Class 12 Physics | Atoms | Formulas

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Class 12 Physics | Atoms | Formulas

Atoms
Formulas

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Class 12 Physics | Atoms | Formulas

▪ The Coulomb’s law for electrostatic force of repulsion between the alpha-
particle and the positively charged nucleus:
𝑘 (2𝑒)(𝑍𝑒)
F=
𝑟2

where r is the distance between the α-particle and the nucleus.

▪ The relation between the orbit radius and the electron velocity:
e2
r=
4πε0 mv2

▪ Kinetic energy of a hydrogen atom

𝑒2
K=
8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

▪ Potential energy of a hydrogen atom

𝑒2
U=-
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

𝑒2
▪ Total energy: -
8𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

where, negative sign implies the fact that the electron is bound to the
nucleus.

▪ velocity of the revolving electron,

e
v=
√4πε0 mr

▪ Spectral series
Balmer formula:

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Class 12 Physics | Atoms | Formulas

1 1 1
=𝑅[ 2− ] (Visible region)
𝜆 2 𝑛2

where λ is the wavelength, R is a constant called the Rydberg constant, and n

may have integral values 3, 4, 5, etc.
The value of R is 1.097 × 107 m–1.

Lyman series:
1 1 1
=𝑅[ 2− ] n=2,3,4… [UV region]
𝜆 1 𝑛2

Paschen series
1 1 1
=R[ 2− ] n=4,5,6…. [IR region]
λ 3 n2

▪ Bohr model of a hydrogen atom

Angular momentum
𝑛ℎ
Ln = mvnrn =
2𝜋

where n is an integer, rn is the radius of nth possible orbit and vn is the speed of
moving electron in the nth orbit.
Velocity of nth orbit

Radius of nth orbit

Energy of nth orbit

−13.6
En = eV
n2

▪ Photon frequency (νif )

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Class 12 Physics | Atoms | Formulas

▪ Rydberg constant:

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