
Jackioo Poilock S O * Sand PamtmỊ S07 Fr»nx K l i n . 508
w . l t e m át K o o n m j 509 Acryk 510 H « ỉ « > Fran»woth»tar S I 0
C o l o r F i e l d P a i n t i n g 510
MarkRothko SIO Frank Stellí Ỉ U Ellsworth KeMy 512

W e s t Coast Abstraction: Richard Diebenkorn 513

Sculpture s u
l u m Noguchi SI4 David Smith 514 Loune Nevelson SI5

30
Pop Art, Op Art, and Minimalism SI6
Pop A r t in E n g l a n d : R i c h a r d H a m i l t o n SI6

P o p A r t in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : P a i n t i n g SI8
Jasper Johns SIS Robert FUuschenberg SI8
Andy Warhol s 19 Roy Uchtecmein 520
Tom WesseJmann 520 W jyne TVuebaud 521

S c u l p t u r e 522
Claes Oldenburg 522 George Segíl S22
Mansol Escobar 523

O p A r t 523

M i n i m a l i s m 524
Donald Judd 524 Dan Flavin 524
Agnes Martin 524 Eva Heỉie 526

A c t i o n S c u l p t u r e : J o s e p h B e u y s 527

31
Innovation and Continuity 529
R e t u r n to R e a l i s m S29
Chuck Close 529
Gilbert Proesch and George Passmore S30
Laurie Anderson S30 Duane Hanson S31

A r c h i t e c t u r e 532
The Guggenheim Museum. New York 532
The Whitney Museum 533
The Geodesic Dome: R. Buckminster Fuller S34
Post-Modern Architecture 53S
I. M. Pei: The Louvre Pyramid 537
Richard Rogers: The Lloyd's Building 538
Frank Gehry T h« Sotomon R. Guggenheim Muleom Bilbao S3'

E n v i r o n m e n t a l A r t 540
Robert Smithson 540 T he Christos 541
Urban Environment 542

F e m i n i s t A r t S43
Judy Chicago: T he Dinner Pony 453
Body Alt 544