Introduction:

Micro strip antennas (MSA) became widely accepted in the 1970’s although the first designs and
theoretical models appeared in the 1950’s. They are suitable for many mobile applications:
handheld devices, aircraft, satellite, missile, etc. The MSA are low profile, mechanically robust,
inexpensive to manufacture, compatible with MMIC designs and relatively light and compact.
They are quite versatile in terms of resonant frequencies, polarization, pattern and impedance.
They allow for additional tuning elements like pins or varactor diodes between the patch and the
ground plane

Micro strip patch antenna is a type of antenna that is widely used in various wireless
communication applications. It is a low-profile, lightweight, and cost-effective antenna that can
be easily integrated into various electronic devices.

Antennas are essential components of any wireless communication system. They are used to
transmit and receive electromagnetic waves, which carry information between different devices.
Antennas come in various shapes and sizes, and their design depends on the specific application
they are intended for. In this report, we will discuss two types of antennas: microstrip antenna
and smart antenna.

Micro strip Antenna:

A micro strip antenna is a type of planar antenna that is widely used in wireless communication systems.
It consists of a thin metallic patch placed on top of a dielectric substrate. The patch is usually rectangular
or circular in shape, and its size determines the operating frequency of the antenna.

Working Principle

The micro strip patch antenna works on the principle of radiation from an open-ended micros trip line.
The patch is placed on top of a ground plane, and a feed line is connected to the patch. When the signal
is fed to the patch through the feed line, it radiates electromagnetic waves in the air.
 Overview of Micro strip Antennas

Advantages:

 Low profile: Micro strip antennas have a low profile, which makes them suitable for
applications where space is limited.
 Lightweight: Micro strip antennas are lightweight, which makes them easy to install and
transport.
 Low cost: Micro strip antennas are relatively inexpensive to manufacture compared to
other types of antennas.
 Easy integration: Micros trip antennas can be easily integrated with other electronic
components on a printed circuit board (PCB).
 Easy to use in an array to increase the directivity.
 Low profile (can even be “conformal,” i.e. flexible to conform to a surface).
 Easy to fabricate (use etching and photolithography).
 Easy to feed (coaxial cable, micro strip line, etc.).
 Easy to incorporate with other micro strip circuit elements and integrate into systems.
 Disadvantages:

 Narrow bandwidth: Micro strip antennas have a narrow bandwidth, which limits their
ability to operate over a wide range of frequencies.
 Low gain: Micro strip antennas have low gain compared to other types of antennas,
which limits their range and coverage area.
 Low bandwidth (but can be improved by a variety of techniques). Bandwidths of a few
percent are typical. Bandwidth is roughly proportional to the substrate thickness and
inversely proportional to the substrate permittivity.
 Efficiency may be lower than with other antennas. Efficiency is limited by conductor and
dielectric losses*, and by surface-wave loss**.
 Only used at microwave frequencies and above (the substrate becomes too large at lower
frequencies).
 Cannot handle extremely large amounts of power (dielectric breakdown).

Applications of micros trip antenna

 Wireless communication systems such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, and Bluetooth devices.
 Satellite communication systems.
 Radar systems. Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems.
 5. Medical devices such as pacemakers nearby objects such as buildings or trees.

Smart Antenna:
A smart antenna is an advanced type of antenna that uses signal processing techniques to improve its
performance. It consists of an array of individual elements that can be controller Independently to steer
the beam in different directions.

Working Principle:
Smart antennas work by using multiple antenna elements that are combined to form an array. The
signals received by each element are processed and combined to create a composite signal that is used
to determine the optimal radiation pattern for the array. This process is called beamforming, and it
allows smart antennas to focus their energy in a specific direction while minimizing interference from
other directions.
 Function of smart antenna
 The functioning of smart antennas is still far from being well defined, and many concepts
are subject to thorough studies.
 Technical aspects involve number of elements, fed with signals which are adaptively
processed by space or space-time filtering.
 Potential demands (generally hard to fulfil) are put on the functioning of smart antennas:
 Increased number of subscribers(higher system capacity)
 Higher data transmission rate.
 Better spectral efficiency
 Extended range
 Processing of multipath propagated signals
 Flexibility of channel transfer

Types of smart antenna

There are three types of smart antennas are there

i) Switched Lobe (SL) - simplest technique, also called switched beam. - consists of only a
basic switching function between separate directive antennas or predefined beams of an
array. - the setting that gives the best performance is

ii) Dynamically Phased Array (PA): - a direction of arrival (DOA) algorithm is included for
the signal received from the user. - Continuous tracking can be achieved. - Generalization of
the switched lobe concept.

iii) Adaptive array (AA): - a DOA algorithm for determining the direction toward interference
sources (e.g., other users) is added. - The radiation pattern can then be adjusted to null out the
interferers

Properties of Smart Antenna:

 Adaptive beamforming capabilities for improved signal quality and interference

rejection.
 Can track and follow moving targets.
 Can support multiple users simultaneously.
 Can operate in both narrowband and wideband frequencies.

Characteristics of smart antenna

 High gain and directivity for improved signal strength.

  Wide bandwidth for flexibility in frequency usage.
 Complex signal processing algorithms for adaptive beamforming

Advantages:

 High gain: Smart antennas have high gain compared to other types of antennas, which
increases their range and coverage area.
 Adaptive beamforming: Smart antennas use adaptive beamforming techniques to steer the
beam towards the desired signal, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and
reduces interference.
 Multiple beams: Smart antennas can generate multiple beams simultaneously, which
increases their capacity to handle multiple users or signals.
 Interference rejection: Smart antennas can reject interference from unwanted signals,
which improves the overall performance of the system.

Disadvantages:

 Complexity: Smart antennas are more complex than other types of antennas, which
makes them more expensive and difficult to design and implement.
 Power consumption: Smart antennas require more power than other types of
antennas, which can be a problem in battery-powered devices.
 Limited coverage area: Smart antennas have a limited coverage area compared to
other types of antennas, which may require multiple antennas to cover a large area.

Applications:
 Wireless Communication Systems: Smart antennas are commonly used in wireless
communication systems such as cellular networks, Wi-Fi networks, and satellite
communication systems.
 Radar Systems: Smart antennas are used in radar systems for target tracking and
identification.
 Military Applications: Smart antennas are used in military applications such as
electronic warfare and surveillance.
 Mobile communications
 Cellular and wireless network.
 Satellite communication.
 Wireless sensor network.
 Electronic war
Conclusion:

In conclusion, both micro strip antenna and smart antenna have their advantages and
disadvantages. Micro strip antenna is suitable for applications where space is limited and cost is
a concern, while smart antenna is suitable for applications that require high gain, adaptive
beamforming, and interference rejection. The choice of antenna depends on the specific
application requirements and constraints. Smart antennas are the mprove the efficiency of
wireless transmission. Increase the coverage through range extension, increased capacity
achieved through interference reduction or SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access).