SEMINAR BY

PRANALI TADE
Introduction of Antenna.
What is Wiressless Antenna.
Block dig of Communication for Wireless
Antenna .
Use of wireless antenna.
Types Of Wireless Antenna.
Advantages.
Disadvantages.
Application.
Thank You.
• An antenna is used to radiate electromagnetic energy efficiently and in desired
directions. Antennas act as matching systems between sources of electromagnetic
energy and space. The goal in using antennas is to optimize this matching. Here is a list
of some of the properties of antennas:
1)Field intensity for various directions (antenna pattern).
2)Total power radiated when the antenna is excited by a current or voltage of known
intensity.
3)Radiation efficiency which is the ratio of power radiated to the total power.
4)The input impedance of the antenna for maximum power transfer (matching).
5)The bandwidth of the antenna or range of frequencies over which the above
properties are nearly constant.

• All antennas may be used to receive or radiate energy

• A smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements with a signal-processing

capability to optimize its radiation and/or reception pattern automatically in response
to the signal environment.
• In truth, antennas are not smart—antenna systems are smart. Generally co-located
with a base station, a smart antenna system combines an antenna array with a digital
signal-processing capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive, spatially sensitive
manner.
 What is a Wireless Antenna?
A wireless antenna is the part of a radio communications
system that radiates and/or collects radio frequency energy.

 How are Wireless Antennas used?

Wireless antennas are typically connected via low loss
coaxial cable either to an amplifier, splitter, filter or directly
to a wireless access point or router. For outdoor applications
wireless antennas are often attached via mounting clamps to
a mast or to the side of a building via mounting brackets.
Wireless Antennas used indoors are typically ceiling mounted
or sometimes mounted high up on a wall.
•Phased arrays are mainly being studied for point-
to-point wireless systems, e.g., for wireless local
loops.
• Adaptive arrays are being considered on cellular
terminals where local scattering causes wide
angular spread.
•In the TDMA system ANSI-136 adaptive antenna
algorithms have been widely deployed.
 Omnidirectional -

 When you enter a home or office setting, you don't generally think about the type of antenna that is
being used. This is because they are small - or not visible at all - and oftentimes built into
the network’s router or access point. In these types of environments, omnidirectional antennas,
specifically Dipole antennas, are commonly found. Similar to how a floor lamp radiates light,
omnidirectional antennas radiate radio frequency (RF) in all directions. Another way to think about
the coverage is to imagine putting a bagel on your finger as if it were a ring. Your finger is the
antenna and the bagel is the coverage it provides. A perfect omnidirectional antenna would radiate
RF signal like a theoretical isotropic radiator, meaning the signal is radiating equally in all directions.

 This type of coverage is great for point-to-multipoint environments because it can be placed in the
center of multiple client devices, providing central communications capabilities to all the
surrounding clients. These antennas are great in office and home settings since their broad coverage
allows clients to move around without losing signal. While not typically used for outdoor purposes,
omnidirectional antennas can be used on top of a building to communicate with buildings on either
side.
 Highly Directional –

 Highly directional antennas are used for long distant point-to-point communication. They
are used to bridge networks between two buildings that are far apart. Because these
antennas are high gain, they provide the most focused and narrow beam width. Instead of
a street light shining down, it is more of a spotlight shining in a specific direction. The two
main highly directional antennas are Parabolic (Dish) and Grid. Dish antennas look similar to
the TV dish antennas that you would find in a home but are often much larger in size. Grid
antennas can also vary in size, but they look like a grill and are designed for outdoor
environments with higher winds.

 A third type of highly directional antenna is the Sector antenna. Sector antennas consist of
a few highly directional antennas, placed back-to-back, that are working together to
provide omnidirectional coverage. Each antenna that is part of the array provides a pie
shaped coverage pattern. Sector antennas can be mounted high over the terrain and tilted
slightly downward, with the tilt of each antenna at an appropriate angle for the terrain it is
covering. While omnidirectional antennas can also be mounted high over the terrain, if it is
tilted downward, the other side’s signal will be wasted up in the air. Therefore, the sector
antennas are able to cover much larger areas because they can be directed in any direction
the coverage is needed. Compared to omnidirectional antennas, sector antennas have
greater throughput since there is more than one antenna in use. These antennas are
generally used for cell phone coverage and at sports venues.
 Semi-directional -

 Semi-directional antennas are designed to direct the RF signal in a specific direction for
point-to-point communication. Semi-directional antennas are used for short to medium
distance communication indoors or outdoors. A good way to think of how the semi-
directional antenna radiates RF is to think of it as a street lamp shining down on the street.
It is common to use semi-directional antennas in a campus like environment since they can
provide a network bridge between two buildings.

 The main types of semi-directional antennas are Patch/Panel and Yagi. Patch/Panel
antennas are generally found indoors and used to radiate into the forward space. A building
with long hallways or shelves, such as retail stores, warehouses, libraries, or hospitals, that
would block an omnidirectional antenna’s signal would benefit from a semi-directional
antenna. A Patch/Panel antenna is placed high on the wall, aiming down an aisle or between
rows of shelving. Since the antenna has a horizontal beam width of 180 degrees or less,
there is plenty of necessary coverage with minimal bleed through. Yagi antennas span
longer distances and are generally used in an outside environment. The main purpose of
these antennas is to reach places that an omnidirectional antenna would not be able to
reach.
It improves the wireless system performance.
It is economic for a large range of potential
users.
It increases in signal quality, capacity as well as
the coverage.
It is now possible to multiple channels in spatial
dimension
 Complex - A disadvantage of smart antennas is that they are far more complicated
than a traditional antennas. This means that faults or problems may be harder to
diagnose and more likely to occur.

 More Expensive - As smart antennas are extremely complex, utilizing the latest in
processing technology they are far more expensive than traditional antennas.
However this cost must be weighed against the cost of frequency space.

 Larger Size - Due to the antenna arrays which are utilized by smart antenna
systems, they are much larger in size than traditional systems. This can be a
problem in a social context, as antennas can be seen as ugly or unsightly.

 Location - The location of smart antennas needs to be considered for optimal

operation. Due to the directional beam that ‘swings’ from a smart antenna
locations which are optimal for a traditional antenna is not for a smart antenna. For
example in a road context, smart antennas are better situated away from the road,
unlike normal antennas which are best situated along the road.
Wireless antennas are used in many environments and for many applications. Models
for both indoor and outdoor use are available as well as specialty antennas such as
Marine antennas used in nautical applications.

Wireless antennas are used in both commercial and military/government applications

including small office /home office (SOHO) networks, Enterprise (office) networks,
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) networks, homeland security,
factory automation, mining, oil processing , wireless cafe “hotspots”, energy
management and control, police, fire and emergency services networks, radio
frequency identification (RFID) applications, and industrial science and medical (ISM)
networks.

Wireless antennas are used in/on buildings, oil rigs, wind turbines, terrestrial vehicles,
boats, aircraft and other mobile and stationary platforms
THANK YOU